Use the table below to answer the question.

Characteristics of Selected Bacteria, Viruses, and Fungi

Name Bacterium, Virus, or Fungus? Structure Reproduction Method Energy Source
Enterobacteria phage λ virus spherical head made up of a protein coat that contains linear DNA connected to a long, flexible tail infects a bacterial cell and uses the host cell's structures to make copies of itself no internal energy source needed
Escherichia coli bacterium rod-shaped cell with DNA contained within the cell's cytoplasm reproduces asexually through binary fission or conjugation (transfer of genetic material) between two bacteria breakdown of glucose to release energy
Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium spherical cell with DNA contained within cell's cytoplasm reproduces asexually through binary fission or conjugation (transfer of genetic material) between two bacteria breakdown of glucose to release energy
Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungus oblong cell with DNA contained in a membrane-bound nucleus can reproduce asexually through budding or sexually through spore production breakdown of glucose to release energy
Influenza A virus virus spherical with a lipid membrane surrounding a protein lining that contains RNA infects animal cells and uses the host cell's structures to make copies of itself no internal energy source needed

While viruses are not living organisms, they do share some characteristics with living organisms such as bacteria and fungi. Which of the following describes a characteristic that viruses have in common with living organisms?
A.
Viruses are not made up of cells.
B.
Viruses contain genetic information in the form of DNA or RNA.
C.
Viruses cannot reproduce without infecting living cells.
D.
Viruses do not have any energy requirements.

A balanced chemical equation is a chemical equation with the number of atoms of each element must be the same on both sides of the equation.

A balanced chemical equation is in accordance with the Law of Conservation of Mass. This law states that matter cannot be created or destroyed, only rearranged.

Therefore, in This is achieved by balancing the equation, which involves adjusting the coefficients in front of each compound or element until the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation.

For example, consider the unbalanced chemical equation: Fe + O₂ → Fe₂O₃

In this equation, there are two atoms of oxygen on the left side and three atoms of oxygen on the right side. To balance the equation, we can add a coefficient of 3 in front of the O₂ on the left side and a coefficient of 2 in front of the Fe on the left side: 2Fe + 3O₂ → Fe₂O₃

Now, the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation and the equation is balanced. This balanced chemical equation accurately reflects the Law of Conservation of Mass.

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When we subtract the atomic number of the atom from its atomic mass, we get the number of neutrons in the atom of the periodic table.

The nucleus of the atom, a huge solid mass that occupies the core of the atom, is what gives it its name. In fixed orbits, the electrons move around the nucleus.

The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons, and the quantity of protons determines how many electrons are present in the atom.

Now investigate the claim that Z+N=A may be used to calculate the number of neutrons in an atom.

Z is the atomic number of the element here.

The quantity N is the number of neutrons.

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Determining if a compound contains both ionic and covalent bonds can be done by examining the types of atoms involved in the compound and the nature of their bonding.

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between a metal and a nonmetal. When this occurs, one atom becomes positively charged (cation) and the other becomes negatively charged (anion). These oppositely charged ions then attract each other to form the ionic compound.

Covalent bonds, on the other hand, involve the sharing of electrons between two nonmetals. In this type of bonding, both atoms share their valence electrons to form a bond.

If a compound contains both a metal and a nonmetal, it is likely to have ionic bonds. However, some compounds that contain only nonmetals can also have ionic bonds. For example, ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) contains only nonmetals, but it is an ionic compound because it is formed by the transfer of an electron from the nitrogen atom to the hydrogen atoms.

If a compound contains only nonmetals, it is likely to have covalent bonds. However, if the nonmetals involved have a large difference in electronegativity, they can form polar covalent bonds, which can have some ionic character.

Overall, to determine if a compound contains both ionic and covalent bonds, you should look at the types of atoms involved and the nature of their bonding. If the compound contains both metals and nonmetals, it is likely to have both ionic and covalent bonds. If the compound contains only nonmetals, it could have either purely covalent bonds or polar covalent bonds with some ionic character.

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The molecular mass of a potassium nitrate molecule, KNO₃ is equals to the 101.098 g/mol.

