Three students are asked to discuss the percent error obtained from this lab and explain some sources of error that would account for the discrepancy seen, if any. Select the student that employs correct scientific reasoning. • Student 1: If the reaction was not allowed to go to completion, the sodium bicarbonate would not have fully decomposed, making the final mass higher than the theoretical. • Student 2: If the baking soda was not heated long enoughthe final mass of solid product would be low. • Student 3: The student didn't weigh the masses correctly therefore human error is the main source of discrepancy. choice answersStudent 3 Student 1 Student 2

As the heat is added into boiling water, its temperature remains constant.The heat source is employed to convert liquid water to vapor, which is the cause.Latent vaporization heat is the name given to this heat.

Boiling water's temperature does not rise when it is heated.Water boils at a temperature of about 100°C (lower at higher altitudes), and any additional heat (technically referred to as latent heat) would only cause water particles in the liquid phase to transition into the gas phase.

A pure water body at 100 degrees Celsius does not alter in temperature when added heat to it.The water instead starts to boil as a result.This kind of situation is referred to as a phase transition or change of condition.

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Simply put, 1 mole of solute will be dissolved in 1 litre of solution in a 1-M solution. You now are aware that your solution has a volume of 19.0 mL and a molarity of 0.150 M.

If the solution's pOH is known, it is possible to compute the hydroxide ion concentration, [OH -], in mol L-1.

The hydroxide ion concentration in mol L-1 is expressed as the negative logarithm (to base 10) of pOH. pOH = –log 10 [OH -] [OH -] is the amount of hydroxide ions in one mole of water (mol/L or M).

You can anticipate having fewer moles of calcium hydroxide in this sample than you would have in a complete litre of solution because the volume is significantly less than 1 L.

Therefore, 0.0079 moles of oh ions are present in 371.1 ml of 0.143 m calcium hydroxide.

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There are 6.02 x  [tex]10^{24}[/tex] atoms of carbon in 5 moles of ethane.

We can see from the formula of ethane that each molecule has 2 carbon atoms so

1 mole of ethane = 2 moles of carbon atom

5 moles of ethane = 5  x 2 = 10 moles of carbon atom

Avogadro number =  6.02 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex]

Avogadro predicted that identical volumes of any two gases with comparable temperatures and weights must hold an equivalent number of particles in order for this to be true. Only if there were a distinction between atoms and molecules and certain elements, like nitrogen, genuinely existed as molecules, could this law be proven to be true. Given that Avogadro lacked terminology like "molecule" to describe his hypothesis and that his ideas encountered resistance from people like John Dalton, among others, Another chemist, Stanislao Cannizzaro, was required to give Avogadro's theories the attention they deserved. Avogadro had already passed away by the time their concepts acquired popularity.

No. of carbon atoms in 10 moles of carbon =  10 x  Avogadro number

                                                                        =  10 x  6.02 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex]

                                                                        =  6.02 x  [tex]10^{24}[/tex] atoms of carbon

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glycine (simple amino acids, simple carbohydrates, and simple proteins (nucleic acids)) was produced in the flasks at the conclusion of the miller-urey experiment.

The Miller-Urey experiment, was conducted to test the idea that organic molecules could be synthesized in a reducing environment. They assembled an atmosphere similar to what is thought to have existed on primitive Earth. They added a mixture of ammonia, methane, and hydrogen sulfide to the water. There was no oxygen. This was kept at a temperature just below 100°C and a spark passed through the gas mixture to simulate lightning. By the end of the week, 15% of the carbon (from methane) had been converted to simple organocarbon compounds.

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The pairs of amino acid side chains that can form hydrogen bonds with each other are: Asn and Gln, Tyr and Phe, and Asp and Glu.

Amino acid side chains can form hydrogen bonds with each other, which ultimately contributes to tertiary structure. Some common examples include:

Asn and Gln: Asn and Gln both contain amide groups (-CONH-) in their side chains, which can participate in hydrogen bonding.

Tyr and Phe: Tyrosine and Phenylalanine both contain aromatic rings in their side chains, which can participate in pi-stacking interactions and hydrogen bonding with other residues.

Asp and Glu: Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid both contain carboxyl groups (-COO-) in their side chains, which can participate in hydrogen bonding.

So, the pairs of amino acid side chains that can form hydrogen bonds with each other are: Asn and Gln, Tyr and Phe, and Asp and Glu.

