The radioactive carbon isotope carbon-14 has a nucleus that contains six protons and eight neutrons.
What is meant by radio active isotope?A chemical element that releases radiation when it decomposes and becomes more stable. Radioisotopes can exist naturally or can be created in a lab. They are utilised in medical procedures such as imaging testing and treatment. also known as a radionuclide.
A radioactive isotope is any of numerous distinct forms of the same chemical element with various weights and unstable nuclei. These isotopes spontaneously generate radiation in the form of alpha, beta, and gamma rays as a result of their instability, which demonstrates a significant amount of energy.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with differing quantities of neutrons. There are radioactive isotopes of several different elements. Since their nuclei are unstable, they decay and release radiation.
Therefore, the correct answer is option a) 8.
The complete question is:
The widely-used radio active isotope of carbon 14C has an atomic number of 6, and a mass number of 14. How many neutrons does carbon have?
a) 8
b) 28
c) 20
d) 12
e) 6
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The O-H stretch of a concentrated solution of an alcohol occurs at a lower frequency than the O-H stretch of a a dilute solution. True or False
The given statement is false. Because the O-H stretch of an alcohol occurs at a higher frequency in concentrated solutions and at a lower frequency in dilute solutions.
This is due to the hydrogen bonding that occurs between the alcohol molecules, which strengthens in concentrated solutions as well as weakens in dilute solutions. The stronger hydrogen bonding in concentrated solutions results in a higher energy required to stretch the O-H bond, which corresponds to a higher frequency.
Conversely, weaker hydrogen bonding in dilute solutions results in a lower energy required to stretch the O-H bond, which corresponds to a lower frequency.
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An analytical chemist is titrating 122.1 mL of a 1.000M solution of nitrous acid (HNO2) with a 0.4000M solution of NaOH. The pK, of nitrous acid is 3.35. Calculate the pH of the acid solution after the chemist has added 344.5 mL of the NaOH solution to it. Note for advanced students: you may assume the final volume equals the initial volume of the solution plus the volume of NaOH solution added. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.Calculating the pH of a weak acid titrated with a strong base
The pH of the solution after the addition of 344.5 mL of the NaOH solution is 2.09.
What is Titration Reaction?
Titration is a chemical technique used to determine the concentration of a specific substance in a sample. In a titration, a solution of known concentration (the titrant) is slowly added to a solution of unknown concentration (the analyte) until the reaction between the two is complete. The reaction that takes place during the titration is called the titration reaction.
This is a problem of a weak acid titrated with a strong base. We can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to solve it.
First, we need to calculate the amount of nitrous acid that is present in the initial solution before any NaOH is added. We can use the formula:
moles of HNO2 = 1.000 mol/L x 0.1221 L = 0.1221 moles
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between nitrous acid and sodium hydroxide is:
HNO2 + NaOH -> NaNO2 + H2O
Since the molar ratio between nitrous acid and sodium hydroxide is 1:1, the amount of sodium hydroxide added is also 0.1221 moles.
Now, we can calculate the concentration of nitrous acid and its conjugate base, nitrite (NO2-), after the addition of NaOH. The volume of the final solution is the sum of the initial volumes of the two solutions:
Vfinal = 122.1 mL + 344.5 mL = 466.6 mL = 0.4666 L
The amount of nitrous acid remaining after the addition of NaOH is:
moles of HNO2 remaining = moles of HNO2 initial - moles of NaOH added
moles of HNO2 remaining = 0.1221 moles - 0.1221 moles = 0 moles
All the nitrous acid has been neutralized by the sodium hydroxide. The amount of nitrite formed is equal to the amount of NaOH added:
moles of NO2- = moles of NaOH added = 0.4000 mol/L x 0.3445 L = 0.1378 moles
The total concentration of nitrite is the sum of the initial concentration and the concentration formed by the reaction:
[NO2-]total = [NO2-]initial + [NO2-]formed
[NO2-]total = 0 + 0.1378 moles / 0.4666 L = 0.2956 M
The concentration of nitrous acid can be calculated using the equilibrium expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka:
Ka = [H+][NO2-] / [HNO2]
We can assume that the concentration of H+ is negligible compared to the concentration of NO2-, so we can simplify the equation to:
Ka = [NO2-]^2 / [HNO2]
Rearranging the equation and substituting the values, we get:
[HNO2] = [NO2-]^2 / Ka
[HNO2] = (0.2956 M)^2 / 4.5 x 10^-4
[HNO2] = 19.43 M
The pH can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])b
where pKa = 3.35 is the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant, [A-] is the concentration of nitrite (the conjugate base), and [HA] is the concentration of nitrous acid (the weak acid).
