The mot table conformation of mot aldopyranoe i one in which the larget group,the -CH2OH group i equatorial. However D-idopyranoe exit primarily in a conformation with an axial -CH2OH group. Write formula for the two chair conformation of the alpha-D-idopyranoe which the -CH2OH group i axial and one with the -CH2OH group i equatorial and provide an explanation

The rules for assigning oxidation numbers are:

b) The O.N. for a monatomic ion is the same as its charge.

d) The sum of the oxidation numbers for the atoms in a neutral compound is zero.

Oxidation Number:

In chemistry, oxidation states or oxidation numbers are the virtual charges of atoms when all bonds to various atoms are completely ionic. It describes the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of atoms in a compound. Conceptually, the oxidation state can be either positive, negative, or zero. Although perfect ionic bonds do not occur naturally, many bonds exhibit strong ionic character, making the oxidation state a useful indicator of charge.

The oxidation state of an atom does not describe its "real" charge or any other real atomic property. This is especially true at high oxidation states where the ionization energy required to produce multiplying cations is much greater than the energy available for chemical reactions. Furthermore, the oxidation state of atoms in a given compound depends on the choice of electronegativity scale used in the calculations. Therefore, the oxidation state of atoms in a compound is just a formality. However, it is important to understand the naming conventions for inorganic compounds. Also, some observations about chemical reactions can be explained at a fundamental level in terms of oxidation states.

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Only polar molecules, whereas dioxide is unreactive since it is balanced and has bond dipoles that cancel out, just like hydrogen (HF), which is also a polar molecule molecule.

Since one side of a molecule of water has a different charge than the other, it is referred to as a polar molecule. occurs as a result of hydrogen bonding. Water might become more organised as a result.

A liquid molecule has two poles: a two electrons on the h pole (pole) and an ions just on oxygen pole because of the uneven distribution of electrons between both the atoms and the asymmetrical form of the molecule (side). When a water molecule conducts electricity.

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Precipitate form may develop as a result of the interaction between Na3PO4 and Zn(C2H3O2)2. The reaction conditions will determine the precise precipitate that forms.

A precipitate form can develop when Zn(C2H3O2)2 and Na3PO4 are combined as a result of a reaction between the two substances. Precipitates are solid materials that develop as a result of the reaction between two or more aqueous solutions. The precipitate Zn3(PO4)2 is created in this reaction when the ions Zn2+ and PO43- interact. The precipitate will leave the solution and collect at the bottom of the container as a solid lump. An essential component of chemical processes is the creation of precipitates, which may be used to detect the presence of certain ions in a solution. To eliminate pollutants from solutions, precipitates may also be formed in a variety of industrial applications, such as wastewater treatment.

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The number of arsenic atoms per cubic meter is 1.20 x 10^17 atoms/m^3

To calculate the number of arsenic atoms per cubic meter in silicon to which 1.5 x 10^-6 at% arsenic has been added, we need to first find the number of moles of arsenic in the sample and then convert that to the number of atoms.

First, let's convert the at% arsenic to moles:

mass of arsenic = (1.5 x 10^-6 at%) x (mass of silicon sample)

mass of arsenic = (1.5 x 10^-6) x (100 g) = 0.00015 g

Next, we'll use the molar mass of arsenic (74.92 g/mol) to find the number of moles of arsenic:

number of moles of arsenic = mass of arsenic / molar mass of arsenic

number of moles of arsenic = 0.00015 g / 74.92 g/mol = 2.00 x 10^-7 mol

Next, we'll use Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol) to convert the number of moles of arsenic to the number of atoms:

number of atoms of arsenic = number of moles of arsenic x Avogadro's number

number of atoms of arsenic = 2.00 x 10^-7 mol x 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol = 1.20 x 10^17 atoms

Finally, we'll divide the number of atoms of arsenic by the volume of the silicon sample (assumed to be 1 m^3) to find the number of arsenic atoms per cubic meter:

number of arsenic atoms per cubic meter = number of atoms of arsenic / volume of silicon sample

number of arsenic atoms per cubic meter = 1.20 x 10^17 atoms / 1 m^3 = 1.20 x 10^17 atoms/m^3

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In order to calculate the heat produced by a reaction (change in enthalpy of a reaction, H), bond enthalpies can be used. H(reaction) = total bond energies of broken and formed bonds minus total bond energies of newly formed bonds.

The enthalpy change required to dissolve a covalent bond in to the gaseous atoms, as averaged across various compounds, is known as the mean bond enthalpy. Since breaking a connection requires energy, these numbers are positive.