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The molecular weight of ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is 46 and its density is 0.789 g/cm3

A. To calculate the molarity of ethanol in beer that is 5% ethanol by volume, we can use the following conversion:

5% ethanol by volume = 5 g ethanol / 100 mL beer

Since the density of ethanol is 0.789 g/cm3, this is equivalent to:

5 g ethanol / 100 mL beer = 5 g ethanol / (0.789 g/mL * 100 mL) = 0.0632 M ethanol

B. To calculate the molarity of ethanol in a person at a blood alcohol level of 0.08, we can use the following conversion:

80 mg ethanol / 100 mL blood = 80 mg ethanol / (0.100 L blood)

Since the molecular weight of ethanol is 46 g/mol, this is equivalent to:

80 mg ethanol / (0.100 L blood) = 80 mg ethanol / (0.100 L) * (1 g / 1000 mg) / (46 g/mol) = 0.0043 M ethanol

C. To calculate how many 12-oz (355-mL) bottles of 5% beer a 70-kg person can drink and remain under the legal limit, we can first calculate the volume of ethanol consumed and then compare it to the volume of blood in the person:

Volume of ethanol in one bottle of beer = 5 g ethanol / 0.0632 M ethanol = 79.2 mL ethanol

Volume of blood in a 70-kg person = 70 kg * 0.06 L/kg = 4.2 L

Total volume of ethanol that a 70-kg person can drink = 4.2 L * 0.0043 M ethanol / 0.0632 M ethanol = 0.48 L = 657.2 mL = 18.5 bottles

Therefore, a 70-kg person can drink 18.5 12-oz (355-mL) bottles of 5% beer and remain under the legal limit.

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The bond between Na and O in NaOCH3 is ionic. The bond between O and C in the molecule is polar covalent, and the bonds between C and H in the molecule are nonpolar covalent.

The NaOCH3 molecule is composed of three different types of bonds: Na-O, O-C, and C-H. The bond between sodium and oxygen is an ionic bond. Sodium is a metal and oxygen is a non-metal, and their electron configuration difference results in a transfer of electrons from sodium to oxygen. This results in the formation of sodium and oxygen ions, Na+ and O-, respectively. The O-C bond is a polar covalent bond, where the electron pair is shared between the two atoms but not equally. Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon, resulting in an uneven distribution of electrons, causing the bond to be polar. The C-H bond is a nonpolar covalent bond, as carbon and hydrogen have similar electronegativity values and thus the electron pair is shared equally between them.

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Complete question:

For NaOCH3, identify each bond as polar covalent, nonpolar covalent or ionic; NaO, OC, and CH.

CnH2n

In the case of C4H8, because there are 4 carbon atoms and there are 8 hydrogen atoms the general formula must be CnH2n where n can be any number.

A solution where no additional solute will dissolve is known as a saturated solution. In this type of solution, an equilibrium exists between the dissolved solute and undissolved solute, meaning that the maximum amount of a given solute has been dissolved into the solvent.

Adding more solute will not change the concentration of the solution; the same amount of solute will remain in solution.

A saturated solution is a type of solution where the maximum amount of a given solute has been dissolved into the solvent. In this type of solution, an equilibrium exists between the dissolved solute and undissolved solute, meaning that no additional solute can be dissolved into the solvent. The amount of solute in the solution remains constant and does not increase, even if more solute is added. This is because the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in the solvent has already been reached.

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The balanced chemical equation for the oxidation of borneol to camphor using sodium dichromate in acid is:

[tex]2C_1_0H_1_8O+16H^+10Cr_2O_7^2^- - > 2C_1_0H_1_6O+10Cr^+^3+8H_2O+16H^+[/tex]

To calculate the amount of sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7 * 2H2O) needed to oxidize 0.50 g of borneol, you can use the mole ratio of reactants. The balanced equation tells us that for every 1 mole of borneol, 10 moles of sodium dichromate are needed.

The molar mass of borneol is 154 g/mol, so 0.50 g is equal to 0.50/154 moles. To find the amount of sodium dichromate needed, multiply this mole amount by 10, then convert it to grams by multiplying by the molar mass of Na2Cr2O7 * 2H2O (298 g/mol).

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Water (H2O) is always involved in hydrolysis reactions.

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water is used to break a bond between two atoms or molecules.  In a hydrolysis reaction, water molecules are added to the reactants, with one molecule of water breaking apart into a hydrogen ion (H+) and a hydroxide ion (OH-). These ions then participate in the reaction, effectively breaking the bond between the two reactants and forming two new products.

Thus, water is always involved in hydrolysis reactions, serving as both the source of the reactive hydrogen and hydroxide ions and the solvent in which the reaction takes place.