Substituting the values, we get:
pH = 3.35 + log(0.2956/19.43)
pH = 3.35 - 1.26
pH = 2.09
Therefore, the pH of the solution after the addition of 344.5 mL of the NaOH solution is 2.09.
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If 46. 2 grams of oxygen gas occupies a volume of 100L, what volume would 5. 00 grams of oxygen occupy if the temperature and pressure remain constant
The volume would occupy 5. 00 grams of oxygen if the temperature and pressure remain constant is 10.85 L.
Ideal gas lawAccording to the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature. If the temperature and pressure remain constant, we can use the equation V₁/n₁ = V₂/n₂ to find the volume of 5.00 grams of oxygen gas.
First, we need to convert the mass of oxygen gas to moles. The molar mass of oxygen gas is 32.00 g/mol, so:
Next, we can plug in the values into the equation:
V₁/n₁ = V₂/n₂
100 L / 1.44 mol = V₂ / 0.15625 mol
Cross-multiplying and solving for V₂ gives:
V₂ = (100 L)(0.15625 mol) / 1.44 mol
V₂ = 10.85 L
Therefore, 5.00 grams of oxygen gas would occupy a volume of 10.83 L at the same temperature and pressure.
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Which of the following have the thickest layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall?
mycoplasma
gram-positive bacteria
gram-negative bacteria
L-forms
The following have thickest layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall : gram-positive bacteria
What is the thick layer of peptidoglycan?Thickened peptidoglycan layer in Gram positive cells allows them to retain the stain ( and hence remaining 'stain positive' or 'Gram positive) where as thin layer seen in Gram negative cells cannot prevent the stain from leeching out (and hence stain and Gram negative).
Gram-positive organisms have thicker peptidoglycan cell wall as compared to gram-negative bacteria. It is 20 to 80 nm thick polymer whereas peptidoglycan layer of the gram-negative cell wall is 2 to 3 nm thick and covered with outer lipid bilayer membrane.
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Read the paragraph. Click on the sentence or sentences that is/are incorrect. Select ALL that apply.
Different ecological relationships exist in the Galapagos Islands. The native species do not compete with one another for resources because they have evolved to fill specific niches, or ecological roles, on the islands. In fact, some of the native species, such as Darwin's finch and the Galapagos tortoise, have a mutually beneficial relationship. In contrast, the introduced species, the feral goat, competes with all the other species for food.
Different ecological relationships exist in the Galapagos Islands. This statement is incorrect.
What is ecological relationship?An ecological connection is defined as the interactions of species in an environment. Organisms form relationships with each other because they are connected.
Some species compete with other creatures for resources or space. Other species survive by relying on one another. These are known as ecological connections. Different ecological relationships exist in the Galapagos Islands. This statement is incorrect.
Therefore, different ecological relationships exist in the Galapagos Islands. This statement is incorrect.
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What is acid catalyzed hydration ?
Acid catalyzed hydration is a reaction that involves the addition of water to an alkene in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction is typically carried out using a strong acid, such as sulfuric acid, which allows the reaction to proceed more quickly and efficiently.
The general reaction is as follows:
R-CH=CH-R + H₂O → R-CH(OH)-CH-R
In this reaction, the alkene undergoes an addition reaction, in which the double bond is broken and two new bonds are formed. One of the new bonds is formed between the alkene and a hydrogen atom from the water molecule, while the other is formed between the alkene and a hydroxyl group from the water molecule.