How to calculate the heat of reaction, or H, from the bond energies of the reactants and products:

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They American Academy of Sleeping Management estimates that caffeine has a half-life of up to 5 hours. The duration it takes for an amount of a material to reach its half-life.

Describe caffeine.

Among other goods, caffeine can be found in espresso, tea, cola, leaf extract, and mate. Although it has numerous other purposes, caffeine is most frequently used to increase mental alertness. For the treatment of migraine headaches, caffeine is administered orally or rectally together with analgesics (such aspirin and paracetamol) and a substance called ergotamine.

Is caffeine a stimulant of the central nervous system?

The main ingredient in coffee, tea, and chocolate is caffeine, which stimulates the nervous system (CNS) in people. Even in large amounts, caffeine consumption has not been linked to

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30g solution in 100 L water  is 30% NaCl by mass.

If we add 30g NaCl in 100L of water then it is 30% NaCl by mass.

[tex]\frac{30g}{100L}[/tex] = 30% NaCl by mass.

A solution is a method, substance, or process that solves a problem or satisfies a need. It is the outcome of a problem-solving process that provides a solution to a specific issue or challenge. Solutions can be found in various fields such as science, technology, medicine, business, or personal life. A solution is a means of resolving a problem or difficulty. It can refer to a method, substance, or process that addresses a specific issue or challenge. A solution must be effective, efficient, and practical, taking into account the underlying causes of the problem. The goal of a solution is to provide a positive outcome that resolves the problem at hand. To be effective, a solution must be well thought out, relevant, and efficient. It must take into account the underlying causes of the problem and provide a practical and feasible way to resolve it. Ultimately, a solution must deliver positive results and be able to stand the test of time.

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Carbon dioxide is formed In The Hydrochloric Acid And Sodium Carbonate Reaction

Carbon dioxide gas is released as a result of the reaction between sodium hydrogen carbonate and diluted hydrochloric acid. When lime water is passed through, it turns milky or a white precipitate of calcium carbonate forms, indicating the presence of carbon dioxide. This proves that the gas in question is carbon dioxide.

Adding sodium carbonate to hydrochloric acid causes a twofold displacement reaction that produces sodium chloride, water, and carbon dioxide. In order to create carbonic acid, the two moles of HCl contribute 1 atom of hydrogen to sodium carbonate.

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When the atoms of an element are radioactive and have extra neutrons or protons it creates extra energy in the nucleus causing the atom unstable.

Whether radioactive elements can suit stable and if so, how. The unstable nucleus of radioactive atoms releases radiation. And while it is true that many big elements are radioactive (we will debate why this is the case later on), every element, even hydrogen, has likely to be radioactive

Some elements of atomic nuclei are unstable because of the existence of excess nuclear charge inside them so these nuclei face radioactive decay to form stable nuclei. These elements are called radioactive elements.

So we can conclude that Many radioactive elements are firstly dangerous because of the release of ionizing radiation during the rot process

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cv = (s/2)R, where R is the universal gas constant.

The equipartition theorem states that the average kinetic energy of each degree of freedom in a system is equal to (1/2)kT, where k is Boltzmann's constant and T is the temperature. This means that the total energy of a system with s degrees of freedom is (s/2)kT.

Since the molar specific heat is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by one degree Celsius, the molar specific heat for a gas with s degrees of freedom is (s/2)R, where R is the universal gas constant.

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c. H3PO4 + H2O = H2PO4- + H3O+ is the most important equilibrium in determining the pH of a solution of sodium phosphate.

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of an aqueous solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the solution. A pH of 7.0 is neutral, a pH less than 7.0 is acidic, and a pH greater than 7.0 is basic. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with each unit of change representing a ten-fold difference in acidity or basicity. The pH value is important in many chemical, biological, and environmental systems, as it can influence the behavior and reactions of molecules in solution.

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H₃PO₄ + H₂O = H₂PO₄- + H₃O+ is the most important equilibrium in determining the pH of a solution of sodium phosphate.

What is pH?

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of an aqueous solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in the solution. A pH of 7.0 is neutral, a pH less than 7.0 is acidic, and a pH greater than 7.0 is basic. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with each unit of change representing a ten-fold difference in acidity or basicity. The pH value is important in many chemical, biological, and environmental systems, as it can influence the behavior and reactions of molecules in solution.

The most important equilibrium in determining the pH of a solution of sodium phosphate is the H₃PO₄ + H₂O = H₂PO₄- + H₃O+ equilibrium. This equilibrium determines the concentration of H₃O+ in the solution, which is the main factor that determines the pH of the solution.