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The formula mass (molar mass) of sucrose (C12H24O8), a fat is 296 g/mol. Therefore, option C is correct.

Molecular weight M is a chemical compound's mass divided by its amount of substance measured in moles. MB = m/nB, where m is the total mass of a pure substance sample and nB is the amount of substance B given in moles.

An element's characteristic molar mass is simply its atomic mass in g/mol.  To calculate the molar mass of a compound with multiple atoms, add all the constituent atoms' atomic masses.

The molar mass of sucrose (C12H24O8)

= 12 × 12 + 1 × 24 + 16 × 8

= 144 + 24 + 128

= 296 g/mol

Thus, option C is correct.

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4.37 g/cm³ is the density of rhodium in grams per cubic centimeters.

What is the atomic weight of rhodium?

The atomic weight of rhodium is 102.9 g/mol. This means that one mole of rhodium atoms has a mass of 102.9 grams. Rhodium is a rare, silvery-white metal that is highly reflective and has a high melting and boiling point. It is often used in catalytic converters, electroplating, and jewelry. The atomic weight of rhodium is an important factor in determining its physical and chemical properties.

To calculate the density of rhodium, we need to divide its atomic weight by its volume. The volume of an fcc crystal can be found by using the formula:

V = a^3/2

where a is the atomic radius. Substituting the values, we get:

V = (0.1345 nm)^3/2 = 2.36 x 10⁻²³ cm³ .

Therefore, the density of rhodium is 102.9 g/mol / 2.36 x 10⁻²³ cm³ = 4.37 g/cm³.

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1. To identify the proper order, take note of the ions present in the reactants. 2. Think about various cation-anion combinations. 3. Use the solubility criterion to determine whether one of the combinations produces an insoluble salt.

Cations are ions that are positively charged. Anions are the name for negatively charged ions. Ions are charged atoms or molecules. If one or more of an atom's electrons are lost, it will transform from a balanced atom into a positively charged cation. If an atom adds one or more electrons, it will transform from a balanced atom into a negatively charged anion. Ions come in the form of anions and cations. Because of the contrast between their electrical charges, they are drawn to one another. A cation repels other cations, whereas an anion repels another anion. An anion is an ion that has gained one or more electrons and a net negative charge.

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According to the question,Average atomic mass of Mg = 24.3050.

Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in an object. It is related to the concept of weight, which is the measure of the gravitational force that acts on an object. Mass can be measured in a variety of ways, including weighing, using a beam balance, or by using an instrument such as a spring scale. Mass is usually measured in units of kilograms or grams. Mass is an important concept in physics and is one of the properties used to describe an object's motion.

24Mg (78.99%)

25Mg (10.00%)

26Mg (11.01%)

Average atomic mass of Mg = 24.3050

24Mg*(78.99%) + 25Mg*(10.00%) + 26Mg*(11.01%) = 24.3050

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The standard enthalpy change (ΔHf∘) for the reaction of calcium hydroxide with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate and water is −171.3 kJ/mol.

The enthalpy change (ΔH) for a reaction can be calculated using the standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf∘) of the reactants and products.

The equation for the reaction is:

Ca(OH)2(s) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

The standard enthalpy change (ΔHf∘) for this reaction can be calculated as follows:

ΔHf∘ = ΔHf∘ (CaCO3) + ΔHf∘ (H2O) − ΔHf∘ (Ca(OH)2) − ΔHf∘ (CO2)

Plugging in the values from the table,

ΔHf∘ = −1207.0 kJ/mol + −285.8 kJ/mol − (−986.1 kJ/mol) − (−393.5 kJ/mol)

= −171.3 kJ/mol

Therefore, the standard enthalpy change (ΔHf∘) for the reaction of calcium hydroxide with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate and water is −171.3 kJ/mol.

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The balanced equation is: [tex]2C2H3Cl + 5O2 → 4CO2 + 2H2O + 2HCl[/tex]assuming the coefficient of HCl is 2.

Given the equation is: [tex]C2H3CI+ 02 = CO2+ H20+ HCI[/tex]

The number of atoms in each element on the left side of the equation must equal the number of atoms in each element on the right side of the equation for the equation to be considered balanced.

Dioxygen and Vinyl Chloride produce Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Hydrogen Chloride. Five moles of Dioxygen [O2] and two moles of Vinyl Chloride [C2H3Cl] react to produce two moles of Hydrogen Chloride [HCl], two moles of Water [H2O], and four moles of Carbon Dioxide [CO2]. It is a combustion as well as redox reaction which indicates an oxidation and reduction reaction at the same time.  

