two scientists awarded for discovering the structure of dna. what are the names of the two scientists?

Answer:Stratum spinosum

Explanation:

206

There are typically around 270 bones in human infants, which fuse to become 206 to 213 bones in the human adult. The reason for the variability in the number of bones is because some humans may have a varying number of ribs, vertebrae, and digits.

Human neonates normally have about 270 bones, which fusion results in 206 to 213 bones as an adult.

The reason for the variation in the number of bones is that different individuals of the human species may have different numbers of ribs, vertebrae, and digits.

To meet the needs of completing fine or strong motor activities, they vary in size, shape, and strength. Despite having little strength, the middle ear bones are important in the transmission of sound waves to the inner ear's auditory organs.

Some bones, such as the femur, are very strong and can sustain great force before breaking .From a microanatomical standpoint, bones are very specialized connective tissue with the capacity to remodel naturally in response to demands.

The osteoblast is the main cell type that produces new bone. Type I collagen, a protein produced by the human body, is abundant in the fluid called osteoid, which is secreted by osteoblasts.

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Answer:

The cell membrane controls the transport of materials in and out of the cell. It is selectively permeable. Animal cells don't have cell wall surrounding their cell membrane. The nucleus is a large organelle that is the control center and makes the DNA. The endoplasmic reticulum membranes provide a increase in surface area where chemical reactions occur. The function of smooth ER is to make hormones. If there are ribosomes are attached to the ER, it is called rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. The function of rough ER is protein synthesis . Ribosomes are small organelles. The are made of RNA and protein. The function of ribosomes is that they are the site of protein synthesis. Golgi Bodies functions in modification, assembly, packaging, storage and secretion of proteins. Vacuoles and vesicles are formed by pinching off from the Golgi apparatus, embryogenesis of the cell membrane, and an extension of the ER membrane. Vacuoles are used for transport and storage of new materials

The two methods of perfusion are the bronchial and pulmonary circulation.

Perfusion is the process of sending oxygenated blood to the body's tissues.

Perfusion of body tissue occurred during Systole. The chambers contract, and oxygenated blood is forced into the arteries. These arteries carry blood to the tissues where oxygen is released. The unoxygenated blood is then returned to the heart through the veins, and the process begins again after the blood is reoxygenated by the lungs. The only exception to this is perfusion itself. The heart actually perfuses during diastole when the heart muscle relaxes and blood is drawn to the heart tissue.

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Two methods of perfusion are bronchial and pulmonary circulation.

Bronchial and pulmonary perfusion are two important processes that occur within the respiratory system.

Bronchial perfusion is the process of blood flow to the bronchi, which are the airways that carry air into the lungs. This blood flow is important for providing oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the bronchi, as well as for removing waste products. Bronchial perfusion is supplied by the bronchial arteries, which branch off from the aorta.

Pulmonary perfusion is the process of blood flow to the lung tissue itself. This is important for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air in the lungs. Pulmonary perfusion is supplied by the pulmonary arteries, which branch off from the right ventricle of the heart.

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An action which leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve due to contraction of the right ventricle.

The main heart sound (S1) addresses conclusion of the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves as the ventricular tensions surpass atrial tensions toward the start of systole (point a). S1 is regularly a solitary sound on the grounds that mitral and tricuspid valve conclusion happens all the while.

During withdrawal of the right ventricle, blood is catapulted from the ventricle through the open pulmonic valve into the pneumonic supply route. Pressures in the aspiratory corridor regularly arrive at levels of 25 mmHg during top constriction (systole) and tumble to 10 mmHg between withdrawals (diastole).

The heart has four chambers: the right ventricle and left ventricle on the base, and the right chamber and left chamber on top. Together, the four chambers siphon blood through the body.

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The most appropriately mitigated by introducing new genetic diversity into an isolated population is a. "Harmful effects of inbreeding"

As we know Inbreeding is the mating of individuals which are genetically very closely related. Due to breeding of closely related individuals the chances of variations are nil, results in fixation of unfavorable genes in F2 and organisms can accumulate recessive or harmful traits more easily and easily affected. Hence have decreased fitness, reproduction and production. This is known as "Inbreeding depression" one of the most harmful effect of Inbreeding. In an isolated population all individuals are closely related and hence have Inbreeding between them, Inbreeding depression can occur which results in increased mortality, reduced reproduction or loss of fertility.

Thus, option a is the correct choice.

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When employing transgenic techniques, the new genes are genetically inserted into the plants, whereas artificial selection uses the qualities the plants already have to determine the traits they desire in the next generation.

