The three types of point mutations are: addition, deletion and substitution. The effect of these mutations is that the gene sequence is altered that results in variation in gene expression.
Point mutations are the type of mutations where the change in the genetic sequence is due to alteration of a single nucleotide. This change can be the addition, deletion or substitution of the nucleotide. This can however change the entire sequence for the gene expression.
Gene expression is defined as the process by which the genetic information is converted into a functional form that can produce the results inside the body. These processes are transcription and translation.
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write a plan to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of digestion of starch by the enzyme amylase
your plan should include:
•a hypothesis
•selection, and justification of equipment, techniques or standard procedures
•health and safety associated with the investigation
•a step-by-step method for data collection and analysis to test the hypothesis including:
-quantities to be measured
-number and range of measurements to be taken
- how equipment may be used
-control variables
-brief method for data collection analysis
(12 marks)
Here is a possible plan for investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of digestion of starch by the enzyme amylase:
Hypothesis: Increasing the temperature will increase the rate of digestion of starch by the enzyme amylase.
Equipment and techniques:
1. Microscope and microscope slides
2. Hot plate or incubator to control temperature
3. Stopwatch or timer
4. Starch solution
5. Amylase enzyme solution
6. Water bath to maintain temperature
Justification: The microscope and microscope slides will be used to observe the digestion of starch by amylase. The hot plate or incubator will be used to control the temperature of the reaction. The stopwatch or timer will be used to measure the time required for the starch to be digested. The starch solution and amylase enzyme solution will be used to carry out the reaction. The water bath will be used to maintain the temperature of the reaction.
Health and safety:
1. Wear protective goggles to protect the eyes from splashes
2. Handle the solutions and enzymes carefully to avoid spills or splashes
3. Follow proper laboratory safety guidelines, such as not eating or drinking in the lab
Step-by-step method for data collection and analysis:
1. Set up the microscope and prepare the microscope slides.
2. Prepare several starch solutions with different temperatures, using the hot plate or incubator to control the temperature.
3. Add a drop of amylase enzyme solution to each starch solution.
4. Place the slides under the microscope and start the timer.
5. Observe the digestion of the starch at regular intervals, using the stopwatch or timer to measure the time required for the starch to be digested.
5. Record the time required for the starch to be digested at each temperature.
6. Repeat the experiment several times to obtain a reliable average.
7. Plot the data on a graph, with temperature on the x-axis and time required for starch digestion on the y-axis.
8. Analyze the data to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of starch digestion.
Control variables:
1. The concentration of the starch solution should be kept constant.
2. The concentration of the amylase enzyme solution should be kept constant.
3. The pH of the solutions should be kept constant.
4. The volume of the solutions should be kept constant.
Brief method for data collection and analysis:
1. Collect data by observing the digestion of starch at different temperatures and recording the time required for the starch to be digested.
2. Plot the data on a graph and analyze the trend to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of starch digestion.
3. Compare the results with the hypothesis to determine whether the hypothesis is supported or not.
the basic unit of all life. contains organelles the work together to maintain homeostasis within the organism.
Answer: the cell
Explanation:
A researcher discovers a mysterious unknown multicellular eukaryotic organism. She would be confident that it is an animal if she observed that it ____
A researcher discovers a mysterious unknown multicellular eukaryotic organism. She would be confident that it is an animal if she observed that it has specialized organs, such as eyes, ears, or a heart, or if it moved in response to its environment.
Animals are a distinct group of multicellular eukaryotes, and they are characterized by the presence of specialized organs that aid in the collection of energy and nutrients, as well as providing a means for locomotion. These organs can be as simple as a single cell like the cilium on a paramecium, or as complex as the human brain. Additionally, animals usually respond to their environment in some way, such as locomotion or behavioral responses.
The researcher's observation of specialized organs and movement in response to its environment would be a strong indication that the organism is an animal. By looking at the size, shape, and organization of the cells under a microscope, the researcher could further confirm the identity of the organism. For instance, the presence of cilia or flagella would suggest that the organism is a protozoan, while the presence of an organized nervous system could indicate that it is a more complex organism, such as an arthropod or a vertebrate.
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Both the volume and the surface area for three different cells were measured. These values are listed in the following table. Using data from the table above, select the best explanation for why that cell will be able to eliminate waste most efficiently? Cell 2, since it has the highest ratio of surface area to volume, which facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment Cell 1, since it has the smallest volume and wilt not produce as much waste as the other cells. Cell 3, since it has the largest surface area, which will enable it to eliminate all of its wastes efficiently. Cell 3, because it is big enough to allow wastes to easily diffuse through the plasma membrane.