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The answer is C. Since C lacks any atoms that can serve as electron transfer nuclei, it cannot be a permitted contributing structure.

CH2 is positioned using oxygen's CH in the first structure. The use of current and electron mobility to read this structure is not permitted. We have given them an additional two CH since they will demand them. The negative kid will be transferred electronically here. This structure is better suited to the entire portion of three H and double bonds. The H three N double bond is the proper structure. And they'll continue. So, in the all figures we can say that C is not a permissible contributing structure.

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The molar mass of NH₄ is 18 g/mole while that of compound of lithium bromide is 86.84 g/mole.

Molar mass of a compound or a molecule is defined as the mass of the elements which are present in it.The molar mass is considered to be a bulk quantity not a molecular quantity. It is often an average of the of the masses at many instances.

The molecular mass and formula mass are used as synonym for the molar mass.It does not depend on the amount of substance which is present in the sample.It has units of gram/mole.

Molar mass of  NH₄= 14+ 4= 18 g/mole while that of lithium bromide =6.941+ 79.904=86.84 g/mole.

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Temperature and boiling point are directly related. In solutions, ΔTb = i×Kb×m where elevation in boiling point is directly related to molality as well.  

A substance's boiling point is the temperature at which it changes states from a liquid to a gas. This phase change occurs when the liquid's vapour pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure and the temperature at which this occurs is known as the boiling point. At standard atmospheric pressure(1.01 bar), the normal boiling point of water is 100°C (100+273 = 373K). Temperature and boiling point are directly related. When the temperature of a substance rises, so does its vapour pressure. When the liquid's vapour pressure reaches atmospheric pressure, it begins to boil and turn into a gas. However, changes in atmospheric pressure can affect a substance's boiling point. Atmospheric pressure is lower than that at sea level at higher altitudes. Hence, water at high altitudes boils at lower than 100°C temperature, and in some cases, at room temperature.

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The moles of 39 grams sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) does represent in a gram of cola is 0.11 moles. The correct answer is 3.

Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10²³) of atoms and molecules is used to estimate material concentrations as moles (mol).

Chemical reactions depend on the mole unit and the capacity to transform masses in grams to moles. By dividing the mass in g by the molar mass, which results in the amount in moles, one can determine the number of moles of a substance present in a sample.

Hence,

Sugar molecule mass:

= (12 x 12) + (22 x 1) + (11 x 16)

= 342 gr/mol

Moles of sucrose = mass / molar mass

= 39 / 342

= 0.11 moles

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Option B is the correct answer

What is mole fraction ?

The mole fraction of a component in a mixture is a measure of the relative amount of that component in the mixture, expressed as a fraction of the total number of moles of all components in the mixture. The mole fraction is a unitless quantity that is used to describe the composition of a mixture in terms of the number of moles of each component present.

The mole fraction of a component i in a mixture can be calculated as follows:

X_i = n_i / (n_1 + n_2 + ... + n_n)

where X_i is the mole fraction of component i, n_i is the number of moles of component i, and n_1, n_2, ..., n_n are the number of moles of each of the other components in the mixture.

Change all to moles

mol of MgCl2 = mass MgCl2  / MW of MgCl2

MW of MgCl2 = 95.211 g/mol

mol of MgCl2 = 15.8  /95.211 = 0.1659 mol of MgCl2

mol of Mg+2 = mol of MgCl2 = 0.1659

mol of Cl- = 2 * mol of MgCl2 = 2*0.1659 = 0.3318

mol of water = mass water /MW  water =  255/18 = 14.166 mol of water

total mol = mol of water + mol of Mg+2 + mol of Cl = 0.1659 +14.166 +0.3318= 14.6637

Then

mol fraction of Cl = mol of Cl- / total mol = 0.3318/14.6637 = 0.0226 = 0.023

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The mole is the unit of measurement for the amount of a substance. At standard temperature and pressure (STP), one mole of a gas has a defined volume, pressure, and temperature.

A. P = 1 atm, T = 273 C, V = 22.4 litre: This option is incorrect because the temperature is given in degrees Celsius (273 C) rather than Kelvin (273 K). The temperature should be given in Kelvin for the conditions to be considered STP.

B. P = 1 atm, T = 273 K, V = 22.4 litre: This option is correct. At STP, one mole of a gas has a pressure of 1 atmosphere (atm), a temperature of 273 Kelvin (K), and a volume of 22.4 liters. This volume is known as the molar volume of a gas at STP.

