________ theory in contract law, means that the existence and interpretation of the contract is based on the outward manifestations of intent by the parties.

Option A: The effect of fines on companies who are found guilty of price fixing is that they suffer a severe financial loss, which discourages them from doing the offense again.

Companies that are found guilty of price fixing can face severe financial consequences as a result of fines, which can act as a strong deterrence to such offenses in the future.

Depending on the seriousness of the offense and the size of the organization implicated, these fines may reach millions or even billions of dollars. The notion is that the fine must be severe enough to deter the corporation from repeating the same anticompetitive behavior.

The objective is to deter the corporation from participating in unlawful acts that hurt customers and other businesses rather than forcing them out of business.

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The question is -

What is the effect of fines on companies who are found guilty of price fixing?

a. They take a huge financial hit, deterring them from repeating the crime.

b. The fine they pay is much less than the profit they made from their crime.

c. They must refund all the money they made from their crime.

d. The fine is a penalty that causes most of them to go out of business.

The social media app TikTok is now the focus of a bill in congress that might essentially ban it because of its ability to gather data about those in the U.S. who use it. It has been accused of using its algorithm to track the activities of its users and then selling that data to third parties.

This bill is being introduced in response to growing concerns about the app's ability to gather data on users in the United States, and about how this data could be used to track and monitor individuals. The bill seeks to ban it from operating in the United States unless the company agrees to restrict its data collection practices and to increase the privacy protections available to American users.

In conclusion, the proposed bill in Congress highlights the increasing concerns over the collection and usage of user data by social media platforms.

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Jessica is likely in Piaget's stage of formal operational thought, as she is able to make a well-thought-out, rational argument.

This stage occurs between ages 11 and 15, when people are able to think abstractly, make logical deductions, and consider hypothetical situations.

In this stage, people can form an opinion about something, such as the death penalty, based on their own logic and values. Jessica may oppose the death penalty on moral grounds, based on the potential for wrongful conviction or its potential lack of deterrence.

She may also have a utilitarian argument against it, as execution costs are often more expensive than life imprisonment. Whatever the argument, Jessica has the capacity to form an opinion and make a reasoned argument in Piaget's formal operational stage.

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Expressions with higher-precedence operators are evaluated first arithmetic expressions in a precise sequence determined by the rules of operator precedence and associativity.

Operator precedence is a rule that specifies which operations in a given mathematical expression should be executed first.

When parentheses are not present, how operators with the same precedence are grouped depends on a property called operator associativity.

The C programming language primarily provides the following five arithmetic operators:- The addition symbol (+)

Operator for subtraction (-)

Operator for multiplication ()

Operator for division (/)

Modulus operator (%) 5.

The same precedence of division, multiplication, and modulus is higher than the same precedence of addition and subtraction. Additionally, when operators with the same precedence appear in an expression, their associativity is used to evaluate the expression.

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The surface area of a cell is determined by the surface area of the plasma membrane, which is the selective boundary through which molecules and ions move in and out of the cell.

The plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol molecules. The surface area of the plasma membrane is critical because it determines the rate at which materials can move in and out of the cell.

For example, a larger surface area of the plasma membrane would mean that there are more channels and transporters available for molecules to cross the membrane, which would allow for more efficient transport. Conversely, a smaller surface area would result in a slower rate of material exchange and could negatively impact the cell's ability to carry out its functions. Therefore, maintaining an appropriate surface area of the plasma membrane is critical for cell survival and function.

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The statement "If she crashes and is injured, the proprietor has committed negligence per se" is True. Why is this True? Negligence per se is a legal term that refers to a party being automatically considered negligent because they violated a law or regulation that was established to protect the safety of the public.

When a party breaks a law or rule that was created to protect the safety of the public, it is assumed that they have been careless, and it is typically easier to prove that they were negligent in causing an accident. The given case fits the conditions of negligence per se as the Iowa state requires that anyone riding or operating their motorcycle must wear a helmet.

Since Marta did not wear a helmet while test-riding a motorcycle, which was owned by the proprietor who let her go without one, it could be assumed that the proprietor did not take reasonable care for Marta's safety. Therefore, the proprietor committed negligence per se.

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A real estate professional who helps clients choose among the various alternatives involved in purchasing, using, or investing in property is a real estate counselor.

A real estate counselor provides advice and assistance to clients in making informed decisions regarding real estate transactions, such as buying, selling, or investing in property. They may help clients understand market trends, evaluate potential investments, and navigate legal and financial issues related to real estate transactions. Real estate counselors may work independently or as part of a larger real estate firm, and may specialize in a particular type of property, such as residential, commercial, or industrial real estate.