We have a potassium nitrate molecule, KNO₃. It consists one atom of potassium, one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of oxygen. Molecular mass of a molecule is the sum of the masses of the individual atoms within the quantities present in a molecule. So, the molecular mass of KNO₃, is sum of individual masses of oxygen, nitrogen and potassium atoms with number of their atoms. The atomic mass of oxygen atom, O = 16 g/mol

The atomic mass of potassium atom, K = 39.098 g/mol

The atomic mass of nitrogen atom, N

= 14 g/mol

Now, Molecular mass of KNO₃ = 1× atomic mass of potassium + 1×atomic mass of Nitrogen + 3× atomic mass of oxygen atom

= 1×K + 1×N + 3×O

= 1×39.098 g/mol + 1×14 g/mol + 3×16 g/mol

= 39.098 g/mol + 14 g/mol + 48 g/mol

= 101.098 g/mol

Hence, the molecular mass of KNO₃ is 101.098 g/mol.

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The reaction exists as follows:

Reducing Sugar + Benedict's Solution → Brick-red Precipitate + Oxidized Benedict's Solution

A straightforward chemistry test called Benedict's test is performed to find reducing sugars. Carbohydrates known as reducing sugars have a free aldehyde or ketone functional group in their chemical structure. They include both disaccharides like lactose and maltose and monosaccharides like glucose and fructose.

Benedict's solution will react by creating a brick-red precipitate when a sample contains a very high concentration of reducing sugar.

This precipitate's existence signifies a successful test and demonstrates that the sample has a sizable concentration of reducing sugar. The reducing sugar is oxidized in this reaction, which is an example of an oxidation-reduction reaction, and Benedict's solution is reduced.

The reaction exists as follows:

Reducing Sugar + Benedict's Solution → Brick-red Precipitate + Oxidized Benedict's Solution

Therefore, the correct answer is option b. Brick-red precipitate is formed.

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The reaction exists as follows:

Reducing Sugar + Benedict's Solution → Brick-red Precipitate + Oxidized Benedict's Solution

To identify reducing sugars, a simple chemistry test known as Benedict's test is used. The chemical structure of the carbohydrates referred to as reducing sugars contains a free aldehyde or ketone functional group. They consist of monosaccharides like glucose and fructose as well as disaccharides like lactose and maltose.

When a sample has a very high concentration of reducing sugar, Benedict's solution will react and produce a brick-red precipitate.

The presence of this precipitate indicates that the test was successful and shows that the sample contains a significant amount of reducing sugar. In this reaction, which is an illustration of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reducing sugar is oxidised and Benedict's solution is reduced.

Reducing Sugar + Benedict's Solution → Brick-red Precipitate + Oxidized Benedict's Solution

Therefore, the correct answer is option b. Brick-red precipitate is formed.

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Ion―dipole forces is the strongest interparticle force present in a sample of H₃PO₄.

Intermolecular forces are defined as electrostatic forces which includes van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. Molecules present in liquids are held to other molecules by intermolecular interactions, which are weaker than the intramolecular interactions that hold the atoms together within molecules and polyatomic ions.

An ion-dipole force is defined as an attractive force that results from the electrostatic attraction between an ion and a neutral molecule that has a dipole. These are most commonly found in solutions. Ion dipole forces are especially important for solutions of ionic compounds in polar liquids.

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The heat of solution is typically expressed in units of energy, such as joules (J) or calories (cal).

The most commonly used unit is joules, as it is part of the International System of Units (SI). The heat of solution can also be expressed in kilojoules (kJ) or megajoules (MJ), which are larger units of energy.

In older literature, heat of solution may be expressed in calories. One calorie is equivalent to 4.184 joules, so it is a smaller unit of energy than the joule. However, the use of calories in scientific literature has declined in favor of the joule.

Regardless of the units used, the heat of solution is a measure of the amount of heat absorbed or released during a chemical reaction, such as the dissolution of a solid in a liquid. A positive value for the heat of solution means that heat is absorbed during the reaction and the solution is endothermic. A negative value means that heat is released during the reaction and the solution is exothermic.

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Magnesium have two valence electrons. Because the outer energy level  for the magnesium atom is 3 and it has two electron in this energy level.

The Valence electrons are defined as the electrons that located in the outermost electron shell of an atom. These valence electrons being the furthest from the nucleus and thus the least tightly held by the atom are the electrons that participate in bonds and reactions. The number of valence electrons that an element has determines its reactivity, electronegativity and the number of bonds it can form. We can use the periodic table to help to determine how many valence electrons an element specifically a neutral atom of the element has. Looking at the group that the element is in as the group number indicates the number of valence electrons that the element has.

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Answer:

Explanation:

To solve this problem, we can use the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature.

At STP (standard temperature and pressure), the temperature is 0°C or 273.15 K, and the pressure is 1 atm or 101.325 kPa.

We can use the ideal gas law to find the number of moles of chlorine gas in the sample:

n = PV/RT

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

First, we need to convert the given temperature of 25.2°C to Kelvin:

T = 25.2°C + 273.15 = 298.35 K

Now we can calculate the number of moles of chlorine gas in the sample:

n = (100.8 kPa)(353.2 mL)/(8.314 J/K/mol)(298.35 K)

n = 0.0158 mol

Next, we can use the number of moles and the ideal gas law to find the volume at STP:

V = nRT/P

V = (0.0158 mol)(8.314 J/K/mol)(273.15 K)/(101.325 kPa)

V = 0.364 L or 364 mL

Therefore, the volume of the chlorine gas at STP would be 364 mL.

True. A mole ratio is a conversion factor used to relate the number of moles of one substance in a chemical reaction to the number of moles of another substance involved in the same reaction.

The mole ratio is determined by the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation and specifies the proportional relationship between the number of moles of reactants and products involved in the reaction. By using mole ratios, it is possible to convert the given number of moles of one substance into the corresponding number of moles of another substance, allowing for stoichiometric calculations to be performed.

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The relative chemical shifts of the carbons can be deduced from their proximity to electronegative atoms and the degree of unsaturation in the molecule.

In NMR spectroscopy, the chemical shift of a carbon atom is a measure of its electron density and the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating effect of neighboring atoms. Carbon atoms near electronegative atoms, such as oxygen or nitrogen, will experience a greater electron-withdrawing effect and will therefore have a lower chemical shift value (i.e. they are more shielded).

On the other hand, carbon atoms near electron-donating atoms, such as alkyl groups, will have a higher chemical shift value (i.e. they are less shielded). Additionally, the degree of unsaturation (the number of double or triple bonds) in a molecule can also affect the chemical shift of the carbons, with more highly unsaturated carbons generally having higher chemical shift values.

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Complete Question:

The chemical environment of carbons can be deduced form their chemical shifts. Deduce the relative chemical shifts of the carbons at the labeled positions (Carbons that are highly shielded have low delta, chemical shift; values:) 1) The carbon with the smallest delta value (the most shielded) is The carbon with the largest delta value (the most deshielded) is 2) QH The carbon with the smallest delta value (the most shielded) is The carbon with the largest delta value (the most deshielded) is

Option B, The probability of observing a sample statistic is more extreme than the one obtained, assuming the null hypothesis is true defines the notion of the significance level of a hypothesis test.

The significance level of a hypothesis test is the probability of observing a sample statistic that is more extreme than the one obtained, assuming the null hypothesis is true.

This value is used to set the threshold for the level of evidence required to reject the null hypothesis in favor of an alternative hypothesis.

The significance level is commonly represented by alpha (α), with typical values being 0.01 or 0.05. If the calculated p-value is less than the significance level, the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is supported.

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It will take 9 passes for the robot vacuum to remove 430 ml of dirt, leaving 100 ml of dirt on the floor.

Each pass removes 22% of the dirt, so the amount of dirt remaining after each pass is 78% of the previous amount. We can use this information to calculate the amount of dirt remaining after each pass and find out how many passes it takes to reach 100 ml.

Pass 1: 530 ml * 0.78 = 410.4 ml

Pass 2: 410.4 ml * 0.78 = 320.52 ml

Pass 3: 320.52 ml * 0.78 = 249.89 ml

...

Pass 9: 100.11 ml * 0.78 = 78.08 ml

So it will take 9 passes for the robot vacuum to remove 430 ml of dirt, leaving 100 ml of dirt on the floor.