The cell 3 will have the ability to remove the waste highly efficiently and easily.
The best explanation for why a cell will be able to eliminate waste most efficiently is Cell 3, as it has the largest surface area, which will enable it to eliminate all of its wastes efficiently. Larger cells have a smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio than smaller cells, meaning that they have to rely on their larger surface area to facilitate the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment. As such, having a larger surface area will enable a cell to eliminate all of its wastes efficiently.
Cell 1 and cell 2 owing to there small surface area will not be that efficient at removing waste. So, for exchange of waste more surface is required in addition to having a good concentration difference between inside and outside of the cell.
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Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A student measured oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration levels in an aquatic ecosystem during a 24 hour period. Identify two biological processes that are responsible for the production of varying amounts of carbon dioxide and oxygen within the aquatic ecosystem.
Two biological processes responsible for producing varying amounts of carbon dioxide and oxygen within aquatic ecosystems are 1) respiration by aquatic plants and animals and 2) photosynthesis by aquatic plants.
What is an aquatic ecosystem?
An aquatic ecosystem is any freshwater or saltwater environment and the characteristic flora, fauna (plants) and animals (animals) that inhabit that habitat. Freshwater ecosystems include rivers, lakes, and ponds. Saltwater ecosystems include seas and oceans. Aquatic ecosystems have historically been important to humans and other organisms. Aquatic ecosystems not only provide a food source for a wide variety of organisms, but are also essential for cycling important gases and nutrients such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen and phosphorus.
Aquatic ecosystems are known to have high levels of biodiversity.
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What specific host gene functions would you consider as strong candidates for such methylation by infecting viruses
Many viruses specifically methylate genes associated with the immune response, thus dampening that response and enhancing viral infectivity.
What are genes and what do they do?A gene is the most fundamental physical and functional element of heredity. DNA is the building block of genes. Some genes serve as blueprints for the creation of proteins. Many genes, however, do not code for proteins. Genes in humans range in size from a few hundred DNA bases to over 2 million bases.
What are the four primary roles of genes?Gene functions include:
Genes are genetic material components and consequently units of heredity.They have control over an individual's morphology or phenotype.Gene replication is required for cell division.Hereditary information is passed down through generations via genes.Learn more about gene functions to visit this link
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Full Question: What specific host gene functions would you consider as strong candidates for such methylation by infecting viruses?
Many viruses specifically methylate genes associated with the immune response, thus dampening that response and enhancing viral infectivity.
Many viruses specifically methylate protective genes, thus enhancing viral infectivity.
Many viruses specifically methylate genes associated with the cell cycle, thus activating DNA amplification and enhancing viral infectivity.
Many viruses specifically methylate genes associated with apoptosis, thus dampening that response and enhancing viral infectivity.
Which of the following best explains the differences in flower color of the African violets in the greenhouse
'An enzyme responsible for flower color does not fold correctly in cooler temperatures, and the greenhouse is warmest in the center' best explains the differences in flower color of the African violets in the greenhouse
Much like human skin color, violets' color is driven by proteins, especially in the case of violets, by enzymes. Enzymes (generally like proteins) need to function at a specific temperature. Outside this temperature, the enzyme cannot reach its correct form and eventually its function in vivo changes.
Regarding the above question, the plants were in a greenhouse that changed the natural temperature of the environment, so the violets' color change was due to the enzymes involved in flower color shrinking appropriately at low temperatures and the greenhouse being warm in the middle.
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Complete question :
An African violet grower observes that genetically identical African violet plants growing near the walls of the greenhouse have white flowers, that plants growing farther away from the walls have pale blue flowers, and that plants growing nearest the center of the greenhouse have dark blue flowers.
Which of the following best explains the differences in flower color of the African violets in the greenhouse?
A Warmer temperatures result in genotypic alterations, which result in flower color differences.
B The plants along the walls of the greenhouse are homozygous recessive and therefore have white flowers.
C An enzyme responsible for flower color does not fold correctly in cooler temperatures, and the greenhouse is warmest in the center.
D More light is available along the walls of the greenhouse, so the flowers need less pigment to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.
(b) How is the low power objective lens manipulated to focus a specimen for observation under a light microscope?