C. P = 1 atm, T = 273 K, V = 1 litre: This option is incorrect because the volume is much smaller than the molar volume of a gas at STP, which is 22.4 liters.

D. P = 0.5 atm, T = 273 K, V = 2 litre: This option is incorrect because both the pressure and volume are not equal to their respective STP values. The pressure at STP is 1 atm and the molar volume is 22.4 liters.

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Yes, you could put sucrose in a glass of water to cause hydrolysis of the sucrose and make glucose and fructose. This process is called hydrolysis, where a sugar molecule is broken down into smaller sugar molecules using water.

In the case of sucrose, it is a disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose molecules joined together. When sucrose is added to water, the water molecules break the bond between glucose and fructose, causing them to separate. This results in the formation of glucose and fructose molecules in the water.

However, the hydrolysis of sucrose in water is not an immediate process. It requires the presence of an enzyme called sucrase, which is responsible for breaking down the sucrose into glucose and fructose. In the absence of sucrase, the hydrolysis of sucrose in water would be slow and incomplete.

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The average atomic mass of chlorine is 35.0351 amu if it has isotopes of masses 36.96 and 34.96 respectively .

Chlorine has a relative atomic mass of 35. 5. The fact that chlorine can be found in two isotopes with atomic masses of 35 and 37 in a ratio of 3:1 makes its relative atomic mass possible. Because of its 35 relative atomic mass, this is the case.

average atomic mass = (M1 × 0.2447) + (M2 × 0.7553)

The following equations can be used to replace the masses of the two isotopes:

average atomic mass = (36.96590 × 0.2447) + (34.96885 × 0.7553)

                             = 8.96857 + 26.06653

                              = 35.03510 atomic mass units,

The chemical element chlorine has the atomic number 17 and the symbol Cl. It is the second-lightest halogen and appears in the periodic table between bromine and fluorine. Most of its properties lie in between them. At room temperature, chlorine is a gas that is yellow-green.

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The skeletal structure of (CH3)3CCH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3 in drawn below.

The skeletal structure of (CH3)3CCH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3 refers to the arrangement of the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the molecule, excluding any non-essential atoms such as hydrogens bonded to nitrogens. The molecule has a total of 17 carbon atoms and 33 hydrogen atoms. The carbon skeleton consists of a linear chain of 9 carbon atoms, with 3 methyl groups (CH3) attached to the first, third, and seventh carbon atoms, and a branched chain of 8 carbon atoms attached to the ninth carbon atom. The branched chain consists of a propyl group (CH2CH2CH3) and a vinyl group (CH=CH2). This is the skeletal structure of (CH3)3CCH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3.

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The correct answer is C. Persistence measures how long a chemical remains in its present state in an area and, therefore, how long it might be a health concern.

Knowledge about the persistence of a chemical is important when considering its toxicity because it determines the length of time that the chemical will remain in the environment and potentially have a negative impact on human health and the environment. Persistence refers to how long a chemical remains in its present state, whether it be in soil, water, or air.

If a chemical has high persistence, it means that it is resistant to degradation and will remain in the environment for an extended period of time. This increases the potential for the chemical to accumulate in living organisms and cause harm.

On the other hand, if a chemical has low persistence, it means that it is rapidly degraded and poses a lower risk to human health and the environment.

In conclusion, understanding the persistence of a chemical is important when considering its toxicity because it provides information about how long the chemical will remain in the environment and potentially pose a threat to human health and the environment.

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The one-snip test is a way to identify monophyletic groups in a phylogenetic tree, which is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between species.

A monophyletic group is defined as a group of organisms that share a common ancestor and all of its descendants. When using the one-snip test, a branch is selected and cut, and everything that falls off is considered a monophyletic group. This test is valid because it ensures that all descendants of the cut branch share a common ancestor and are therefore considered a monophyletic group. If the test produces a monophyletic group, it means that the branching pattern in the tree correctly represents the evolutionary relationships between species, and that the group can be considered a clade, or a group of organisms with a shared ancestry.

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Answer:

The empirical formula : Na₂Cr₂O₇

Further explanation

Given

170 g sample contains :

29.84 g sodium, 67.49  g chromium, and 72.67 g oxygen

Required

The compound's empirical formula

Solution

mol ratio of elements :

Na : 29.84 : 23 g/mol = 1.297

Cr : 67.49 : 51,9961 g/mol = 1.297

O : 72.67 : 16 g/mol = 4.54

Divide by 1.297

Na : Cr : O = 1 : 1 : 3.5 = 2 : 2 : 7

Explanation: