Tour of a Plant Cell: Structures and Functions (BioFlix tutorial)
Part A - Comparing plant cells and animal cells
Plant cells and animal cells share many of the same structures, but each type of cell also has unique structures. In this activity, you will indicate which cell structures are found only in plant cells, only in animal cells, or in both plant and animal cells.
Drag each cell structure to the appropriate bin. If a structure is found in both plant cells and animal cells, drag it to the "both" bin.

The correct descriptions are:

Glycocalyx - A viscous, gel-like layer of carbohydrates and proteins that coats the outer surface of the cell membrane. It can be either loosely or tightly attached to the cell surface and can serve various functions, including protection, cell recognition, and adhesion.

Slime layer - A type of glycocalyx that is loosely attached to the cell surface and can be easily washed off. It is composed of a mixture of carbohydrates and proteins and serves primarily to protect the cell from environmental stresses, such as desiccation or predation.

Capsule - A type of glycocalyx that is tightly attached to the cell surface and composed mainly of polysaccharides. It is a well-defined, organized layer that provides protection to the cell against environmental stresses, such as desiccation or phagocytosis, and also plays a role in cell recognition and adhesion.

The functions of the glycocalyx, slime layer, and capsules of a bacterial cell

are described below:

Glycocalyx - helps certain bacteria to withstand phagocytic engulfment by bodily white blood cells or protozoans in soil and water. Some bacteria can also colonize and withstand flushing by adhering to ambient objects including rocks, hairs on plant roots, and teeth thanks to the glycocalyx.

The slime layers shield the cell from physical and chemical assaults like those that occur while cleaning food preparation surfaces or equipment. The capsule's "stickiness" encourages cell attachment to surfaces, which is advantageous for survival. The capsule also shields the cell from phagocytosis.

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An illustration of how protein comparisons can reveal evolutionary ties is the identical similarity in amino acid sequences of proteins present in closely related species.

Proteins are large, complex molecules that are necessary for many body functions. They are crucial for the regulation, organisation, and functionality of the body's tissues and organs and do the bulk of the work in cells.

All living things have proteins, which are organic molecules. They carry out a variety of jobs, including organising, organising, and defence. Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids and can have up to four layers of structure. Among specific proteins, collagen, insulin, and anticorps are a few examples.

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Answer: Hypothalamus

Hope this helps :)

Explanation:

The Hypothalamus controls things like the body's temperature(Much like a thermostat), hunger, fatigue, etc.

When birth rates equal death rates, a population eventually reaches a point of zero population growth, population momentum.

Population momentum refers to the continued growth of a population even after the birth rate has fallen to equal the death rate due to the large number of people of childbearing age already in the population. This results in a temporary overshoot of the population before it stabilizes at zero population growth.

The most populous country in the world is China. It has a population of approximately 1.4 billion people. India, the United States, Indonesia, and Pakistan then followed it.

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Differential stains can help us identify bacteria that can produce dormant forms highly resistant to environmental pressure called  endospores.

A dormant, robust, and non-reproductive structure known as an endospore is created by some bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacillota. Endo means "inside," hence the name "endospore" suggests a spore or seed-like structure, yet it is not a true spore (i.e., not an offspring). The bacterium can reduce itself to this depleted, inactive state. Lack of nutrition typically causes endospore development, which typically affects gram-positive bacteria. The bacteria divides within its cell wall to generate endospores, which are then formed when one side engulfs the other. Bacteria can remain inactive for long periods of time, even centuries, thanks to endospores.

Some bacterial species, such as some Bacillus and Clostridium species, develop endospores, a specific kind of dormant cell. Endospores can survive for extended periods of time in the absence of suitable environmental circumstances for growth and reproduction because they are extremely resilient to environmental stresses including heat, radiation, and chemicals.

Endospores can be seen under a microscope using differentiating staining methods like the Schaeffer-Fulton or Malachite Green stain, which can help identify the bacteria that create them.

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These are the three reasons why the use of aseptic technique is essential when handling microbial cultures in the laboratory.

Contamination prevention: Aseptic technique is crucial in the laboratory to prevent the introduction of unwanted microorganisms or substances that may interfere with the growth and study of the desired microbial culture.

Consistency of results: Maintaining aseptic conditions helps ensure that the culture remains pure and uncontaminated, which is essential for obtaining reliable and reproducible results in experiments or analyses.

Safety: Aseptic technique also helps protect laboratory workers from potential exposure to harmful microorganisms that may be present in the culture. Proper handling and disposal of microbial cultures minimize the risk of accidents or infections.