Answer:
The low power objective lens is manipulated by turning the focusing knob on the microscope. This moves the lens up and down to focus the specimen. The microscope should be set on the low power objective lens and the image should be brought into focus by turning the focusing knob. Once the image is in focus, the higher power objective lenses can be used to further magnify the specimen.
T or F The study of orthologs would be useful to determine the function of a specific gene in a species.
Answer:
True
explaination non
Which of the following best describes the
general pattern of biochemical evidence for
evolution?
There is no general pattern observed in
biochemical evidence for evolution.
If two species have more differences in DNA,
RNA, and proteins, they are more closely
related.
The more closely related two species are, the
fewer biochemical similarities in DNA, RNA,
and proteins they have.
The more closely related two species are, the
more biochemical similarities in DNA, RNA, and
proteins they have.
Based on the fact that certain enzymes and chemical processes are found in the cells of all or nearly all life on Earth.
What exactly is biochemical evolution?The changes that occur at the molecular level in organisms throughout time are referred to as biochemical evolution (molecular evolution). These vary from single nucleotide deletions, additions, or substitutions to the rearrangement of gene sections to the duplication of whole genes or even complete genomes.
Carl Neuber, a German scientist, created the term “biochemistry” in 1903. However, research into this very living part of chemistry had begun much earlier. Claude Bernard has been awarded the Sirehood of Biochemistry. Anatomy, molecular biology, biogeography, fossils, and direct observation are all evidence for evolution.
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1.-5. Match the description to its anatomical term.
The system for gaseous exchange in the lungs
The system for maintaining a constant internal
environment in other tissues
The membranous sac that surrounds the heart
The wall that divides the heart into two cavities
Uppermost two chambers of the heart
a. Pericardium
b. Pulmonary circuit
c. Systemic circuit
d. Atria
e. Septum
a. Pericardiumb. Pulmonary circuitc. Systemic circuitd. Atriae. Septum
A young goat has downward-curved horns. Its father has upward-curved horns while its mother has downward-curved horns. Which of these statements is the explanation?
Statement 1 is the correct one because every individual receives one copy of the gene from their mother and one from their father.
The process by which a gene's information is used to create a functioning gene product, such as proteins or non-coding RNA, is known as gene expression. Transcription is the process through which the information in the gene is initially transformed into RNA.
And, then the information in the RNA will be translated into protein. This results in the synthesis of functional or non-functional proteins. For goat's horn, the protein keratin is required to buildup a tough structure.
Therefore, in the given situation, the gene combination regulates the shape of the horn of a young goat. Therefore, the correct statement is 1.
The complete question is -
A young goat has downward-curved horns. Its father has upward-curved horns while its mother has downward-curved horns. Which of these statements explains why the young goat has downward-curved horns?
1. The young goat inherited one copy of the gene for horn shape from its mother and one copy from its father. That gene combination instructs for proteins that connect in ways that make downward-curved horns.
2. The young goat inherited one copy of the gene for horn shape from its mother and one copy from its father. Those genes connect together to make its downward-curved horns.
3. The young goat inherited its copies of the gene for horn shape from its mother and not from its father. Just like its mother's genes, those genes instruct for proteins that connect in ways that make its downward-curved horns.
4. The young goat inherited its copies of the gene for horn shape from its mother and not from its father. Those genes connect together to make its downward-curved horns.
Which one is the answer?
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answer number 5 plsss
no nonsense
Any material of small granulometry, or up to five millimeters in size, is called sand. From that measure they are called stone. Stones are the result of the breakdown of rocks, just like sand, and in the crushing process it forms crushed stone.
How is sand formed?The formation of sand begins with the action of wind, rain, sun, tree roots and microorganisms that wear down the rocks present in various regions of the continent. Over the years, pieces of the stones break loose and, little by little, turn into small grains. This process is called erosion.
What kind of rock is sand?Sand is a detrital, mobile, permeable sedimentary rock that, according to the size of its grains, can be classified into coarse, medium and fine sand.
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A heterogenous group of yellow-brown pigments, often found in cardiac muscle and liver cells and in increasing amounts with age or debilitated states, is known as:
Answer:
Lipofuscin
Explanation:
Gonna take a guess and say these are Lipofuscin cuz these guys are also known as "age pigments" cuz they accumulate in large quantity as cells age.
Hope its right.
Please help! best answer gets brainliest
Answer:
help with what ? theres nothing there
Sewage that end up in waterway can increae algae growth becaue it
A. Kill plant
B. Provide nutrient
C. Ue oxygen
D. Attract bird
Sewage that ends up in waterway can increase algae growth because it B. Provides nutrients.
Algae growth in waterbodies is aided by the nutrients phosphorus and nitrogen, which are necessary for algae production.
Eutrophication is the process that leads to harmful algal blooms, dead zones, and fish kills. Eutrophication begins with an increase in the amount of nutrients that reach estuaries and coastal waters. An overabundance of algae and plants initiates a chain reaction in the ecosystem as a result of eutrophication. The excessive plant and algae matter eventually breaks down, releasing a lot of carbon dioxide.
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How can there be 46 chromosomes in a human cell at metaphase and also 46 chromosomes in each daughter cell?
The daughter cells share the same genetic makeup as the parent cells. Somatic cells divide and then separate all 46 chromosomes through the process of mitosis. The end product is two daughter cells with 46 chromosomes.
A chromosome is a lengthy DNA molecule that contains all or a portion of an organism's genetic code. The very long, thin DNA fibers in most chromosomes are covered with packing proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the histones are the most significant of these proteins. In order to preserve the integrity of the DNA molecule, these proteins condense and adhere to it with the help of chaperone proteins. These chromosomes exhibit a complicated three-dimensional structure that is crucial for controlling transcription.
A phase of cell division known as "metaphase" (mitosis or meiosis). Individual chromosomes are typically dispersed throughout the cell nucleus.
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1. According to the video on Energy Flow Through Ecosystems, energy flows from the sun to the __________, then to the primary __________, then to the secondary ___________, then to the ___________ consumer, and then to the apex ____________, and finally to the ___________.
2. Green plants are the only __________ that make their own food using sunlight, water, carbon dioxide through a process called _______________.
3. When the plant makes its food the carbon dioxide is changed from gas to _________ and the gas called __________is produced.
The second video which explains the food chains and food webs will help with the following exercises.
4. A food _______ shows feeding relationships between animals that are in more than one food chain.
Below are some feeding relationships between animals in a woodland:
· Worms, voles, and mice eat vegetation.
· Badgers eat worms, voles and mice.
· Shrews and badgers eat worms.
· Barn owls eat shrews, voles and mice.
5. The animals in a food web that are in the food chains above would be:____________________________________________________.
6. In a trophic __________ of a food web, the plants are in level ______ and the highest level is the ______.
7. Organisms that feed on plants and animals are called __________.
Which of the following management practices attempts to minimize ecological impact by allowing some trees in a forest to grow to maturity
Getting unevenly aged stands through a selection process. Compared to even cutting, this uneven growth and trimming would boost biodiversity.
Tree stands that are uniform in age are all the same age. These trees are all of the same type and are planted at the same time. Therefore, setting up a biosphere reserve is the most efficient strategy to preserve a region's plant diversity. Ex-situ methods of conservation, such as seed banks, botanical gardens, and tissue culture, involve removing organisms from their natural habitat. By sucking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and storing it, forests aid in reducing the rate of climate change. Since the excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the main cause of climate change, this is a direct consequence.
The complete question is - Which management practices attempts to minimize ecological impact by allowing some trees in a forest to grow to maturity?
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Please help i need the answers asap
The independent variable is temperature
The dependent variable is height of the plants
Three constant variables are; sunlight, nutrients and humidity
A line graph is more suitable since we have two variables.
What is the variable?We know that the term variable has to do with the kind of value that changes from time to time. In an experiment, there are three main kinds of variables;
1) the independent variable - The value of this would be altered throughout the experiment
2) The dependent variable - The value of this would only be changed when we change the dependent variable
3) The controlled variable - This would remain the same throughout the experiment
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please help me, I'm from Vietnam you can translate
Answer:
What does it say? I can't read it well
Explanation:
What is the least common multiple of 72 and 96?
Answer:
288
Explanation:
Answer:288
Explanation:
12. The structures labeled A, B, C, and D in the
diagram below represent
A-
(1) organelles
(2) organs
(3) nuclei
(4) mitochondria
BUD
B-
-C-
D-
(2
16. C
(1
17. N
(
Nuclei are labeled C in the diagram, as they are the larger structures and typically contain the genetic material (DNA) of the organism, while mitochondria are labeled D and are smaller organelles responsible for producing energy in the cell.
I need help with this. The topic is renewable and non renewable resources
Plastic packaging has non-renewable resources, whereas paper packaging is renewable. The difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources is that renewables use resources that are not depleted or regenerated in nature.
What do you understand by non-renewable resources?Non-renewable sources are those that have a limited reserve on our planet and that do not regenerate - or that take thousands of years to do so. Oil is perhaps the best known example, are ores and natural gas.
The difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources is that renewables use resources that are not depleted or regenerated in nature. Non-renewable energy sources, on the other hand, use resources that are depleted in nature and, therefore, can generate several problems for the environment.
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The atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere are considered to be Group of answer choices independent of one another open subsystems closed subsystems exchanging mass but not energy exchanging energy but not mass
The whole earth's atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere are all included in the geosphere. The area above the Earth's surface is known as the atmosphere.
This includes the air we breathe. The lithosphere, which consists of rocks and mountains, is the solid core of the Earth.
The lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere are the four interconnected "spheres" that make up the Earth's crust. Changes in one of the spheres generally generate changes in one or more of the others since the spheres are so intertwined.
An example of an open system is the ocean. The hydrosphere includes the ocean, and the surface of the ocean serves as the contact between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere above it.
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What system works with the respiratory system to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body
The Circulatory system works with the respiratory system to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body.
The respiratory system is supported by the circulatory system, which carries blood to and from the lungs. The circulatory system is made up of the heart and blood arteries. The circulatory system assists in moving nutrients and oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and organs. Additionally, it aids in the removal of trash and carbon dioxide.
The network of organs and tissues that aids in breathing is known as the respiratory system. It consists of your blood vessels, lungs, and airways. The respiratory system also includes the muscles that propel your lungs. Together, these components help the body circulate oxygen and eliminate waste gases like carbon dioxide.
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You and your sibling are trick-or-treating. Realizing
that your bag of Halloween candy is heavier, depends
on your____.
A) subliminal stimuli
B) perceptual set
C) size constancy
D) difference threshold
When playing trick-or-treating and then realizing that the bag of Halloween candy is heavier, it depends on your perceptual set.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
Subliminаl stimulаtion is sensory stimulаtion below а person's аbsolute threshold for conscious perception. Perceptuаl set is the tendency for perceptions to be influenced by one’s expectаtions or preconceptions. Perceptuаl constаncy is the tendency to perceive the size, shаpe, color, аnd brightness of аn object аs remаining the sаme even when the imаge it cаsts on the retinа chаnges. The difference threshold is the smаllest difference in stimulаtion needed to recognize thаt two stimuli аre different from eаch other 50% of the time.
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Is Gause’s Principle accurate? Explain why or why not.
Yes, Gause’s Principle is accurate mainly due to his description of how two species with the same niche cannot coexist in the same habitat.
What is the application of Gause's principle?Gause, which claims that it is impossible for two species to live when they are vying for the same resources. Gause's law is another name for this rule. A population will push out another population. If any of the members of the extinct population are still alive, it is because they have adapted to the new niche.
According to Gause's theory of competitive exclusion, two species that are vying for the same scarce resource cannot live in the same niche for an extended period of time.
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What is the process in prophase I that has caused genetic material exchange to take place?
Chromosome crossover is the mechanism by which homologous chromosomes couple up and exchange genetic material during prophase I.
Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis make up prophase I's five stages. Several significant activities, including as the pairing of homologous chromosomes and the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between these homologous chromosomes, take place during these stages in addition to those that take place in mitotic prophase. Prophase I progresses at varying rates according on sex and species.
Until ovulation, several species halt meiosis in the diplotene of prophase I. In humans, oocytes can be stopped in prophase I for decades before swiftly completing meiosis I just before ovulation.
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Josie partially filled a graduated cylinder with water. she then dropped a rock into the water. the illustration below show what happened to the level of the water inside the graduated cylinder. what is the volume of the rock?
As the the illustration show volume of the rock is 5ml. The correct option is A.
What is volume?The space occupied within an object's borders in three dimensions is referred to as its volume.
It is sometimes referred to as the object's capacity. Volume is the amount of space an object or substance occupies.
Volume, which is measured in cubic units, is the 3-dimensional space occupied by matter or encircled by a surface.
Since the graphic shows that 5 ml of water was displaced by the rock, we can infer that the rock's volume is 5 ml.
Thus, the correct option is A.
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Your question seems incomplete, the complete question is:
Josie partially filled a graduated cylinder with water. She then dropped a rock into the water. The illustration below shows what happened to the level of the water inside the graduated cylinder. What is the volume of the rock?
answer choices
5 mL
10 mL
35 mL
40 mL