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Answer: real state counselor

Explanation:

The agency whose primary mission is to reduce crashes, fatalities, and property loss involving large trucks and buses by regulating the workers involved is the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. (A)

The FMCSA is a government agency that works to reduce commercial motor vehicle accidents and fatalities by enforcing regulations, providing educational resources, and conducting research.

The FMCSA operates under the Department of Transportation (DOT) and is responsible for the safety of commercial motor vehicles in the United States. The FMCSA's main goal is to reduce accidents, injuries, and fatalities involving large trucks and buses.

The FMCSA regulates drivers, vehicles, and carriers involved in transporting goods or passengers in interstate commerce, including:Commercial motor vehicle drivers (truck and bus drivers)

Motor carriers, including for-hire carriers, private carriers (e.g., businesses that use trucks to transport their own goods), and carriers engaged in interstate commerce.

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The given statement "qualified domestic relations order, is the 10% ira early withdrawal penalty waived in a divorce $10,000" is true. In a Qualified Domestic Relations Order (QDRO) related to a divorce settlement, the 10% early withdrawal penalty for IRA distributions is waived on the portion awarded to the former spouse.

In the case of a Qualified Domestic Relations Order (QDRO) related to a divorce settlement, the 10% early withdrawal penalty for IRA distributions is waived on the portion of the distribution that is awarded to the former spouse.

This means that if the former spouse receives $10,000 from an IRA distribution as part of a QDRO, they will not have to pay the 10% early withdrawal penalty, even if they are under 59 1/2 years old. However, the distribution may still be subject to ordinary income tax, depending on the circumstances.

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Answer: True

Explanation:

According to the above extract Freire's views on education can be summed up as-

For Freire, education is never neutral. All education is political – either educating to support and maintain the status quo or helping to critique and change reality. Problem-posing education does not and cannot serve the interests of the oppressor.

Education is defined as a cycle of learning that helps a person acquire and understand more complex stuff. According to the training they have received, the knowledge that has been had about a person provides an example of thought and behavior.

Education is an intentional process with certain goals in mind, such as information transmission or the development of abilities and moral character. The growth of comprehension, reason, compassion, and honesty are only a few examples of these objectives.

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As a professional, Dana is held to the same standard of care (duty of care) as a reasonably prudent member of her profession in the same or similar community. The correct answer is B.

This means that Dana is expected to possess the knowledge and skill that is ordinarily possessed by members of her profession and to exercise a reasonable degree of care and diligence in the performance of her professional duties. The standard of care is higher for professionals than for ordinary people, as professionals are expected to have specialized knowledge and expertise in their field, and are therefore held to a higher standard of accountability.

The correct answer is B.

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Robert Worden is a criminologist who has studied various dimensions that explain differences among individual police officers.

Some of these dimensions are attitudinal and can influence how officers approach their work and interact with the public. However, one of these dimensions is not identified by Worden.

The attitudinal dimensions identified by Worden include the following:

Authoritarianism: This refers to a preference for strict obedience to authority and a belief in the need for strong social order. Officers high in authoritarianism may be more likely to use force and less likely to tolerate dissent from citizens.

Conservatism: This refers to a preference for traditional values and institutions, such as the family and religion. Officers high in conservatism may be less accepting of social change and more likely to view certain behaviors as deviant or criminal.

Community orientation: This refers to a belief in the importance of working with the community and addressing underlying social problems to prevent crime. Officers high in community orientation may be more likely to engage in community policing and problem-solving strategies.

Cynicism: This refers to a distrust or disillusionment with the effectiveness of police work and the criminal justice system. Officers high in cynicism may be less motivated to perform their duties and may be more likely to engage in unethical or illegal behavior.

The attitudinal dimension not identified by Worden is liberalism, which refers to a belief in progressive social policies and the need for social change. While officers may differ in their political beliefs, Worden did not include liberalism as an attitudinal dimension that explains differences among individual police officers.

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Group A describes the elements of the Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case.

Group A lists: slaves were not citizens, slaves could not bring lawsuits, slaves were property, and government could not restrict slavery.

Group B lists: slaves could bring court cases, states could determine whether slavery was permitted, slaves would continue to be counted as three-fifths of a free person, and government could require a balance between slave states and free states.

The Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case was a major ruling in 1857 that had long-reaching effects on the United States. The decision stated that slaves were not citizens, so they could not bring a lawsuit, and slaves were treated as property.

The ruling also stated that the government could not restrict slavery, as it was considered a form of private property. Additionally, it stated that states could determine whether slavery was permitted, and slaves would be counted as three-fifths of a free person.

Finally, it was determined that the government could require a balance between slave states and free states.

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Consideration refers to the bargained-for legal value that one party agrees to pay or provide to secure the promise of another. The correct answers is option a.