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BrF₅ is a polar molecule.

The interhalogen compound and bromine fluoride known as bromine pentafluoride (BrF₅). It has a high fluorinating capacity. Analysis of oxygen isotopes makes use of BrF₅.

BrF₅ is a polar molecule because it has an asymmetrical distribution of charge, with the bromine atom at the center being more electronegative than the fluorine atoms surrounding it.

This creates a dipole moment, which makes the molecule polar. The shape of  is also important in determining its polarity. It has a square pyramidal shape, which contributes to its asymmetrical charge distribution.

In contrast, a nonpolar molecule would have a symmetrical distribution of charge and no dipole moment.

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At STP one mole of a gas contains 22.41 liters. Here, 36.05  g or 0.78 moles  of nitrogen dioxide will produce 0.78 moles of nitrogen gas and 1.56 moles of oxygen gas. Hence, total volume of gas produce is 52.3 liters.

STP condition is the condition at which the temperature is 298 K and pressure is 1 atm.

As per the given equation, 2 moles of nitrogen dioxide gives 2 moles of oxygen gas and one mole of nitrogen gas.

molar mass of NO₂ = 46 g/mol

no.of moles in 36.05 g = 28.04/46 = 0.78 moles.

0.78 moles of  NO₂ produce  1.56 moles of O₂ and 0.78  moles of  N₂.

volume of one mole at STP = 22.41 L.

then volume in 0.78 moles = 0.78 × 22.41 = 17. 47 L

volume of 1.56  moles of  O₂ = 1.56 × 22.41 = 34.9 L.

Then total volume = 52.37 L.

Therefore, 28.04 g of NO₂ gas will give a total volume of 41 L of gases.

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Aliphatic hydrocarbons are carbon atom-based hydrocarbons. The aliphatic hydrocarbons known as alkanes only have one covalent bond.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are carbon atom-based hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons come in three different varieties. The aliphatic hydrocarbons known as alkanes only have one covalent bond.

Alkynes are hydrocarbons with a C-C triple bond, while alkenes are hydrocarbons with at least one C-C double bond.

Therefore, aliphatic hydrocarbons are carbon atom-based hydrocarbons. The aliphatic hydrocarbons known as alkanes only have one covalent bond.

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N2 (nitrogen) has seven valence electrons.

Considering that N2- is the nitride anion, it now has a stable octet configuration after gaining two electrons.

We must first take into account the valence electrons of nitrogen in order to calculate the amount of valence electrons in N2 (N). Since nitrogen belongs to Periodic Table Group 15, it contains 5 valence electrons.

Each nitrogen atom in N2 shares 3 electrons with the other two nitrogen atoms that combine to produce N2, which has a total of 4 electrons shared in a triple bond. N2-, on the other hand, now possesses seven valence electrons overall after gaining two more electrons (5 from nitrogen plus 2 additional electrons).

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1.5 m [tex]$$CaCl_2[/tex] is anticipated to have a lower freezing point than 1.5 m NaCl due to the greater particle count.

When a system's temperature drops below the freezing point of a solid, it enters a state of liquid known as freezing. The change from a liquid to a solid state is hence a phase transition.

The expectation is that a 1.5 m [tex]$$CaG_{12[/tex] solution will freeze at a lower temperature than a 1.5 m NaCl solution because [tex]$$CaCl_2[/tex] contains more particles when dissolved. The right response is therefore "A: [tex]$$CaCl_2[/tex] has more particles when dissolved."

A solution's freezing point decreases proportionately to the amount of solute particles present in the solution. The solute particles prevent the solvent molecules from forming the crystal structure required for freezing to take place, which is the reason why this happens. The freezing point is further lowered when there are more solute particles in the solution.

Because sodium chloride (NaCl) is an ionic compound with just one ion (Na+ and Cl-), 1.5 m [tex]$$CaCl_2[/tex] has more particles than 1.5 m NaCl because calcium chloride ([tex]$$CaCl_2[/tex]) is a molecular complex with two ions (Ca2+ and Cl-). As a result, 1.5 m [tex]$$CaCl_2[/tex] is anticipated to have a lower freezing point than 1.5 m NaCl due to the greater particle count.