The acid catalyst plays an important role in this reaction by increasing the electrophilicity of the alkene, which allows it to react more readily with the water molecule. The acid catalyst also helps to stabilize the intermediate species that are formed during the reaction, which helps to drive the reaction forward.
Overall, acid catalyzed hydration is an important reaction in organic chemistry, and is used to produce a variety of different compounds, including alcohols and other functionalized molecules.
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Which amino acids can form hydrogen bonds with water?
The amino acids that can form hydrogen bonds with water are those with polar or charged side chains, which are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
Amino acids with polar or charged side chains are the ones that have the capability of creating hydrogen bonds with water molecules. These amino acids are the only ones that can make hydrogen bonds with water. Serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine, histidine, lysine, arginine, and aspartic acid (aspartate) and glutamic acid are some of the amino acids that fall into this category (glutamate).
These amino acids have the ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, which contributes to the general soluble nature of proteins as well as their structural integrity.
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A System Containing 1 Atm Of An Ideal Gas Is Doubled In Temperature And Halved In Volume. What Is The New Pressure?
a. 2 Atm b.1 Atm c.0.5 Atm d.4 Atm
The new pressure of the gas after doubling the temperature and halving the volume is 4 atm. The correct answer is (d).
The ideal gas law is expressed as:
PV = nRT
where P is the pressure of the gas, V is its volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
If we double the temperature and halve the volume of the gas while keeping the number of moles constant, then the new pressure can be calculated as follows:
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
Since the initial pressure (P1) is 1 atm, and the final volume (V2) is half the initial volume, the initial volume (V1) is 2 times V2, and the initial temperature (T1) is half of the final temperature (2T1 = T2), we can substitute these values into the equation above and solve for the final pressure (P2):
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
1 atm x (2V2) / (T1/2) = P2 x V2 / T1
2 atm / (T1/2) = P2 / T1
P2 = 4 atm
Therefore, the new pressure of the gas after doubling the temperature and halving the volume is 4 atm. The correct answer is (d).
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What allows us to convert from moles of one substance to moles of another substance?
A. Group of answer choices
B. Formula mass
C. Molecular mass
D. A balanced chemical equation
E. A conversion table
To convert from the moles of one substance to the moles of another substance the one that allows is the correct option is D. A balanced chemical equation.
The balanced equation is the the chemical equation in which the number of the moles of the atoms in the reactant side is equals to the number of the moles of the product side of each of the atom. From the balanced chemical equation we will find out the moles of the substance that involves in the chemical reaction.
Thus, from the balanced chemical equation we will convert the moles of the one substance to moles of the another substance.
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Why does the atomic radius decrease on moving left to right along a period?
The atomic radius decrease on moving left to the right along the period because the number of the electrons increases.
The number of the protons and electrons increases and the attractive forces in between the nucleus and the electrons will increase, this leads to the electrons closer to the nucleus and the decreasing the size of the atom. The number of the electrons will increases in the same subshell and the outermost electrons will pulled closer together to the nucleus.
Thus, the atomic radius will decreases as we move from the left to the right across the period in the period table.
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which two rings have approximately the same bond angle in their favored conformations?
a. Cyclopropane
b. Cyclobutene
c. Cyclohexane
d. Cyclopantane
e. Cycloheptane
Cyclopropane and cyclohexane are the two rings having roughly the same bond angle in their preferred conformations.
What is Cyclopropane?Explosive, colorless gas known as cyclopropane, sometimes known as trimethylene, has been used as a general anesthetic in medicine since 1934. Cyclopropane doesn't irritate mucous membranes and doesn't slow down breathing. A colorless gas or liquid under pressure, cyclopropane has a pleasant, mild aroma that is similar to that of petroleum. Both an anesthetic and the production of other compounds employ it.The first time cyclopropane was made, it was by a Wurtz coupling where sodium was used to cycle 1,3-dibromopropane. By using zinc as the dehalogenating agent and sodium iodide as the catalyst in this reaction, the yield can be increased. Cyclopropanation is a term used to describe the process of creating cyclopropane rings.To learn more about Cyclopropane, refer to:
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Sediments can be used to study the Earth's past climates.