Consideration is a necessary element of a contract. It is the value given in return for the promise or performance of another. In simpler terms, consideration is the "price" that is paid for the promise of the other party. Consideration must have legal value and be bargained for. In the absence of consideration, the contract would be considered a gift. A contract is not enforceable without consideration. Consideration can take various forms, including money, goods, services, or a promise to do something. In short, it is the mutual exchange of something of value that distinguishes a contract from a gift.

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Explanation:

It is false that the charitable organizations are not included in the do not call list prohibitions established by the federal trade commission (ftc).

The Do Not Call List prohibitions established by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) are designed to protect consumers from unwanted telemarketing calls. These rules prohibit most telemarketing calls to consumers who have registered their numbers on the Do Not Call List. While the Charitable organizations are one of the organizations that are exempt from the Do Not Call List prohibitions. The FTC also states that charitable organizations must provide a toll-free number that consumers can call to request that the organization not make any more calls to them.

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The Supreme Court determined that enslaved people were property and therefore had no legal rights in Dred Scott v. Sandford case.

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Answer: See below

Explanation:

(1) Control at the stage of delegation of discretion – The court exercises control over the delegation of discretionary powers to the government by adjudicating the constitutionality of the law under which these powers are delegated in relation to the fundamental rights set out in Part III of the Constitution of India. Consequently, if the law confers undefined and broad discretion on any administrative authority, it may be considered ultra vires Article 14, Article 19 and other Constitutional provisions.

(2) Control at the stage of the exercise of discretion – In India, unlike the USA, there is no Administrative Procedure Act which provides for judicial review of administrative authority exercising. The power of judicial review therefore derives from the statutory structure of the tribunals. Indian courts have always held the view that judge-proven discretion is a negation of the rule of law. Thus, they developed different formulations to control the exercise of administrative discretion.

In P.B. Samant v. State of Maharashtra, the court held the distribution of cement against the law and the circulars or guidelines issued by the Government on that behalf as bad. The distribution of cement was in favour of certain builders in return for the donations given by them to certain foundations of which the Chief Minister was a trustee. It was a clear case of mala fide exercise of power. The power to control the distribution of an essential commodity like cement is given to the Government with a view to ensuring its equitable distribution. When this power is used for obtaining donations for a trust, it is a clear case of abuse of power.

Procedural and Executive Control

There is no clear protocol for this until the legislature compels the executive to obey those laws or procedures. It may take a long time to follow a particular format which will certainly negate the actual purpose of the act. Procedural regulation therefore means that certain rules are laid down under the Parent Act which must be followed whilst it is compulsory or directory to follow it or not. It includes three components:

i. Pre publication and consultation with an expert authority,

ii Publication of delegated legislation.

iii Laying of rules.

It can be either Mandatory or Directory, to know, certain specified parameters are given:

The principle of judicial review was established by the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803.

This case established the Supreme Court's power to review the laws of Congress and to invalidate those that conflicted with the U.S. Constitution. In the ruling, Chief Justice John Marshall argued that it was the Court's responsibility to determine the constitutionality of laws and to act as the ultimate arbiter between the government and its citizens. The Judicial review ensures that laws adhere to the constitutional framework and also acts as a check on the power of Congress. This process has become a cornerstone of the American system of government, providing a way for citizens to challenge laws passed by the legislature.

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For officers who routinely use racial profiling as a justification for making traffic stops , a stop search form that must be filled out for every stop might be the tool to make the officer re-think his or her conduct

If an officer frequently uses racial profiling as a rationale for conducting traffic stops without considering any other factors, a "stop and search" form that must be completed for each stop may be the instrument to force the officer to reconsider his or her actions. The officer must record the reason for the stop as well as any additional pertinent information, such as the demeanor of the driver or the vehicle's condition, on the stop and search form.

This documentation would produce a record of the stop that superiors may review and possibly utilise to spot racial profiling trends. Every stop must involve the completion of a form, which might serve as a disincentive to cops who might otherwise use racial profiling. The use of stop and search forms may help to lessen instances of racial profiling in law enforcement by boosting accountability and openness.

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Explanation:

The term "tax shelter" typically refers to a legal method of reducing taxable income and, therefore, the amount of tax owed. Tax shelters can take many different forms, including investment opportunities such as individual retirement accounts (IRAs), 401(k) plans, and annuities, as well as certain types of business expenses or deductions.

If an applicant submits false or misleading statements or submits a license, certificate, or diploma that was illegally or fraudulently obtained in his or her application for licensure, the Board may refuse to issue the license, certificate or registration, or if it was already issued, there may be a disciplinary action up to and including suspension.