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A plant that receives unfiltered sunlight during the day will have greater pfr at night. The pfr gradually changes back to pr at night. Red light is substantially more prevalent than far-red light in direct, full sunlight. Because chlorophyll substantially absorbs light in the visible red spectrum

Phytochromes are red-light sensory organs that regulate a number of physiological actions in plants, fungal, and photosynthetic bacteria by undergoing continuous photoconversion among a red county (Pr) and a far-red-lit state (Pfr).

Plants turn toward the sun because red sunlight changes their chromoprotein into Pfr (the active version), which promotes growth. It encourages the plant's growth. After the production of the dormant form (Pr), plants begin to grow slowly in the shadow. A seed germinates when it is exposed to light through the phytochrome system.

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The term that applies to the wavelike muscular contractions that move food along the digestive tract is peristalsis.

As per the question given,  

The wavelike muscular contractions that move food along the digestive tract are known as peristalsis. This process is an essential part of the digestive process, as it allows the food to be propelled along the gastrointestinal tract, from the esophagus to the stomach, and from the stomach to the small intestine, and finally, to the large intestine. Peristalsis is regulated by the enteric nervous system, which is composed of a complex network of neurons located in the gastrointestinal tract.

The enteric nervous system coordinates the contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles in the walls of the digestive tract, allowing for the efficient movement of food and the absorption of nutrients. Peristalsis is essential for the proper functioning of the digestive system, and disruptions to this process can lead to digestive problems such as constipation or diarrhea.

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The extensor muscle(s) will contract as a result of the stretch (myotatic) response if the quadriceps muscular tendon is struck with a reflex hammer.

The knee extensor muscle suddenly stretches as the doctor taps the patellar tendon with a hammer. A muscle's defense mechanism against lengthening that can rip and harm its fibers is known as a stretch reflex.

The contraction of a muscle in reaction to that muscle's passive stretching is referred to as the stretch reflex or myotatic reflex. As long as the stretch is within the physiological limits, the stretch reflex automatically controls the length of the muscle by increasing its contractility.

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Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes need tRNAs, amino acids, or ribosomal subunits for the process of translation.

The expanding polypeptide chain containing amino acids is held in place by the tRNA by the P site, also known as the peptidyl site. The specific amino acid that will be added to a polypeptide chain is stored in the aminoacyl rna, which the A sites (acceptor site) binds to.

Particularly in the translation process of protein synthesis, tRNA is involved. As the name implies, it transports amino acids into the ribosome so that they can be assembled in the proper sequence to produce the necessary protein.

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The asexual spores of microcyclus ulei, the causal agent of South American leaf blight of rubber, are Ascospores.

Ascospores are said to be sexual propagules that are generally found  in clusters. It represents the gametic stage of the fungi ascomycetes. Ascospores are considered to be allergens. This group contains potential  pathogen that are capable of toxin producing, and ALLERGENS depending on the genus and species. There are five different types of ascospores:

Leptosphaeria, Pleospora, Venturia, Diatrype, Chaetomium, Sporormiella and Ascobolus.

Ascospores contain a  haploid number of chromosomes and are  formed by meiosis of the diploid zygote that results in formation of hyphae that are sexually compatible and fuse together. When an ascospore is released and lands in a place that is rich in nutrients, it germinates and hyphae comes out from it.

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if you were to look at the rose of a jason lights blinking on and off sequentially your brain perceives motion as the lights turn on and off in a sequence.

Even though each individual light is stationary, the pattern of sequential flashing creates the illusion of movement. This phenomenon is known as apparent motion, and it is a type of visual illusion that can create the perception of motion where there is none.

Apparent motion is a visual phenomenon that occurs when two or more stationary images are presented in rapid succession. The brain perceives a continuous motion between the images, even though there is no actual physical movement. This type of motion perception is also known as "phi phenomenon", and it is a fundamental aspect of the way we perceive visual information.

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The class of immunoglobulin that is most capable of fighting pathogens through opsonization and neutralization is IgG.

IgG is the most abundant class of antibody in the blood, accounting for around 75% of all antibodies in human serum. It is produced in response to a wide range of antigens and is capable of immunoglobulin opsonization, which involves marking pathogens for destruction by phagocytic cells, as well as neutralization, which involves blocking the activity of toxins and viruses. IgG antibodies are able to cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to the developing fetus. immunoglobulin , They are also involved in the immune response to many infectious agents, including pathogens  bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

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Complex particles called lipoproteins that have particular proteins on their surfaces carry cholesterol. The apolipoproteins that make up these proteins.

Protein-rich foods include meat, fish, poultry, eggs, lentils, and soy products like tofu and tempeh. To ensure that you satiate your appetite at every meal, choose items from this list of delectable high-protein options.