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a - Crust; Si Al O

b - Mantle; Fe, Ni

c- Core; Si, Mg, Fe

The Earth's crust is the outermost solid layer of the Earth's surface and is composed of tectonic plates that move and interact with each other. It is composed primarily of rocks and minerals and is about 10-70 km thick.

We can see that the elements that we can find at the earth's crust as well as at the mantle and at the core of the earth are quite different ion all the cases that we have described here.

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(1) H2 + ICl HCl + I2 is the equation for the whole reaction. (2) HI is the species that is acting as a catalyst. (3) The species HI is one that functions as a chemical intermediate. (4) Rate = k[H2][ICl] is the rate law for the total reaction that is consistent with this mechanism.

A reaction intermediate, also known as an intermediate, is a molecular entity that is created from the reactants (or previous intermediates) in chemical reactions that take place in steps and have several elementary steps. Although they represent the end result of one elementary step's reaction, intermediates do not appear in the chemical equation for the whole chemical equation.Take the following hypothetical stepwise reaction, for instance:

A + B -> C + D is shown as "A + B -> C + D"

There are two simple steps in the reaction:

A + B -> X using the displaystyle c expression.

displaystyle "ce" X C + D X -> C + D

X is a reaction intermediate in this instance.

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The data supplied is inadequate to identify the product generated during the synthetic sequence. Depending on the reaction circumstances, catalysts, and reagents utilized.

the final product may differ. Please add more details or context. Because CO2 is a single reactant, the product generated in the synthetic sequence cannot be determined. CO2 is a gas and is not typically used as a starting material in chemical synthesis. It is frequently produced as a byproduct of chemical processes. Information on the reactants, circumstances, and reagents utilized is necessary to identify the result of a chemical reaction. It is The data supplied is inadequate to identify the product generated during the synthetic sequence. Depending on the reaction circumstances, catalysts, and reagents utilized, the final product may differ. Please add more details or context. Because CO2 is a single reactant, the product generated in the synthetic sequence cannot be determined. CO2 is a gas and is not typically used as a starting material in chemical synthesis. It is frequently produced as a byproduct of chemical processes.

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The bond angle around the nitrogen atom depends on the number of bonds and the molecular geometry of the molecule containing the nitrogen atom.

Here are some common nitrogen-containing molecules and their bond angles:

Ammonia (NH3): The bond angle around the nitrogen atom in ammonia is about 107°.

Nitrite ion (NO2-): The bond angle around the nitrogen atom in nitrite ion is about 133°.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): The bond angle around the nitrogen atom in nitrogen dioxide is about 134°.

Nitrogen trioxide (NO3-): The bond angle around the nitrogen atom in nitrogen trioxide is about 116°.

Note that these values are approximate and may vary slightly depending on the specific molecule, bonding environment, and molecular model used to calculate the bond angles.

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What is the approximate bond angle around the nitrogen atom?

Lewis dot structure is given in photo .

What is lewis dot structure ?

A Lewis point structure is a type of diagram used to show the distribution of electrons within a molecule or ion. This structure was first introduced in 1916 by chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. The structure consists of dots representing electrons surrounding the chemical symbols of the atoms in the molecule, indicating the number of bonds each atom can form. The dots are placed in pairs around the element symbol and represent the valence electrons (the electrons at the outermost energy level) of that element. The number of valence electrons of an element can be obtained from the periodic table.

Lewis point structures are used to predict the number and type of bonds that form between atoms in a molecule and to predict the shape of the molecule. By connecting the points of different elements in a molecule, the lewis structure can be used to determine the bond order, or the number of bonds between two atoms. Information about bond order, combined with the arrangement of atoms in space, can be used to determine the molecular structure of a molecule.

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The products formed from the reaction of halogenoalkanes and ethanolic aqueous silver nitrate are silver halides and nitrated alkanes.

Alkanes that have one or more halogen substituents are known as haloalkanes or halogenoalkanes. Though it isn't generally noted, they are a subset of the larger class of halocarbons. Commercially, haloalkanes are frequently used.

A solution of silver nitrate is used to determine the halogen present in a haloalkane.

The products of the reaction are precipitates of silver halides and nitrated alkanes.

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The process of changing one or more chemicals into new ones with distinct chemical characteristics is known as a chemical reaction.