False
True
Answer:True
Sediments are layers and inside of each layer of rock, you can find past animals and plants that lived that wil allow you to know more about the life on Earth centuries before humans began to study it. So B. True is our correct answer.
I hope this helped & Good Luck <3!!
help!!!!! please
can someone do this i have NO clue
Mixture- honey, seawater, blood, mud
element- hydrogen, calcium
compund- magnesium oxide, copperII sulfate, potassium iodide solution.
What do you mean by mixture, element and compunds?A mixture is a material composed of two or more different chemical substances that are not chemically bonded. A mixture is the physical combination of two or more substances that retain their identities and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions, and colloids.
Element is a free and open-source instant messaging client that uses the Matrix protocol. End-to-end encryption, private and public groups, file sharing between users, voice and video calls, and other collaborative features are supported by Element via bots and widgets.
A compound is a substance made up of two or more different chemical elements combined in a fixed ratio in chemistry. When the elements combine, they react and form chemical bonds that are difficult to break. These bonds form as a result of atoms sharing or exchanging electrons.
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Which of the following electron transitions in the hydrogen atom results in emission of light with the shortest wavelength? a. n=1 to n=5
b. n=1 to n=3
c. n=5 to n=1
d. n=3 to n=1
The electron transitions in the hydrogen atom will results in emission of light with the shortest wavelength is n = 3 to n = 1. The correct option is d.
Light is emitted when an electron jumps from the higher orbit to the lower orbit. This is the reason that a and b is not possible.
The expression for the wavelength is as follows :
1/λ = R [1/n1² - 1/n2²]
Wavelength emitted for the transition n = 5 to n = 1 is :
1/λ = R [1/1² - 1/5²]
1/λ = 0.096R
Wavelength emitted for the transition n = 3 to n = 1 is :
1/λ = R [1/1² - 1/3²]
1/λ = 0.89 R
Therefore, electron transitions in the hydrogen atom that results in emission of the light with the shortest wavelength is n = 3 ton = 1. The option d is correct.
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An automobile gasoline tank holds 29. 0 gal when full. How many pounds of gasoline will it hold if the gasoline has a density of 0. 737 g/ml ?.
The automobile gasoline can hold 22.3 lb. of gasoline if the gasoline has a density of 0. 737 g/ml.
The automobile gasoline tank holds 22.3 pounds of gasoline when full. To calculate the amount of gasoline that a tank can hold, we need to convert the volume in gallons to volume in liters and then multiply it by the density in g/mL to find the mass in grams.
The density of gasoline is 0.737 g/mL, which means that every milliliter of gasoline weighs 0.737 grams. To convert the volume from gallons to liters, we use the conversion factor 1 gallon = 3.785 liters.
So, the volume of the tank in liters is
29.0 gallons x 3.785 L/gallon = 109.5 L.Multiplying this volume by the density of gasoline gives us the mass of gasoline in grams:
109.5 L x 0.737 g/mL = 80.6 kg.To convert this mass to pounds, we multiply by the conversion factor 2.2046 lb/kg, giving us a total of
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combining a carboxyl group with a hydrocarbon chain creates what is called?
Combining a carboxyl group with a hydrocarbon chain creates a fatty acid.
Fatty acids are organic molecules that consist of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end. The hydrocarbon chain can vary in length and degree of saturation, which determines the properties of the fatty acid.
There is no double bond in saturated fatty acids (SFA); This kind of fat is made by the body and comes primarily from animal products like full-fat dairy products, red meat, and poultry. In addition, there are numerous varieties of SFA based on the length of their chain, which ranges from 4 to 16 carbon atoms.
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Balance the three equations below by adding the appropriate coefficients on the red lines.
In the text boxes below, count the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the reaction to make sure they are equal.
A balanced equation obeys the law of conservation of mass. The coefficients are the numbers that are added in front of the formulas to balance the equation.
What is a balanced equation?A balanced equation is defined as the chemical equation in which the mass of the products and reactants on either side of the equation will be equal. The number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation are equal.