In addition to being a strong source of protein, peanut butter is also high in heart-healthy fats, which is beneficial for vegetarians trying to increase their intake of the amino acid. Peanut butter has up to 8 grams of protein and 2 to 3 grams of fiber for two tablespoons of the spread.

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The order in which the structures would be encountered by the red blood cell is as follows: C (Left atrium) → G (Pulmonary vein) → D (Pulmonary artery) → A (Right atrium) → F (Right ventricle) → B (Aorta) → H (Systemic capillary) → E (Vena cava).

The Pulmonary vein transports blood that is oxygenated from the lungs to  left atrium. The blood next enters left ventricle, which pumps it to aorta to provide the body's tissues with oxygen and nutrients. Blood returns to the heart through vena cava and reaches right atrium after passing through the systemic capillaries.

After entering right ventricle, blood flows through pulmonary artery to lungs where it is given oxygen.

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The organism that don't have any membrane-bound organelles, but can do photosynthesis is prokaryote, specifically a type of photosynthetic bacterium, such as cyanobacteria.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. It takes place in the chloroplasts of cells and produces oxygen as a byproduct.

Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, lack membrane-bound organelles, including chloroplasts, and can carry out photosynthesis using specialized pigment-protein complexes located in their cytoplasm.

Cyanobacteria are unique in that they are capable of carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis, producing oxygen as a byproduct, which is why they are considered to be one of the primary contributors to the oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere. They can be found in a variety of environments, including in soil, water, and even in extreme conditions such as hot springs or deserts.

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Deforestation is not a benefit of biodiversity.

Agriculture decreases carbon emissions and increases soil fertility. it decreases global warming.

We get many medicines from the plants such as aspirin used as a pain killer. other medicines include morphine and cocaine. cocaine is used as anaesthesia.

Deforestation is the cutting of forests. deforestation decreases the binding capacity of soil and increase in chances of flood.

Ecotourism is travelling to natural places for education and research purposes. tourism to such places is beneficial for the economy of the country.

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Illuminator (condensor lenses (specimen (objective lenses (body tube( ocular lens ( eye.

A condenser on a compound microscope is a crystal lens and lens system positioned inside or below the stage (sub-stage). Its main duty is to gather the light energy from the illuminator and focus it in the form of a light cone onto the specimen.

The sample is lit up by the condenser lens's purpose. utilized to modify the lighting's size and brightness when it is directed at the slide. Just in front of a microscopy used for focusing the specimen is a large, circular knob that can be used to move the stages or the upper portion of the microscopy.

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Answer: structure 1 and 3

Explanation:

The cell wall (structure 1) and Chlorophyll (structure 3) are not found in animal cells

True. ATP is a product of light-dependent reactions. NADPH is a product of light-dependent reactions. ATP and NADPH are used in light-independent reactions to make glucose and other carbohydrates.

During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. These energy-rich molecules are then used in the light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, to synthesize glucose and other carbohydrates from carbon dioxide.

Therefore, both ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions are essential for the synthesis of glucose in the light-independent reactions.

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The proper order of major events in the history of life on Earth, from earliest to most recent, is:

A. first prokaryotes, photosynthesis, colonization of land by plants and fungi, first eukaryotes.

The fossil evidence and molecular data are only two examples of the many lines of evidence that support this sequence, which is widely recognized in the scientific world. Around 3.5 billion years ago, the first prokaryotes are thought to have appeared, followed by the development of photosynthesis, which dramatically changed the chemistry of the atmosphere and seas. Approximately around 500 million years ago, plants and fungi began to colonize the earth, which opened the door for the diversity of life on land. Last but not least, the earliest eukaryotes, or complex cells with a nucleus as well as other membrane-bound organelles, first formed roughly 2 billion years ago, perhaps as a consequence of a symbiotic connection between many prokaryotes.

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The role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle are:

Photosynthesis takes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Photosynthesis combines carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water to make carbohydrates.

Photosynthesis is a natural process performed by autotrophs, including plants

Photosynthesis is the process through which plants, algae, and certain microorganisms transform carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen using energy from the sun. Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in the plant's leaves throughout the process and turned into chemical energy. This energy is utilised to mix carbon dioxide and water, resulting in the formation of glucose and other organic compounds. The created oxygen is discharged into the atmosphere. The plant uses glucose as its energy source, and any surplus is stored as starches or other organic compounds. When the plant respires, the carbon dioxide collected from the atmosphere is released back into the atmosphere.

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The correct statements regarding the neurotransmitters of the ANS will be All preganglionic neurons of the ANS are cholinergic and Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine to the heart muscle cells. Option 1 and 3 is correct.