Transgenesis is the phenomenon of genetically engineered gene transfer from one organism to another. A transgenic is a gene that has been transplanted. The genes are transferred using genetic engineering tools like plasmids and the gene gun. First, restriction enzymes are used to find and isolate a desired DNA sequence. The approach DNA microarray can be used to find the gene.

After that, the sequence is put on a vector and introduced into the intended organism. Genetically modified species include transgenic organisms (GMOs). They have been applied to numerous genetic models, transgenic mice to investigate human diseases, and the production of plants with high yield and pest resistance.

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The frequency of the heterozygous genotype would be 0.84.

If the frequency of the dominant phenotype is 0.84 and the frequency of  recessive phenotype is 0.16, it is possible to estimate the frequency of the heterozygous genotype if the mode of inheritance is known.

If the dominant phenotype is caused by the dominant allele (A) and the recessive phenotype is caused by the recessive allele (a), then heterozygous genotype (Aa) would result in the expression of the dominant phenotype. If mode of inheritance is dominant, then frequency of the heterozygous genotype would be equal to the frequency of the dominant phenotype.

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Note: The question given on the portal is incomplete. Here is the complete question.

Question: When 0.840 is frequency of dominant phenotype and 0.16 is frequency of recessive phenotype. What is the frequency of heterozygous genotype?

The statement "rods play a key role in dark adaptation and detect gray, black, and white" is true. Here option A is the correct answer.

Rods are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that are specialized for low-light vision. They contain a photopigment called rhodopsin, which is sensitive to light and helps us see in dimly lit environments.

Unlike cones, which are responsible for color vision and high-acuity vision, rods are not sensitive to differences in hue or saturation. Instead, they respond to the intensity of light, allowing us to perceive gray, black, and white.

In dark conditions, the rods become highly sensitive, allowing us to see even in very low light levels. This process is known as dark adaptation, and it takes about 30 minutes for the rods to fully adapt to the dark. As the light levels increase, the sensitivity of the rods decreases and the cones take over as the primary source of visual input.

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The following three procedures reduce heat absorption by a rooftop garden:

Rooftop Gardens

Rooftop gardens are essentially gardens that are planted on top of rooftops. They are typically intended to cultivate specific sorts of plants, and they offer a number of important benefits to the buildings where they are situated, including:

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Answer:

od ) Energy cannot be converted from one form to another but it cannot be created not destroyed

Explanation:

Energy had no stable state hence can be transformed from one to another

Answer:

Burmese pythons are having a significant impact on the ecosystem and biodiversity in the Everglades and surrounding areas. As an invasive species, the python has no natural predator in Florida, making it an apex predator in the area. Therefore, the population of these snakes is not being naturally controlled.

Our innovative solution involves baiting the cages with pheromones, so that the snakes believe they are tracking the scent of the opposite sex. Since Burmese Pythons are usually solitary creatures, these traps will be especially useful during breeding season, to catch male pythons.

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The life cycle of plants is referred to as the alternation of generations. This is a characteristic feature of land plants, which have evolved from their ancestral aquatic ancestors.

The alternation of generations is a cycle of two distinct stages in the life of a plant: the gametophyte stage and the sporophyte stage.

In the gametophyte stage, the plant produces gametes, which are reproductive cells that are involved in sexual reproduction. During this stage, the plant produces either male gametes or female gametes, which then fuse together to form a zygote, which is the first cell of the sporophyte stage.

The sporophyte stage is characterized by the production of spores called spores, which are produced by meiosis, a process of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. The spores are then dispersed, and each one can develop into a new gametophyte plant, thereby completing the cycle of alternation of generations.

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The type of microscopy with the highest resolution is electron microscopy. There are two main types of electron microscopy: transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Transmission electron microscopy has the highest resolution of the two, and can achieve a resolution on the order of 0.1 nanometers (nm), which is several orders of magnitude higher than the resolution achievable with light microscopy. TEM works by passing a beam of electrons through a thin section of a sample and detecting the electrons that pass through on the other side. The image that is generated is a 2D representation of the interior structure of the sample.

Scanning electron microscopy has a slightly lower resolution than TEM, but still higher than light microscopy. SEM works by scanning a focused beam of electrons over the surface of a sample and detecting the electrons that are emitted from the sample in response to the electron beam. The image that is generated is a 3D representation of the surface structure of the sample.

Both TEM and SEM provide incredibly detailed images of the internal and surface structures of samples, respectively, and are widely used in many fields, including biology, materials science, and nanotechnology.

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The proper sequence of making a protein is mRNA copy is made, mRNA moves to ribosomes, tRNA deposits amino acids by matching up with mRNA, protein is made which is denoted as option B.

This is referred to as large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

They are formed by a mRNA copy being  made in nucleus from a DNA template and they are moved to the ribosomes which is responsible for protein synthesis in cells. The tRNA then deposits the amino acids by matching up with mRNA, protein is made.

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Answer: : fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Explanation: Specific examples of vertebrates are shown to illustrate the different characteristics of complex animals.

Answer:

Water flea

Explanation:

The water flea is the most complex creature ever studied.

The arrangement of the fibers in the composite material can affect the overall modulus of the composite, E1. To achieve the highest modulus, E1, the fibers should be arranged in such a way as to optimize the load transfer between the fibers and the matrix.

One common method to achieve this is to arrange the fibers in a unidirectional manner, meaning all the fibers are oriented in the same direction. If there are half as many carbon fibers as glass fibers, a suitable arrangement could be to have the carbon fibers arranged in the center, surrounded by the glass fibers.

To calculate E1, we need to consider the contribution of each type of fiber to the composite modulus. The modulus of each fiber, Ef, is multiplied by the volume fraction of that fiber in the composite, Vf, and the sum of these values for all fibers gives us the composite modulus.

E1 = (Ef-carbon × Vf-carbon) + (Ef-glass × Vf-glass)

Where Ef-carbon and Ef-glass are the moduli of carbon and glass fibers, respectively, and Vf-carbon and Vf-glass are their respective volume fractions in the composite. The volume fractions must add up to 1 since they represent the entire volume of the composite.

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Answer:

see below

Explanation:

the substances undergoing chemical rxⁿ are called reactants which form products.

Here CO2 and H20 are reactants which react to form H2CO3 which is product.

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Most African elephants have tusks, however normally approximately 6% of girls in a populace will by no means develop tusks.

Adult men are very not often discovered with out tusks. However, in Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique, 50% of girls over two decades antique are tuskless, and 33% of girls among 10 and two decades antique are tuskless. Poaching extended due to the fact squaddies hunted elephants for his or her tusks (ivory). If a populace has extra tuskless elephants, poachers are much less possibly to kill elephants from that populace. So extra elephants in that populace will survive. Over time, increasingly of the populace turns into tuskless because of herbal selection. Poachers turns into much less and much less possibly to goal this populace. After being focused with the aid of using ivory poachers in Mozambique, elephants are being born with out tusks at an growing rate.

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The two main types of reproductive isolating mechanisms are pre-zygotic mechanisms and post-zygotic mechanisms.

Pre-zygotic mechanisms refer to barriers that prevent the formation of a viable zygote, even when fertilization is possible. These mechanisms include:

Habitat isolation: where different populations live in different environments and are physically separated from one another, making mating between them unlikely.

Temporal isolation: where different populations breed at different times, making it difficult for them to mate with one another.

Behavioral isolation: where different populations have different mating behaviors that prevent them from successfully mating with one another.

Mechanical isolation: where differences in anatomy or mating structures prevent successful mating between different populations.

Post-zygotic mechanisms refer to barriers that prevent the offspring of two different populations from surviving or reproducing, even if they are able to successfully mate and form a zygote. These mechanisms include:

Hybrid inviability: where the offspring of two different populations are unable to survive to adulthood.

Hybrid infertility: where the offspring of two different populations are unable to reproduce.

These two types of reproductive isolating mechanisms help to prevent interbreeding between different populations, promoting the divergence of species over time.

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The fact that our first average was 3.75 shows that the animal we think we had had a terrible disposition. The dog has wolf-like features.

The mirror test is frequently employed to determine whether an animal has self-awareness. As first postulated by Gallup, the occurrence of spontaneous, mark-directed behaviour when provided a mirror has been the subject of numerous research involving a wide variety of species.  When presented with a mirror, the majority of marked animals first exhibit social behaviour, such as aggressive displays, and they continue to do so during repeated testing.  Only a few species have made contact with the mark or displayed activity towards it, passing the traditional MSR test.

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The jugular notch is where the clavicles articulate with the manubrium.

Thus, the correct option is B.

The sternum consists of three pаrts: mаnubrium of the sternum, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process. The mаnubrium of the sternum is the superior pаrt of the sternum. The mаnubrium hаs the following feаtures:

The location of the jugulаr notch (suprаsternаl notch) is the bottom of the neck; above the manubrium of the sternum, and between the two clavicles.

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The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is frequently described to as a "railroad track" when seen under electron microscopy due to its peculiar shape.

The hydrophilic (love of water) heads and hydrophobic (fear of water) tails of the two phospholipid layers of the lipid bilayer are pointing inward and outward, respectively.

The hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids form a tightly packed barrier in the centre of the bilayer that prevents water-soluble molecules from passing through. The interactions between the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids and the surrounding water-based environment result in the formation of a more fluid layer beyond the membrane.

When viewed under an electron microscope, the two phospholipid layers appear as parallel, closely spaced lines that resemble a "railroad track."

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We know that the picture would look like you due to the transference of genes.

In the practice that have been given here you have been asked to design what your imaginary offspring would look like. Let us note that the way that your offspring would like would depend on how you look in the first place.

We have to note that there genes that you pass on to the offspring is what is going to tell us what the offspring is going to look like. This is why the picture that you would draw would look so much like yourself.

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Answer:

Option D.

Explanation:

Diagram A is the diagram where the protein is ready to be produced because the repressor protein is no longer attached to the DNA segment

The diagram which shows a system in which transcription of the lac operon genes is suppressed is that Diagram A shows this because the repressor protein will break down the polymerase. Thus, the correct option is D.

The lac operon contains of three genes which are lacZ, lacY, and lacA. These genes are transcribed as a single mRNA molecule, under the control of one promoter gene. Genes in the lac operon specify proteins which help the cell in utilizing lactose sugar.

The activity of the promoter gene which controls the expression of the lac operon is regulated by two different protein molecules. One of the proteins which prevents the RNA polymerase from transcribing or negative control, the other enhances the binding of RNA polymerase enzyme to the promoter or positive control.

Therefore, the correct option is D.

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The cytoskeleton can be compared to a house's frame or foundation because it provides internal support and helps with movement, much like the structure of a house supports its overall function. Understanding this analogy can help students to better understand the structure and function of the cytoskeleton and its importance in the cell.

Cells are the basic units of life, and they have several different structures that work together to ensure proper function. One of these structures is the cytoskeleton, which provides internal support and helps with movement. If we were to compare a cell to a house, various parts of the house can be used as analogies for different cell structures. In this analogy, the cytoskeleton would be compared to the house's frame or foundation.

Just as a house's frame or foundation provides support and structure for the rest of the building, the cytoskeleton in a cell provides support and structure for the cell. The cytoskeleton is made up of various proteins and fibers, such as microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, that give the cell its shape and help it maintain its structure.

Additionally, the cytoskeleton is involved in cell movement and division. Just as a house's foundation must be sturdy enough to support the weight of the entire structure, the cytoskeleton must be strong enough to support the cell's movement and division.

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Pyruvate molecules that were formed in glycolysis but do not have access to oxygen are converted into lactic acid and then released into the bloodstream.

Glycolysis is an anaerobic metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to produce energy. It is a series of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, releasing energy in the form of two ATP molecules. The end products of glycolysis are pyruvate, ATP and NADH. During glycolysis, glucose is oxidized and converted into energy, and the energy is used to synthesize ATP. Glycolysis is a preparatory stage for the subsequent reactions of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis also occurs in plants, bacteria, archaea and some protists, as well as in mammalian cells.

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Answer:The pancreas

Explanation:

True. Complete metamorphosis is a biological process that allows an insect species to occupy different habitats and niches during the larval and adult stages, thus allowing parents and offspring to not compete for the same resources.

Metamorphosis is a process of transformation in which an organism undergoes drastic physical, physiological, and/or behavioral changes. This process is commonly seen in animals such as insects, amphibians, and reptiles, and is a key part of the life cycle of these species. Metamorphosis typically involves the organism going through four distinct stages, beginning with an egg stage, followed by a larval stage, pupal stage, and ending with the adult stage.

During the process of complete metamorphosis, the insect species undergoes four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage has different metabolic needs, as well as different lifestyle requirements, so the insect can occupy a different habitat or niche in each stage. This is beneficial for the species as it allows them to take advantage of different resources available in each habitat or niche.

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FLC is the primary plant flowering inhibitor. Through epigenetic modifications, vernalization therapy silences the FLC locus. The vernalization treatment compacts the chromatin at the FLC gene.

So, Option C is correct.

Vernalization is a cold treatment used to induce blooming. It is a reversible transformation caused by epigenetic changes.  FLC suppression via vernalization is epigenetic in the sense explained above: FLC remains reduced once vernalized plants are reintroduced to warm growth conditions.

Thus, in Arabidopsis, vernalization confers flowering competence by suppressing the expression of a flowering repressor.

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Full Question ;

You Are Given An Extract Of DNA From Vernalized Winter Wheat Seeds And Asked To Decide If Vernalization Has Gone On Long Enough For Flowering To Occur. In Order To Make This Judgment, You Would Examine An Extract Of DNA Under An Electron Microscope And Look For Select One:

A. Signs Of Degradation.

B. Contamination With Lipids.

C. Compacted Chromatin.

d. extra protein coating the DNA.

e. increased binding of histones.