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A limiting reactant is the reactant in a chemical reaction that determines how much of the products can be made. It is the reactant that is used up first and limits the amount of product that can be produced.

For example, consider the reaction between hydrogen gas (H₂) and oxygen gas (O₂) to produce water (H₂O):
2 H₂ + O₂ → 2 H₂O

In this reaction, the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1. This means that for every 2 molecules of hydrogen, we need 1 molecule of oxygen to produce 2 molecules of water.

If we have 4 molecules of hydrogen and 2 molecules of oxygen, we have enough of both reactants to produce 4 molecules of water. However, if we have 4 molecules of hydrogen and only 1 molecule of oxygen, we can only produce 2 molecules of water. In this case, oxygen is the limiting reactant because it is used up first and limits the amount of water that can be produced.

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The dart will leave the spring gun with a velocity of 22.4 m/s.

To calculate the velocity of the dart when it leaves the spring gun, we can use the equation for the potential energy stored in a spring:

PE = (1/2)kx^2

where k is the spring constant, and x is the compression of the spring.

Since the spring is compressed by 5 cm, the potential energy stored in it is:

PE = (1/2)(250 N/m)(0.05 m)^2

PE = 6.25 J

The potential energy stored in the spring will be transferred to the dart when it is released, and we can calculate the velocity of the dart using the equation of conservation of energy:

PE = (1/2)mv^2

where m is the mass of the dart, and v is its velocity.

Solving for v:

v = sqrt(2PE/m)

=> sqrt(2(6.25 J)/(0.025 kg))

=> 22.4 m/s.

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Answer:

It stayed the same

Explanation:

No matter how much solution you have left, the concentration of solution does not change. IT REMAINS THE SAME.

I hope this makes sense to you. I am generally good with following up with additional questions. Feel free to leave a comment if you have any questions or you can also message me as well!

The van't Hoff factor, i, is a measure of the degree of dissociation of a solute in a solution.

It is defined as the ratio of the number of particles produced when a solute molecule dissolves in a solvent, to the number of solute molecules in the undissolved state. In the case of an aqueous solution of hydrofluoric acid (HF), if 0% ionization is assumed, then no dissociation of the solute has taken place, and the van't Hoff factor, i, would be equal to 1.

This means that for every molecule of hydrofluoric acid that is dissolved in water, only one particle (the molecule) is produced, and the solution remains a single-component solution.

It is worth noting that hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid and does undergo some degree of ionization in aqueous solution, so in reality, the van't Hoff factor would be greater than 1, but the exact value would depend on the concentration of the acid and the conditions of the solution.

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In comparison to cold water, benzoic acid dissolves much more readily in hot water. Consequently, crystals are created when a saturated solution of benzoic acid is cooled.

The laws of solubility are the foundation of recrystallization; generally, compounds (solutes) are more soluble in hot liquids (solvents) than they are in cold liquids. The solute no longer dissolves in the solvent when a saturated hot solution cools, and crystals of the pure compound form.

Small amounts of hot water are added to dissolve the benzoic acid since it dissolves considerably more readily in hot water than in cold. The hot, saturated, aqueous solution of benzoic acid becomes supersaturated when it is cooled, and benzoic acid crystallizes from the supersaturated solution.

A very regulated temperature reduction and enough time are essential components for a successful recrystallization process.

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A minimum of 2 square feet (ft2) should be left open near the floor and 2 ft2 should be left open towards the ceiling. RCP- 200V 200,000 Reddy Heater Ample ventilation should be provided. Allow at least 6 feet2 of fresh outside air before using the heater.

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Use chromatography to separate and distinguish the two substances, a refractometer to determine the refractive index, a hydrometer to determine the liquid's density, or both.

Ethanol, commonly referred to as ethyl alcohol, is a colorless, flammable liquid that is created when yeasts or other microbes ferment sugars and carbohydrates. One of the most widely used alcohols, it is a fuel, a solvent, and a component of alcoholic drinks. The main psychoactive ingredient in alcoholic beverages is ethanol, which has been used and consumed by humans for a very long time.