All preganglionic neurons of the ANS are cholinergic: This statement is true because the preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS release acetylcholine (ACh) as their neurotransmitter.

All postganglionic neurons of the ANS have cholinergic receptors in their dendrites: This statement is false because the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division have cholinergic receptors in their dendrites, but the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division release norepinephrine (NE) or epinephrine (Epi) and have adrenergic receptors in their dendrites.

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine to the heart muscle cells: The sympathetic postganglionic neurons release NE to the heart muscle cells, where it binds to beta-1 adrenergic receptors to increase the heart rate and force of contraction.

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The fibers in dense irregular connective tissue form an interwoven meshwork that does not show any consistent pattern but maintains tensile strength in all directions.

A tissue that helps to maintain the integrity of other tissues and organs in the body by providing support, protection, and structure. In addition to this, fat is stored in connective tissue, which also helps transfer nutrients and other substances between organs and tissues and assists in the repair of damaged tissue. Cells, fibers, and a material that resembles gel are the three components that make up connective tissue.

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Two features of strepsirrhines are a longer snout and a wet nose.

A complex group of small mammals known as strepsirrhines has adapted to specific ecological niches in Africa, Madagascar, and Asia. They were given the term twist-nose.

These mammals with woolly coats feature pointed snouts with wet noses, noticeable whiskers, and a divided upper lip connected to the gums by a membrane. They have small brains and a high sense of smell.

Hence, the main two features of strepsirrhines are a longer snout and a wet nose.

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Your question is incomplete, most probably the full question is:

You are walking through a forest at night and notice a small primate whose eyes glow yellow in the light of your flashlight. you know immediately that it is strepsirrhines. What are the two features of strepsirrhines?

Answer:

meristematic

Explanation:

Viruses are the link between living and non-living. They are not made up of cells.

They are non-cellular organisms, they are made up of packets of genetic material and proteins. biological activities are absent in viruses. They possess characters of both living and non-living.

Characteristics of life present in virus: has a defined boundary.

Characteristics of life absent in virus: made up of one or more cells, uses energy, exhibits growth and development, possesses internal organization, and eliminates waste.

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gas giant and ice giants - bodies composed primarily of frozen gases

asteroids and terrestrial planets - rocky and metallic bodies smaller than planets

Comets and ice giants are bodies made mostly of frozen gases.

meteoroids and asteroids - rocky and metallic bodies smaller than planets

Meteoroids and asteroids are both types of small celestial objects that orbit the Sun.

Meteoroids are rocky or metallic objects that are smaller than asteroids, ranging in size from tiny grains to about 10 meters in diameter. They are the debris left behind by comets or collisions between asteroids, and they are found throughout the solar system.

Asteroids, on the other hand, are larger, rocky or metallic objects that can range in size from a few meters to hundreds of kilometers in diameter. They are also known as minor planets and are mainly found in the asteroid belt, which is located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

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Answer:

bodies composed primarily of frozen gases - comets and ice giants

planets composed of lighter elements and compounds - gas giants and ice giants

bodies composed primarily of metal and rock - asteroids and terrestrial planets

rocky and metallic bodies smaller than planets - meteoroids and asteroids

Explanation:

trust :)

It is reasonable to infer that the gene for a short neck is dominant and the allele for a long neck is recessive. Let's symbolize the allele for a long neck with the letter "L," and the allele for a normal neck with the letter "N."

We may infer from the issue statement that perhaps the F1 generation produced mice with normal necks, indicating that they were heterozygous again for the long-neck allele. The F1 mice's genotype can be represented as N/L.

The potential genotypes of the F2 offspring may be predicted using a Punnett square when the F1 mice are crossed:

N L

N NN NL

L NL LL

According to this Punnett square, 3 out of 4 F2 offspring are anticipated to have a normal neck (either NN or NL genotype), whereas 1 out of 4 F2 offspring is anticipated to be homozygous for the long-neck gene (LL genotype).

522 F2 children had a regular neck, and 62 F2 offspring had a long neck, according to what is known. Using this knowledge, we can construct the following system of equations:

62 = LL and 522 = NN and NL

The knowledge that 522 + 62 = 584 mice were born alive in total during the F2 generation can also be used.

This allows us to calculate the number of mice belonging to each genotype:

LL = 62, NN = 522 - NL, and NL = (584 - NN - LL)

Now, we can determine the proportion of homozygous mice that perished while the embryo was developing:

The ratio of LL mice that perished to total mice born alive: (number of LL mice that would have been born if all survived/total mice born alive) x 100% = (62/584) x 100% = 10.6%

Therefore, during embryonic development, roughly 10.6% of homozygous mice (who would have had long necks if they had lived) perished.

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