1. 4Na + O₂ → 2Na₂O
2. C + 2H₂ → CH₄
3. 2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂
Thus in the balanced equation, the number of atoms on both sides of the equation are equal.
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Can you guys help me with this science question
Answer:
its the third one
is nacl soluble in water
Yes NaCl is soluble in water.
A chemical compound with a chemical formula NaCl is sodium chloride. Strong sodium ions paired to un favourable chloride ions make form salt (Sodium chloride).
Solubility:
Water may dissolve salt because the positive part of its molecules attracts the negative chloride ions and the negative part of its molecules attracts the positive sodium ions.
The lattice of sodium chloride (NaCl), on the other hand, dissociates into individual ions when it dissolves in water, and these ions are then solved (wrapped) in a layer of water molecules.
NaCl is still thought to dissolve in water because crystalline NaCl can be recovered via solvent evaporation.
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how is the name of each element in the periodic table represented?
The name of each element in the periodic table represented one or two letters are used to represent the name of each element. Therefore, option D is correct.
What is periodic table ?The periodic table is a tabular array of chemical elements organized by atomic number, beginning with hydrogen and progressing to oganesson, which has the highest atomic number.
Sometimes the first letter of the element's name is used to represent it, for example, hydrogen = H; sometimes the first two letters are used, for example, calcium Ca; and sometimes the Latin name is used, for example, gold is Arum and is represented as Au.
Thus, option D is correct.
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Your question is incomplete, mos probably your question was
How is the name of each element in the periodic table represented? A. The first two letters of the element's name are used for the table. B. Letters are assigned to each element by the scientist who discovered it. C. Letters are given to represent each element based on when it was discovered. D. One or two letters are used to represent the name of each element.
A molecule is found to contain 47. 35% c, 10. 60% h, and 42. 05% o. What is the empirical formula for this molecule?.
The empirical formula for the molecule containing 47.35% C, 10.60% H, and 42.05% O is CH2O.
To determine the empirical formula, the percentage composition of each element must first be converted to moles. This is done by dividing the mass of each element by its molar mass and multiplying by the total moles in the compound. The total moles in the compound can be determined by dividing the molar mass by the molecular mass. The molecular mass of the compound is calculated by adding the atomic masses of each element together.
Once the moles of each element have been determined, the relative numbers of each element in the compound can be determined by dividing the moles of each element by the total moles in the compound. The empirical formula of the compound is then determined by dividing each element’s relative number by the smallest integer that will yield whole numbers. In this case, the smallest integer for C is 1, for H is 2, and for O is 1, yielding a molecular formula of CH2O.
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how can you determine the approximate atomic mass, in atomic mass units?
Using the periodic chart, you may approximate an element's atomic mass. On the periodic table, the atomic mass of each element is stated in units of atomic mass.
The weighted average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of that element is represented by this value. Simply look up an element's atomic symbol on the periodic table & read the atomic mass that is stated next to it to get its atomic mass.
The periodic chart typically gives the atomic mass to the closest whole integer, while it occasionally may be presented to one or two decimal places. The atomic mass indicated on the periodic table is an aggregate of the masses, which is a crucial point to remember.
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What is the formula of 2 methyl 1 butene?
The molecular formula for 2-methyl 1-butene is C₅H₁₀.
Generally, the molecular formula is defined as an expression which defines the number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a compound. Molecular formula often shows the actual number of each atom present in a molecule. Let's see an example, the molecular formula of propane is C₄H₁₀. In this molecular formula, basically there are 4 carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen atoms in the given compound.
2-Methyl-1-butene is an organic compound that is used as a solvent in organic synthesis. 2-Methyl-1-butene is basically used in the preparation of pinacolone, flavor enhancer, spice, crop protectants and tertiary amyl phenol.
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A milkman boils milk before distributing it in pots. He raises the temperature of the milk from 10 degrees Celsius to 130 degrees Celsius with the thermal energy of 120000 J. If the mass of the milk Is 25000 g. the specific heat capacity of the milk would be
Answer: The specific heat capacity of the milk is 0.24 J/g°C.