What is meant by the term misleading? A misleading statement is one that appears to be factual but is incorrect, intended to deceive or misguide. Misleading information is information that is presented in such a way as to make it seem factual or impartial when it is not. It can be through half-truths, distorted data, or outright falsehoods. An act is defined as fraudulent if it is carried out with the intention of deceiving another person or entity to gain a financial or personal benefit.

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True. A consequentialist approach to judging sexual morality would focus on the consequences of the sexual acts rather than the acts themselves.

In this approach, the moral value of sexual activity is judged based on the outcomes or consequences it produces. For instance, a consequentialist approach would consider whether the sexual relationship is consensual and respectful, whether it is harming anyone, and whether it is leading to positive or negative outcomes for those involved. Therefore, consequentialism would ask whether one is using anyone in a sexual relationship or whether the relationship is open since these factors would impact the overall consequences of the sexual act.

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The federal court system in the United States is responsible for interpreting and enforcing federal laws and the US Constitution.

It is composed of various levels of courts, including district courts, appellate courts, and the Supreme Court. The federal court system has exclusive jurisdiction over certain types of cases, meaning that only federal courts can hear and decide these cases. However, there are some types of cases that do not fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal courts.

One type of case that does not fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal courts is state law cases. State law cases involve legal disputes that arise under state law and are generally heard in state courts. Examples of state law cases include contract disputes, family law matters, and criminal cases involving violations of state law.

Another type of case that does not fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal courts is cases involving small claims. Small claims courts are state courts that handle disputes involving small amounts of money, usually under $5,000. These courts are designed to be accessible to individuals who cannot afford to hire an attorney and are generally less formal than other courts.

Cases involving violations of local ordinances and zoning laws also generally fall under the jurisdiction of state or local courts, rather than federal courts. These cases involve disputes over issues such as property use, building codes, and noise violations.

In summary, while the federal court system has exclusive jurisdiction over many types of cases, including cases involving federal law, constitutional issues, and disputes between states, there are certain types of cases that fall outside of its jurisdiction. State law cases, small claims cases, and cases involving violations of local ordinances and zoning laws are typically heard in state or local courts.

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The statement "Because of double jeopardy, a person found not guilty of a criminal offense cannot also face a civil charge for the same alleged actions" is FALSE because double jeopardy applies only to criminal cases, not civil cases.

Double jeopardy is a legal principle that prohibits a person from being tried for the same crime twice after they have been acquitted (found not guilty) of that crime. The principle is rooted in the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which states that no person shall "be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb."

So, if a person has been acquitted of a criminal charge, they cannot be retried for the same charge again. However, they can still face a civil charge for the same actions if a plaintiff chooses to bring a civil lawsuit against them.

This is because civil and criminal cases are separate legal actions with different purposes and outcomes. In a criminal case, the government seeks to punish a defendant for breaking the law, while in a civil case, a plaintiff seeks compensation for damages suffered as a result of the defendant's actions.

Therefore, the statement "because of double jeopardy, a person found not guilty of a criminal offense cannot also face a civil charge for the same alleged actions" is false.

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An "order to show cause" is an order issued by a court or judge requiring an official (such as a jailer) to bring a specified prisoner into court and show the judge why the prisoner is being kept in jail.

This order can be used when a prisoner requests to be released on bail, when a prisoner seeks a writ of habeas corpus, or when a prisoner claims to be wrongly imprisoned. An order to show cause must provide the judge with sufficient evidence that there is a legal basis to continue to hold the prisoner in jail. If the official fails to show cause, the court may order the prisoner's release.

In order for an order to show cause to be issued, the court must have a legal basis for requiring the official to bring the prisoner in for a hearing. This can include evidence that the prisoner poses a danger to the public, that the prisoner may be a flight risk, or that the official has failed to follow proper procedure in the case. When the court reviews the order to show cause, it will determine if the evidence provided by the official is sufficient to continue the prisoner's detention. If the court finds that the evidence is not sufficient, the prisoner must be released.

The order to show cause is an important tool in ensuring that prisoners are not held unlawfully and that they are treated fairly. It can also be used to ensure that officials are properly carrying out their duties, and that they are adhering to the law when it comes to detaining prisoners. By issuing an order to show cause, the court can ensure that the official has the necessary evidence to detain the prisoner and that the prisoner has the right to a fair hearing.

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The decision that street offences require extra police attention is one correctional policy choice that may have an impact on who enrols as a correctional client. True.

The decision that street offences require extra police attention is one correctional policy choice that may have an impact on who enrols as a correctional client. Rather than being motivated, this is widely acknowledged to be a bodily incursion driven by a desire for violent compulsion.

Several patients can be taken out of institutions thanks to medications that prevent abnormal behaviour. The majority of those found guilty of violent crimes did so while under the influence of some kind of illicit substance. Only in particular situations are classification judgements susceptible to sociopolitical forces.

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