Atoms share or exchange electrons in a chemical bond to achieve stability. Ionic, covalent, and metallic connections are the three basic forms of chemical bonds. One atom transfers an electron to another atom to create an ionic bond between two oppositely charged ions. When atoms share electrons to fill their outer energy level, covalent connections are created. Metals have metallic bonding because their electrons are not tightly bound to any one atom but rather move freely through a lattice of positive ions. Chemical or physical activities, such as heating or breaking, can both break bonds. When a molecule that dissociates bonds, like water, is added to a chemical reaction, bonds are broken. Bonds are broken in physical processes by exerting enough energy on them, such as during mechanical grinding or shearing. Bond energy or bond dissociation energy is the term used to describe the energy needed to dissolve bonds.

The complete question is:

Explain simple chemical reactions and bonds in detail, including the types of bonds and how they form and break?

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Bromine has 45 neutrons if it has 80 mass number and 35 protons.

what is Neutrons ?

Neutrons are particles in the nucleus of an atom. They have no charge, and they have slightly more mass than protons. Neutrons help to hold protons together in an atom, and they also help to determine the properties of an element.Neutrons play an important role in nuclear fusion and fission reactions and are essential for the stability of atoms.

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If a solution appears red, it is likely absorbing light with a wavelength of around 700 nanometers.

Molecules in the solution absorb certain wavelengths of light, which are determined by their chemical structure and composition. When the solution absorbs a certain wavelength of light, the energy from the light is converted into thermal energy, which causes the molecules to vibrate more rapidly and produce a red color. This is known as the absorption of light.

As different molecules in the solution absorb different wavelengths of light, the color of the solution will depend on which wavelengths of light are being absorbed. In this case, the solution is absorbing light with a wavelength of around 700 nanometers, which is in the red region of the visible spectrum, thus giving it a red color.

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To find the molarity of the HCl and its absolute uncertainty, you can use the reaction: 2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g).

The purity of the primary standard is stated to be 97%, which means that it can react with 97% of the theoretical amount of HCl. To recalculate your answer to (a) with this additional uncertainty, you will need to take into account the amount of HCl that was actually reacted with the sodium carbonate.

The factor that would be most important to make more precise to reduce the overall uncertainty would be the amount of HCl that was reacted with the sodium carbonate.

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Upon hydration of 11-dimethyl-1-chlorobenzene, an addition reaction occurs between the carbocation formed by protonation of the molecule and water, leading to the formation of an alcohol. The product of the reaction is 11-dimethyl-1-chloro-1-hydroxybenzene.

Stereochemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules and the effects of this arrangement on their physical and chemical properties. It deals with the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds in molecules, and how this arrangement affects the molecule's behavior and reactivity. This includes the study of isomers, which are different compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms in space.

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The complete question and the complete reaction is as follows:

The major elimination product obtained from the reaction of OCH3 with NaOCH3 and MeOH is (B).

The reaction is a type of elimination reaction known as an E2 reaction, which is characterized by the elimination of two substituents from a molecule in a single, concerted step. In this reaction, the strong base NaOCH3 removes a proton from OCH3, creating a carbocation that is stabilized by the presence of MeOH. The carbocation then undergoes a 1,2-elimination reaction, resulting in the loss of the MeO- group and the H+ ion to form the alkene (B) 2. The elimination of these substituents occurs in a single step and is accompanied by a concerted change in bonding and geometry, resulting in the formation of the major elimination product.

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The  freezing point is  [tex]T_f=-7.96[/tex] °C

A liquid's freezing point is the temperature at which it turns into a solid. Similar to the melting point, the freezing point typically rises with increasing pressure. In the case of combinations and for some organic substances, such as lipids, the freezing point is lower than the melting point. The first solid that forms when a combination freezes typically differs in composition from the liquid, and the development of the solid alters the composition of the remaining liquid, typically lowering the freezing point gradually. Utilizing successive melting and freezing to gradually separate the components, this approach is used to purify mixtures.

Given, boiling point of aqueous solution. Is 102.19 c.

or [tex]T_b=102.19[/tex]°C

normal boiling point of water, [tex]T_b[/tex]= 10000°c.

normal freezing point of water,[tex]T_f =[/tex]0.00°C

[tex]K_b[/tex] value of water = 0.512 °c/m

[tex]K_f[/tex] value of water =1.86 °C/m

let freezing point of aqueous solution be [tex]T_f[/tex]

we know that, [tex]\Delta T_b=K_b\times m \:\rightarrow(1)[/tex]

[tex]\Delta T_b=T_b-T^0_B[/tex]

m=molal concentration

[tex]\Delta T_b=K_f\times m \:\rightarrow(2)[/tex]

