Mosquito, asexual part, and sexual portion. The human host is impacted by two aspects of a Plasmodium erythrocytic cycle in the ways listed below.
The causes the clinical signs and symptoms for plasmodium inside one human host, as well as the release spores into to the blood that allow the malaria to spread to and to another person. In humans, these parasites first develop and multiply in the red blood cells and later in the liver cells. A similar life cycle is shared by all Plasmodium species [31]. It consists of two parts: the parasite first infect a person (or an animal host), and then it spreads from one person to another.
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are two epigenetic mechanisms that can prevent dna from being accessible to transcription molecules. when the dna is unwound, molecules that bind to
Two epigenetic mechanisms that can prevent dna from being accessible to transcription molecules. when the dna is unwound, molecules that bind to
The correct option is methylation and coiling A
What is epigenetic mechanisms ?Gene silencing and expression are regulated by epigenetic processes, which act as a layer of control within a cell. Depending on the tissue, this control is varied and is crucial for cell differentiation.
The study of epigenetics shows how childhood events can have long-lasting effects. Children's development is guided by the information contained in the genes they inherit from their biological parents. For instance, the potential height they could reach in the future or the potential disposition they might have
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Please match the appendages to the description that most accurately describes their function to distinguish among the types of external cell appendages. 1. flagella (Click to select) 2. fimbriae Click to select) 3. pili (Click to select) 4. axial filaments (Click to select) .
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Bacterial appendages include flagella, fimbriae, and pili. They're also employed for motility and attachment. A flagellum is a whip-like structure that enables cell movement.
What are the many functions of bacteria's exterior appendages?Bacterial appendages have two functions: adhesion and movement. The capacity of germs to attach to the surface of anything is referred to as attachment.
Non-flagellar extracellular appendages termed pili or fimbriae are common in gram-negative bacteria. They perform a variety of tasks, including motility, adhesion, biofilm formation, and DNA uptake.
Fimbriae or pili are filamentous extensions found in some bacterial cells that help in attaching to surfaces. Pili are also utilised to move genetic material across cells.
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Which of the following is not an accurate statement about oceanic and atmospheric conditions at the end of the Permian?
Reduced ocean oxygen is associated with the Permian mass extinction.
Higher global temperatures caused a drop in oxygen concentrations by reducing temperature differences between the poles and equator and slowing the mixing of ocean water.
Most marine animal species were able to withstand the reduced oceanic O2 concentration by gulping atmospheric oxygen.
Anaerobic bacteria could thrive in reduced oxygen environments and emitted H2S, a poisonous metabolic by-product.
As H2S bubbles into the atmosphere, it can kill land organisms.
The statement "Most marine animal species were able to withstand the reduced oceanic O2 concentration by gulping atmospheric oxygen" is not an accurate statement about oceanic and atmospheric conditions at the end of the Permian.
In fact, the reduced oceanic oxygen associated with the Permian mass extinction would have made it difficult for marine animals to survive by gulping atmospheric oxygen. Instead, many marine animals would have had to adapt to lower oxygen concentrations or face extinction. The drop in oxygen concentrations during the Permian extinction is thought to have been caused by a combination of factors, including higher global temperatures, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, and changes in ocean circulation patterns.
Anaerobic bacteria were able to thrive in the low-oxygen conditions of the Permian extinction, and some of these bacteria emitted hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is a poisonous metabolic by-product. As H2S bubbles into the atmosphere, it can potentially cause harm to land organisms, contributing to the overall impact of the Permian extinction on global biodiversity.
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Please match the correct type of hypersensitivity reaction to the statement that best describes it to test your understanding of hypersensitivities.
Includes anaphylaxis—a systemic fatal reaction with airway obstruction and respiratory collapse
Involves complement-assisted lysis of cells coated with antibodies as seen in transfusion reactions
Immune complexes form and become lodged in blood vessel walls
T cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity reactions including contact dermatitis and graft rejection reactions
The correct type of hypersensitivity reaction to the statement that best describes hypersensitivities:
Type I: Includes anaphylaxis—a systemic fatal reaction with airway obstruction and respiratory collapseType II: Involves complement-assisted lysis of cells coated with antibodies as seen in transfusion reactionsType III: Immune complexes form and become lodged in blood vessel wallsType IV: T cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity reactions including contact dermatitis and graft rejection reactionsOur immune system plаys а cruciаl role in protecting our body аgаinst pаthogens, but sometimes there is аn exаggerаted response. This exаggerаted response is triggered by the interаction of the immune system with аn аntigen (аllergen) аnd is referred to аs hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity reаctions аre clаssified into four types by Coombs аnd Gell.