The refractive index of a colorless liquid can be measured with a refractometer to ascertain if it is pure ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and sucrose. The measurement can be used to determine whether ethanol or sucrose is present in the liquid because they have different refractive indices. The refractive index of an ethanol and sucrose mixture will be different from either pure ethanol or pure sucrose. A hydrometer can also be used to determine the liquid's density. A mixture of sucrose and ethanol will have a different density from pure sucrose since ethanol is less dense than sucrose.

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The partial pressures for each noble gas are: 0.540 atm for He, 0.2932 for Ne, and 0.1648 for Kr.

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual component gases. In other words, partial pressure also can be described as if a container filled with more than one gas, each gas exerts pressure. The pressure of any gas within the container is called its partial pressure.

So, according to Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure:

Ptotal = P(He) + P(Ne) + P(Kr)

Then, from the formula above we get the equations:

P(He) = X(He) * Ptotal; P(Ne) = X(Ne) * Ptotal; P(Kr) = X(Kr) * Ptotal

X(He) = n(He)/ntotal, X(Ne) = n(Ne)/ntotal, X(Kr) = n(Kr)/ntotal

So, the formula will be:

ntotal = n(He) + n(Ne) + n(Kr)

Now, we need to find the amount of each substance:

n = m/M

n(He) = 5.50g / 4.003g/mole = 1.374 mol

n(Ne) = 15.0g / 20.18g/mole = 0.7433 mol

n(Kr) = 35.0g / 83.80g/mole = 0.4177 mol

So, we got the total as:

ntotal = 1.374 mol + 0.7433 mol + 0.4177 mol = 2.535 mol

Now, we calculate the partial pressures by substituting the value of each subtance into the formula:

P(He) = X(He) * Ptotal = (1.374mol / 2.535mol) * (1 atm) = 0.5420 atm

P(Ne) = X(Ne) * Ptotal = (0.7433mol / 2.535mol) * (1 atm) = 0.2932 atm

P(Kr) = X(Kr) * Ptotal = (0.4177mol / 2.535mol) * (1 atm) = 0.1648 atm

Hence, the partial pressures are 0.540 atm for He, 0.2932 atm for Ne, and 0.1648 atm for Kr.

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The pH of 0.75 M HF is 1.77.

To find the pH of 0.75 M HF (hydrofluoric acid), we first need to calculate the acid dissociation constant (Kₐ) of HF.

The chemical equation for the dissociation of HF is,

HF + H₂O ⇌ H₃O+ F⁻

The Kₐ of HF is 6.8 x 10^-4, which means it is a weak acid.

Now, use the Kₐ expression to find the concentration of H₃O⁺ in the solution,

Kₐ = [H₃O⁺][F⁻]/[HF]

[H₃O⁺] = √(Kₐ x [HF]) = √(6.8 x 10^-4 x 0.75) = 0.017 M

Finally, use the definition of pH to find the pH of the solution,

pH = -log[H₃O⁺] = -log(0.017) = 1.77

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The atomic mass of Barium sulfate (BaSO4) is 233.39 g/mol.

The atomic mass of BaSO4 can be calculated by adding up the atomic masses of its constituent atoms. BaSO4 is composed of one barium atom (Ba), one sulfur atom (S), and four oxygen atoms (O).

The atomic mass of barium (Ba) is 137.33 g/mol, the atomic mass of sulfur (S) is 32.06 g/mol, and the atomic mass of oxygen (O) is 16.00 g/mol.

To calculate the atomic mass of BaSO4, we need to multiply the atomic mass of each element by the number of atoms present in the molecule, then add them up.

 Atomic mass of BaSO4 = (1 x atomic mass of Ba) + (1 x atomic mass of S) + (4 x atomic mass of O)

Atomic mass of BaSO4

= (1 x 137.33 g/mol) + (1 x 32.06 g/mol) + (4 x 16.00 g/mol)

Atomic mass of BaSO4 = 137.33 g/mol + 32.06 g/mol + 64.00 g/mol

Atomic mass of BaSO4 = 233.39 g/mol

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When a molecule combines with other chemicals in the presence of sunshine, NOx, it creates photochemical smog in the troposphere.

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