[tex]\Delta T_f=T_f-T^0_f[/tex]

m=molal concentration

Dividing Equation (1) by (2) we get

[tex]\frac{\Delta T_b}{{\Delta T_f}}=\frac{K_b\times m}{K_f \times m}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{\Delta T_b}{{\Delta T_f}}=\frac{K_b}{K_f }[/tex]

[tex]\frac{T_b-T^0_b}{{T_b-T^0_b}}=\frac{K_b}{K_f}[/tex]

Solving for [tex]T_f[/tex] above

Putting the value of [tex]T_b,T_b^0,T_f,T_f^0,K_b,K_f[/tex]

[tex]\frac{102.19 C- 100.00 C}{0.00 - T_f}=\frac{0.512}{1.86}[/tex]

[tex]T_f=-7.96[/tex] °C

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The following are discovered in science but NOT in pseudoscience: Option B is self-correction of faulty assumptions and theories.

Science is a systematic undertaking that creates and organizes information about the universe in the form of testable explanations and predictions. Science may be as old as the human race, with tens of thousands of years of archeological evidence for scientific thinking. Science is the search and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social worlds through a methodical and evidence-based process. The following are examples of scientific methodology: Observation objective: Data collection and measurement (possibly although not necessarily using mathematics as a tool) Evidence.

Here,

The following discoveries have been made in science but NOT in pseudoscience: Option B is to fix incorrect assumptions and theories by oneself.

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Transcription is targeted most directly by UV radiation.

A DNA fragment is copied into RNA during transcription. Messenger RNA is created when specific DNA sequences are translated into RNA molecules that can encode proteins (mRNA). Non-coding RNAs are RNA molecules that contain copies of other DNA sequences (ncRNAs). Only 1% to 3% of all RNA samples are mRNA. A minimum of 80% of mammalian genomic DNA can be actively transcribed (in one or more types of cells), with the bulk of this 80% being ncRNA. In contrast, less than 2% of the human genome can be translated into mRNA.

Nucleic acids—which include DNA and RNA—use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language.

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In terms of milligrams/litre, the given quantity will be [tex]35 \ 10^{-3}[/tex].

In terms of parts per million, the quantity will be   35

In terms of parts per billion, the quantity will be   0.035

given concentration = 35 microgram /litre

                                  = [tex]35 \ 10^{-6}[/tex]

1 kilogram =  1000 grams

1 gram = 1000 miligram

parts per million = [tex]\frac{No. of parts }{1000000}[/tex]

parts per Billion = [tex]\frac{No. of parts }{1000000000}[/tex]

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Solution is provided in image .

What is mass ?

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. It is a scalar quantity and is expressed in units such as kilograms, grams, pounds, or ounces. Mass is an important physical quantity that determines the object's resistance to a change in its motion, as described by Newton's second law of motion. In other words, the greater the mass of an object, the more force is required to change its velocity. Mass is a conserved quantity, meaning that the total mass of a system remains constant, although the distribution of mass within the system can change. In physics, mass is often considered to be a fundamental property of matter, and it plays a central role in many areas of science, including mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.

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If we have 325 g of glucose and 137 g O₂, the limiting reagent is O₂ , and the mass of CO₂ will be produced 188.32 g.

The mass of the glucose = 325 g

The mass of the O₂ = 137 g

The balanced equation is :

C₆H₁₂O₆  +  6O₂   ---->  6CO₂   +   6H₂O

The moles of the glucose = 325 / 180

                                           = 1.80 mol

The moles of the O₂ = mass / molar mass

                                   = 137 / 32

                                   = 4.28 mol

1 mole of C₆H₁₂O₆  react with 6 moles of O₂

Moles of O₂  = 6 × 1.80

                     = 10.8 mol

The O₂  is the limiting reagent.

The moles of the CO₂ = 4.28 mol

The mass of the CO₂ = moles × molar mass

                                   = 4.28 × 44

                                   = 188.32 g

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The ΔG°' for the reaction with 3 significant figures is -2.55 kJ/mol.

To calculate the ΔG°' for the reaction, we can use the equation:

ΔG°' = -RT ln K

where R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol·K), T is the temperature in Kelvin, ln is the natural logarithm, and K is the equilibrium constant.

At 37°C, the temperature in Kelvin is 37 + 273.15 = 310.15 K. So,

ΔG°' = -(8.314 J/mol·K) (310.15 K) ln (1.97)

= -2551 J/mol

= -2551 x 10^-3 kJ/mol

So, the ΔG°' for the reaction with 3 significant figures is -2.55 kJ/mol.

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