The four types of hypersensitivity аre:
Type I: reаction mediаted by IgE аntibodiesType II: cytotoxic reаction mediаted by IgG or IgM аntibodiesType III: reаction mediаted by immune complexesType IV: delаyed reаction mediаted by cellulаr responseYour question is incomplete, but most probably your full question can be seen in the Attachment.
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Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b).
Dad is heterozygous Brown eyes and mom has
blue eyes.
List the possible physical traits from this cross.
macromolecules are disassembled in ____ reactions.group of answer choiceshydrolysisdenaturationdehydration synthesis
Answer: hydrolysis
Explanation:
Which of the following is a sensitive stimulator of ADH secretion? a. body fluid volume b. blood volume c. blood pressure d. plasma osmolality
A sensitive activator of ADH secretion is plasma osmolality. Hence option 'd' is correct.
What exactly does plasma osmolarity mean?Osmolarity of the plasma the blood plasma's osmolarity, which measures the level of hydration. During periods of dehydration and rehydration, variations in hydration status have an impact on the plasma osmolarity. The osmolarity of normal plasma is between 280 and 300 mOs/kg. From lab to lab, this could change a little.
What leads to a rise in plasma osmolality?When you are dehydrated, your blood's osmolality rises, and when there is too much fluid within your system, it falls. Osmolality is managed in a special way by your body. Your body produces antidiuretic hormone in response to rising osmolality (ADH). Arginine vasopressin is another name for it (AVP).
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Structures such as eggs, sperm, asters, and epithelial tissues are shared by which of the following phyla?
Ctenophora
Placozoa
Nematoda
Acoelomorpha
Cnidaria
Porifera
Among the given phyla, structures such as eggs, sperm, asters, and epithelial tissues are shared by Cnidaria and Porifera.
What are Cnidaria and Porifera?Cnidarians are characterized by having radial symmetry, stinging cells called cnidocytes, and a simple body plan. They have epithelial tissues and produce both eggs and sperm for sexual reproduction.
Poriferans, also known as sponges, are multicellular animals that lack true tissues and organs. However, they have specialized cells that perform specific functions, such as choanocytes that create water currents and capture food particles. They also produce both eggs and sperm for sexual reproduction.
The other four phyla do not share all of these structures. Ctenophora have comb plates for movement and are hermaphroditic, meaning they produce both eggs and sperm. Placozoa are a simple, small phylum that lack organs and tissues and reproduce asexually.
Nematoda are characterized by their round body shape and pseudocoelom, and have separate sexes for reproduction. Acoelomorpha are acoelomate animals with a simple body plan and both sexual and asexual reproduction.
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Which of the following cellular transport processes requires the greatest expenditure of cellular energy?
active transport
The cellular transport process requires the greatest expenditure of cellular energy in active transport.
Thus, the correct answer is active transport.
Trаnsports like diffusion, fаcilitаted diffusion аnd osmosis do not require energy. Аctive trаnsports like phаgocytosis, exocytosis, require energy.
During аctive trаnsport, substаnces move аgаinst the concentrаtion grаdient, from аn аreа of low concentrаtion to аn аreа of high concentrаtion. This process is “аctive” becаuse it requires the use of energy (usuаlly in the form of АTP). It is the opposite of pаssive trаnsport. Аctive trаnsport requires аssistаnce from cаrrier proteins, which chаnge conformаtion when АTP hydrolysis occurs.
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the greenhouse effect is caused by the atmosphere reflecting longwave radiation emitted by the earth back down to the earth's surface. True or False
Greenhouse effect is caused by atmosphere reflecting longwave radiation emitted by the earth back down to earth's surface is : true.
Is greenhouse effect caused by atmosphere reflecting longwave radiation?Greenhouse effect is actually caused by the atmosphere trapping some of the energy from sun that is absorbed by Earth's surface. This trapped energy, in the form of heat, warms the atmosphere and also Earth's surface.
Earth's surface absorbs the shortwave radiation of sun and re-emits some of this energy as longwave radiation. Certain atmospheric gases, like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor, absorb this longwave radiation and re-emit some of it back towards Earth's surface. This causes Earth's surface and lowers atmosphere to warm, similar to the way greenhouse traps heat to grow plants.
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Synthetic biology is a field that aims to design and construct new biological entities with novel and useful functions. Which of the following are applications of synthetic biology?
Choose one or more:
A.artificial photosynthesis: using an engineered bacterium with nanowire to convert carbon dioxide to multiple different products
B.smart vaccines: human-made microbes that can induce immune development without illness
C.herbicide-resistant corn: modifying the corn genome with a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis
D.golden rice: adding a gene to produce blindness-combating beta carotene to a variety of traditional rice
Synthetic biology includes A. artificial photosynthesis: using an engineered bacterium with nanowire to convert carbon dioxide to multiple different products and B. smart vaccines: human-made microbes that can induce immune development without illness.
What is Synthetic biology?Synthetic biology is an area within molecular biology aimed at creating new applications by using life sciences as the source and synthetically designed products.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that Synthetic biology is a field in biology aimed at generating new products based on the use of biological entities such as artificial photosynthetic devices or smart vaccines.
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A complete range of plant succession is called prisere.
True or False?
Answer: false
Explanation:
This table shows sizes of earths oceans based on this table and the make up of earths total water which reasonable conclusion can be made
The Pacific Ocean (168,723,000 sq. km.) is the biggest and deepest ocean, while the arctic (15,558,000 sq. km.) is the smallest ocean.
What are the types of oceans?Ocean is a water body that contains saltwater and covers almost 70.8% of the earth's surface.
According to size, the five largest oceans are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. The largest and deepest ocean, covering one-third of the planet, is the Pacific Ocean.
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and coldest ocean. The Atlantic Ocean is the youngest ocean.
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The data above represents the results of three different crosses involving the inheritance of a gene that determines whether a certain organism is blue or white. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of inheritance of the gene?
A) The allele for white is an autosomal dominant allele because 1:1 phenotype ratio of blue to white among both sexes is observed in cross 3.
B) The all for blue is an autosomal dominant allele because an approximate 3:1 phenotype ratio of blue to white is observed in cross 1
C) The allele for white is an x-linked dominant allele because no white females are produced in cross 1.
D) The allele for blue is an x-linked dominant allele because there are no blue male offspring in cross 2
B) The all for blue is an autosomal dominant allele because an approximate 3:1 phenotype ratio of blue to white is observed in cross 1, which best explains the mechanism of inheritance of the gene.
The most likely explanation for the gene's inheritance mechanism, according to the available data, is option B) The allele for blue is an autosomal dominant allele because an about 3:1 phenotypic ratio of blue to white is shown in cross 1.
With one allele for blue and one allele for white, the parents in cross 1 are heterozygous for the gene. An estimated 3:1 ratio of blue to white is seen in the offspring, which is indicative of a dominant feature. We would anticipate more white children in the F1 generation if the allele for white was dominant, but this is not the case.
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Dr. Howison is investigating an unexplored part of Europe to discover new fossils. On the second day of her investigation, she uncovers the fossil shown below. What type of fossil did Dr. Howison discover?
A) body fossil
B) trace fossil
C) tri-foot fossil
D) concrete fossils
Body fossil did Dr. Howison discovered.
What is fossil ?
Fossils are the remains or signs of prehistoric life that have been preserved by the forces of nature. Shells, bones, exoskeletons, things preserved in amber, petrified wood, coal, hair, oil, and Genetic traces are a few examples of fossils. Another type of fossil is a skeletal structure.
What is coal ?
The sedimentary deposit known as coal is primarily made up of the easily flammable element carbon. Black or brownish-black in color, coal is composed of more than half (by weight) and more than seventy percent (by volume) carbonaceous material, including any inherent moisture.
Therefore, Body fossil did Dr. Howison discovered.
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Explain the changes that were observed in the Galapagos island flinch beaks from the 1976-1978. Why did the population of flinches change? What trait became predominant? What trait became suppressed?
list three different ways proteins may be associated with membranes and indicate how these proteins differ in physical properties.
Integral membrane proteins can be divided into three topologically distinct classes: polytopic, bitopic, and monotopic. All of these classes are permanently bonded to the membrane and need detergents to be solubilized.
What is protein ?Proteins are large, complex molecules that are necessary for many body functions. They are crucial for the regulation, organisation, and functionality of the body's tissues and organs and do the bulk of the work in cells.
Membrane proteins function as mediators in processes essential to the successful growth of living cells. Membrane-embedded enzymes catalyse chemical reactions, membrane-embedded transporters transport ions and larger solutes across membranes, and receptors enable communication between the cell and its environment.
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scientists generally agree that plants require at least 17 essential nutrients for growth. these nutrients are sometimes broken into two categories: macronutrients and micronutrients. classify each of the names and statements that describe the essential nutrients as belonging to either the macronutrient category or the micronutrient category.-required in large amounts
-main components of organic molecules
-Phosphorus
-Carbon-Required in small amounts
-Mainly enzyme cofactors
-Zinc
-Iron
Description of macronutrients is: required in large amounts; main components of organic molecules; Phosphorus; Carbon. And the description of micronutrients is: Required in small amounts; Mainly enzyme cofactors; Zinc; Iron.
Macronutrients are the mineral elements that are required in vert large quantities. The name of macronutrients are: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S).
Enzyme cofactors are the non-proteinaceous agents that are required in the enzymatic process. The enzyme cofactors can be: metal ions, organic substances or other elements. The cofactors usually attach over the enzyme near the active site which facilitate the efficient binding of substrate to enzyme.
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Which of the following remedies for controlling a non-native species is the most complicated and potentially the most risky to an ecosystem?
A.) requiring ships to exchange ballast water before entering coastal waters of the United States
B.) asking people entering the United States whether they have fruits or vegetables with them
C.) introducing a non-native natural enemy for the non-native species
D.) checking for increased importation at U.S. borders
Option C, The following remedy for controlling a non-native species is the most complicated and potentially the most risky to an ecosystem: Introducing a non-native natural enemy for the non-native species.
Introducing a non-native natural enemy for a non-native species is a form of biological control, which involves the deliberate introduction of a natural enemy to control the population of the non-native species. While this approach may seem like a natural and effective way to manage invasive species, it can also have unintended and potentially harmful consequences. The natural enemy may not only target the invasive species, but also native species, which can disrupt the balance of the ecosystem and cause irreversible damage. This approach must be carefully evaluated and monitored to ensure that it is effective and does not cause further harm to the ecosystem.
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Which of these molecules in birds has a similar effect of 2,3-bpg on the o2 binding to hemoglobin? O inositol pentaphosphate O inositol hexaphosphate O inositol tetraphosphate O inositol triphosphate
The molecule in birds which has a similar effect to 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) on the oxygen binding to hemoglobin in birds is inositol hexaphosphate (also known as phytic acid).
Like 2,3-BPG, inositol hexaphosphate binds to a site on the hemoglobin molecule and reduces its affinity for oxygen, which can enhance the delivery of oxygen to tissues with high metabolic demand, such as in birds during flight.
Inositol pentaphosphate, inositol tetraphosphate, and inositol triphosphate are also inositol phosphates, but they do not have that much significant effect on the oxygen binding to hemoglobin in the same way as 2,3-BPG and inositol hexaphosphate.
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), also known as 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), is a small molecule that plays an important role in the regulation of oxygen transport in the body.
In red blood cells, 2,3-BPG binds to hemoglobin and reduces its affinity for oxygen, which allows oxygen to be more readily released to tissues in need. This is particularly important in tissues with low oxygen levels, such as during exercise or at high altitudes.
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How do you do number eight?
7. The mutation in the aquaporin gene can result in a complete loss of function of the protein, preventing the transport of water across cell membranes.
This is because any mutation that alters the structure of a protein will affect its function.
8. The mutated protein aquaporin 2 is found in the attachment.
What are the effects of mutation on that protein aquaporin?Aquaporins are a family of transmembrane proteins that form water channels in cell membranes, allowing for the rapid and selective transport of water across cell membranes.
Mutations in the region that forms the water-selective pore or that affect key amino acid residues involved in water transport can have a significant impact on the protein's function.
Some mutations in the aquaporin gene have been linked to various diseases, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, where the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine due to the loss of water transport activity in aquaporins.
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FILL THE BLANK Read the accompanying scenario and answer the following question.
The Human body has the capacity to do work or engage in energy each day. Answer the following question about the energy you have as you run a race.
When the race begins and your body starts to move, the energy of ________ allows you to run and complete the race.
When the race begins and your body starts to move, the energy of motion allows you to run and complete the race.
Motion energy is the energy that enables the body to move and drive itself ahead. This energy is used to its greatest extent during a race. When the race begins, the energy of motion is released as the body moves. The body is able to move and accelerate because of this energy. All of the muscles in the body collaborate to produce a tremendous force that drives the body forward. Motion energy also contributes to the body's momentum throughout the race. The body creates a specific amount of energy while it moves, which must be maintained in order for the body to continue running. The body would be unable to move and complete a race without this motion energy. This energy is what enables the body to propel itself to the finish line.
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true/false. when dna is replicated or copied the ladder splits as the bases separate. new units are added to each half of the dna molecules
False. When dna is replicated or copied the ladder splits as the bases separate. new units are added to each half of the dna molecules.
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a kind of DNA. DNA is a polymer made up of two polynucleotide chains that coil around one another to form a double helix. (listen);[1] DNA) All known organisms and many viruses have genetic information in the polymer that is necessary for their development, operation, growth, and reproduction.
Nucleic acids include DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are one of the four main categories of macromolecules that are necessary for all known forms of life, along with proteins, lipids, and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides).
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true/false. the view suggests that evolution proceeds at a relatively slow and steady pace over time, whereas the view suggests that species experience long periods stasis alternating with bursts of evolution over short periods of time.
According to given information gradualism, punctuated equilibrium will be filled here .
What is the theory of evolution?The evolution theory holds that all species become interconnected and change over time. Evolution means a population's genetic diversity, which affects each organism's phenotype, or the way it appears from the outside.
What is the fundamental process of evolution?The term "evolution" defines the modifications that take place in the inherited traits of a population over the period of numerous subsequent generations. A population refers to a group of people who are all members of a common species, live close by, & occasionally mate.
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These 4 phylogenetic trees depict the same evolutionary relationshipsAlso can you tell me do molecular and morphological evidence always unambiguously suggest a single correct the phylogenetic tree
Phylogenetic trees are diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships between different species or groups of organisms. The four trees in question may depict the same relationships but with different levels of detail, due to variations in the methodology used for constructing them.
Regarding the second part of your question, the use of molecular and morphological evidence for inferring phylogenetic relationships can lead to different results depending on the data analyzed, the methods used, and the assumptions made.
Therefore, it is not uncommon to find cases where different approaches generate conflicting or ambiguous results. Nonetheless, the use of multiple lines of evidence and the application of rigorous statistical tests can help increase the confidence in the proposed phylogenetic hypotheses.
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Drag the tiles to othe boxes to form correct pairs. Match each type of climate with its impact on the rate of weathering
cold and wet weather speeds up mechanical weathering, temperate and dry weather slows down weathering, and hot and dry weather speeds up chemical weathering.
What is weathering?Rocks and minerals on Earth's surface deteriorate or dissolve over time, a process known as weathering. Erosion is the process that removes the fragments of rock and minerals after a rock has been broken down. Agents of weathering and erosion include water, acids, salt, plants, animals, and temperature variations.
Thus, cold and wet weather speeds up mechanical weathering, temperate and dry weather slows down weathering, and hot and dry weather speeds up chemical weathering.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the full question is:
Match each type of climate with its impact on the rate of weathering.
cold and wet weather
temperate and dry weather
hot and wet weather
Pairs
It speeds up chemical weathering.
It speeds up mechanical weathering.
It helps slow down weathering.
which of the following cannot be an example of evolution? a. as a consequence of legislation promoting cleaner air, the frequency of black peppered moths in europe has decreased in the last half century.
Option A, As a consequence of climate change, robins in the northeastern United States sing earlier in the spring than they did two decades ago cannot be an example of evolution.
Evolution is a process of change over time in the characteristics of a population of organisms that is caused by natural selection or other mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow.
Of the options provided, option D does not fit into the definition of evolution as it is not a change in the genetic material of the population.
Option D instead is an example of an adaptation, which is a trait that helps an individual organism survive and reproduce better in its environment. Adaptations are the result of natural selection and can help a species survive in a changing environment, but they do not constitute evolution.
Examples of evolution include the emergence of antibiotic resistanceOption A, As a consequence of climate change, robins in the northeastern United States sing earlier in the spring than they did two decades ago cannot be an example of evolution.
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The question is -
Which of the following cannot be an example of evolution?
Options:
A. As a consequence of climate change, robins in the northeastern United States sing earlier in the spring than they did two decades ago.
B. As a consequence of legislation promoting cleaner air, the frequency of black peppered moths in Europe has decreased in the last half-century.
C. Due to a genetic bottleneck, the frequency of one allele has increased in a population of Drosophila subobscura.
D. After repeated exposure to high temperatures, an individual turtle can tolerate heating more successfully.
Please match the type of extremophile with the description of its preferred environment to test your understanding of archaeal adaptations 1. halophile (Click to select) 2. hyperthermophile (Click to select) 3. methanogen (Click to select) 4 psychrophile Click to select) Please match the type of extremophile with the description of its preferred environment to test your understanding of archae adaptations 1. halophile (Click to select) 2. hyperthel 3. methanor (Click to select) 4. psychrop an organism that lives in an environment that contains high amounts of salt such as the Dead Sea an organism that lives in very cold conditions, including temperatures below freezing an organism that lives in extremely hot temperatures such as the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park an organism that lives in anaerobic environments and converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane v Please match the following nutritional types with the statements that most accurately describe them, to test your understanding of the math categories of nutritional types among organisms. autotroph (Click to select) 2. heterotroj 3. chemotro (Click to select) 4.phototrop organism that gains energy from chemical compounds organism that gains energy through photosynthesis organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form organism that uses inorganic carbon dioxide as its carbon source Which of the following strategies are used by parasitic helminths to ensure their survival? Check All That Apply larvae are resistant to heat and drying use of mouth glands to breach host tissues fertilized eggs are provided with a protective shell some worms carry millions of eggs in development mate and develop in the absence of a host Match the subspecialty of bioinformatics to its description metagenomics proteomics 3 metabolomics transcriptomics Match each of the options above to the tem below analysis of all RNA molecules in a cell analysis of all proteins in a cell analysis of all genomes in a particular ecological niche analysis of all small chemicals in a cell
first halophile - a type of organism that survives in salty environments, such as the Dead Sea.
Hyperthermophile, second
an organism that can endure temperatures as high as those found in Yellowstone National Park's hot springs.
No. 3 Methanogen
an organism that thrives in anaerobic conditions and produces methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
4) Psychopath
an organism that can survive in extremely cold temperatures, including those below zero.
First, autotrophs
a living thing that obtains energy from photosynthesis.
Metagenomics: 1
Proteomics — 2
Metabolomics — 4
1. Transcriptomics
A compact, dense hydrophobic core, the predominance of smaller hydrogen-bonding amino acids, and increased multimerization are the general adaptations for archaeal and bacterial piezophiles [49–51]. Pyrococcus abyssi, a hyperthermophilic piezophile, is one instance of this.
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list as bullets with brief descriptions and in approximate chronological order the steps in the innate response to a bacterial infection. include both the cells and the molecules that are involved in the response to the bacteria and what each does
1. The innate immune responses can be summarized as below :
The conserved proteins as Toll like receptors on cells like neutrophils, dendritic cells and macrophages recognize pathogens’ PAMPs (lipopolysaccharide in Gram negative bacteria & peptidoglycan in Gram positive bacteria).Different fates of this recognition are Complement activation, Opsonization of bacteria, phagocytosis and inflammatory responses.Cytokines released can activates alternative and the lectin pathways of the complement system.The complement proteins bind to the surface of the bacterium as a membrane attack complex (MAC) to initiate complement-mediated lysisComplement activation may also lead to opsonization of the bacteria (marking bacteria for phagocytosis).This leads to phagocytosis of Opsonized bacteria by phagocytes like macrophages and neutrophils. Phagocytes destruct the bacteria using antimicrobial peptides and lysozymes. Opsonization kills Gram-positive bacteria which are usually resistant to killing by MAC.Activation of various receptors on macrophages and neutrophils recruit leukocytes to the site of infection.They initiate inflammatory responses.Learn more about innate immune
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the water would flow towards the (left/right)___ side after the (red/green) ___particles diffused across the semi-permeable membrane (up/down) ___their concentration gradient to the left/right) ___
the water would flow towards the right side after the green particles diffused across the semi-permeable membrane down their concentration gradient to the right
How would a red blood cell behave in water?Red blood cells absorb water by osmosis if they are submerged in water. Because of the membrane's fragility, a cell will rupture as its volume and consequent pressure rise. When red blood cells are exposed to intense sugar solutions, water osmosis causes them to shrink.
There is a net transfer of water from the solution into the body in hypotonic solutions. When a cell is put in a hypotonic solution, cytolysis causes the cell to inflate and grow until it ultimately bursts.
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