Explanation:
The specific heat capacity (C) of a substance is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of the substance by one degree Celsius. To find the specific heat capacity of the milk in this case, we need to divide the total heat energy added to the milk (120000 J) by the change in temperature of the milk (120 degrees Celsius) and the mass of the milk (25000 g).
Using this formula, the specific heat capacity of the milk can be calculated as follows:
C = (120000 J) / (25000 g * 120°C)
C = (120000 J) / (25000 g * 120 K) (converting Celsius to Kelvin)
C = 0.24 J/g°C
So, the specific heat capacity of the milk is 0.24 J/g°C.
How many molecules are there if you have 25.6 grams if titanium (IV)
oxide, used to color paint?
Answer:
itsball wrong
Explanation:
beucaer
why does the atomic radius decrease going from left to right across a period?
Atomic radius decrease going from left to right across a period because atomic number of element increases, atomic number and atomic radius are inversely proportional to each other.
The atomic radius of a chemical element is a proportion of the size of its particle, normally the mean or common separation from the focal point of the core to the furthest segregated electron
Atomic radius decreases across a period since valence electrons are being added to a similar energy level simultaneously the core is expanding in protons. The expansion in atomic charge draws in the electrons all the more unequivocally, pulling them nearer to the core.
The atomic radius continues decreasing while at the same time going from left to right in a period on the grounds that the atomic(nuclear) number of the element increments which implies the quantity of protons and electrons in the molecules expands (the additional electrons being added to a similar shell).
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What is the chemical name of aspirin?
The chemical name of the aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid.
It is a commonly used medication that belongs to a class of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Aspirin is primarily used for pain relief, reducing inflammation, and reducing fever. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are involved in the body's inflammatory response.
Aspirin is available over-the-counter in various doses and is used to treat a variety of conditions, including headache, menstrual cramps, arthritis, and cardiovascular disease. Aspirin works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are involved in the body's inflammatory response.
Aspirin is also used as a blood thinner to reduce the risk of blood clots that can lead to heart attack or stroke. However, it should be used with caution in some individuals, such as those with a history of stomach ulcers or bleeding disorders, and under the guidance of a healthcare provider.
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What phylum has a medusa and polyp stage, stinging tentacles, and radial symmetry what phyla is it????
Polyp and medusa, the two body forms of cnidarians, frequently coexist throughout the course of a single cnidarian's life cycle.
What cnidarian species have the medusa stage?Cnidarians are most frequently associated with scyphozoans. They can grow to be enormous and have a real medusa stage. The largest known example of this, sometimes known as a jellyfish, may have a bell that is over ten feet in diameter. Scyphozoans live in the medusa stage for the most of their lives, and some species may often lack the polyp stage.
There are two major phyla in the animal kingdom that have radial symmetry: Cnidaria, which includes corals, anemones, and jellyfish, is one of them. Radial symmetry is shown by jellyfish at four locations around their centre.
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In which state of Matter are the Forces of Attraction the Weakest?
The state of Matter in which the Forces of Attraction is the Weakest is the gaseous state.
The forces of attraction that depends on the intermolecular attractions or the repulsions. The intermolecular repulsions are greater in the gaseous state than the intermolecular forces of attraction. The molecules have the more randomness in the gaseous state as compared to other states. The state of matter that has the least intermolecular forces of the attraction is the gaseous state because of the reason they are in random in the motion.
Thus, in the gaseous state of the matter, the Forces of Attraction the Weakest.
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In a longitudinal wave, the motion of the disturbance is in what direction relative to the wave motion? A. perpendicular B. in the same direction C. parallel D. opposite
In a longitudinal wave, the motion of the disturbance in the same direction relative to the wave motion. Hence, option B is correct.
What is longitudinal waves ?Longitudinal waves are a types of mechanical waves. Mechanical waves can pass only through a medium and not through vacuum. The mechanical waves are of two types namely longitudinal waves and transverse waves.
Transverse waves contains crests and troughs where the motion of the disturbance is perpendicular to the wave motion. water waves are transverse waves.
In the case of longitudinal waves, motion of the disturbance in the same direction relative to the wave motion. Longitudinal waves are composed of compressions and rarefactions. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
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