The most frequently cited criticism of animal testing is that it is morally wrong.
Animal research, also known as animal testing, animal testing, or in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments aimed at controlling variables that affect the behavioral or biological system being studied. Harm to animals should not be minimized as they are not considered "human". In summary, animal testing violates animal rights, causes pain to laboratory animals, and should be abolished because other means of testing products for toxicity are available. The most frequently cited criticism of animal testing is that it is morally wrong.
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What factors affect the migration of a protein in gel electrophoresis?
The rate of protein migration is governed by the interaction between pore size and the charge, size, & shape of the protein.
What elements impact protein gel electrophoresis?The features of the molecule or ions being investigated, the environment (buffer), and the applying electrical field are all factors that can affect electrophoresis.
Which factors influence migration distance electrophoresis?The speed at which molecules move through the gel and the distance they migrate over are both influenced by the size and charge distribution of the molecule.A molecule moves through the gel more quickly when it is small and strongly charged.The migration rate is slowed down by large bulk and weak charge.
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Which enzymes in glycolysis utilize covalent catalysis?
Answer:
Proteolytic enzymes (Chymotrypsin and Trypsin)
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Enzyme/Covalent_Catalysis#:~:text=Examples%20of%20enzymes%20that%20participate%20in%20covalent%20catalysis,are%20adjacent%20to%20large%20aromatic%20or%20nonpolar%20residues.
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There are basically two type of enzymes in glycolysis utilize covalent catalysis which are hexokinase and the phosphofructokinase.
Hexokinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose( a six- carbon sugar patch) to form glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in utmost glucose metabolism pathways. Hexokinase is set up in nearly all living organisms and is one of the most important enzymes in metabolic regulation. The covalent bond is also broken, releasing the product and reactivating the enzyme. Hexokinase catalyzes transfer the phosphate group from ATP to glucose, while phosphofructokinase catalyzes are then transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate.To know more about glycolysis visit:
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Inability to copulate due to inability to maintain an erection; also called impotence.
Erectile dysfunction is a multifaceted but frequent male sexual dysfunction that involves a change in any of the biological, relational, or psychological components of the erectile response.
Nonendocrine (neurogenic, vasculogenic, and iatrogenic) and endocrine routes have been postulated to play roles. Because of its close link to metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, men with erectile dysfunction may benefit from a cardiac evaluation.
These symptoms, in turn, have an impact on his partner's sexual experience as well as the couple's overall quality of life. This Primer discusses a variety of features of erectile dysfunction, reviews novel therapeutic targets and ongoing preclinical research evaluating new pharmacotherapies, and discusses regenerative medicine, which is the future of sexual medicine.
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How do we build our new strands of DNA?
Answer:
New DNA is made by enzymes called DNA Polymerases.
Explanation:
Hope it helps:)
The double helix shape of DNA, a two-stranded molecule that seems to be twisted, is what distinguishes it from other molecules. Each of the two strands has a sizable amount of nucleotides. These are the individual DNA units that make up a cell.
What role of DNA polymerase in formation of DNA?Since DNA polymerase cannot initiate a new strand, it can only add nucleotides to an existing one, primers are required. It needs a brief primer (about 20 nucleotides), which is typically generated of RNA nucleotides during DNA replication by the enzyme primase.
The 3'end of the primer is where DNA polymerase begins adding complementary nucleotides to the template strand.
Double-checking the incoming nucleotide - Typically, the fresh, incoming nucleotides in the expanding chain pair with the proper complementary nucleotide.
Therefore, New DNA is made by enzymes called DNA Polymerases.
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Answer Key. Biology I: Unit 2 (A DNA Mastery Unit) - Worksheet 1: DNA Structure. 1. What do the letters DNA stand for?
Humans and nearly all other species carry their genetic information in DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid.
What is DNA and where is it found?
Every cell in our bodies has a nucleus that contains the DNA that determines heritable features. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine are the bases—pairs of building blocks—that connect the two tangled strands of DNA. The double-stranded structure of DNA resembles a ladder, and bases make up its rungs.
What is DNA composed of?
Nucleotides are a series of molecules that make up DNA. A nitrogen base, a sugar group, and a phosphate group are all components of each nucleotide. DNA can contain the nitrogen bases adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) (C). billions of different types of
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two polynucleotide strands may bind to each other to form a double-stranded helical molecule, such as dna. what parts of the nucleotide are involved in this type of bond?
A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, which store and transmit genetic information.
The fundamental units of nucleic acids, which carry and store genetic information, are nucleotides.
The sequence of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides determines the genetic code and provides instructions for the production of proteins.
Nucleotides are essential for the functioning of cells and for the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next. The following three components make up a nucleotide:
A nitrogenous base: There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). RNA also contains adenine, cytosine, and guanine, but instead of thymine, it has uracil (U)
A sugar molecule: The sugar molecule in DNA is deoxyribose and in RNA it is ribose.
A phosphate group: The phosphate group is composed of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms. It provides the energy for chemical reactions in cells.
These three parts combine to form a nucleotide, the basic building block of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
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Choose the term that best describes how bacteria respond to chemical attractants. Ο Ο Chemical attractants cause bacterial cells to grow additional flagella Ο Chemical attractants speed up the rotation rate of flagello Ο Chemical attractants inhibit tumbles, enabling bacteris to make faster progress toward the stimulus Ο Chemical attractants cause flagellato rotate clockwise
Chemical attractants cause bacteria to make faster progress toward the stimulus by inhibiting tumbles.
Chemical attractants are substances that can attract bacteria and cause them to move toward the source of the attractant. When bacteria detect a chemical attractant, they can change the way their flagella move, which can influence their direction of movement. By inhibiting tumbles (random movements of the flagella), chemical attractants can enable bacteria to make faster progress toward the stimulus and increase their chances of reaching the source of the attractant. This is an example of chemotaxis, the process by which bacteria move toward or away from chemical stimuli in their environment.
Option C is the proper response, thus.
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during evolutionary refinements that led from fish to mammals, why was a shift from gills to lungs necessary?
During evolutionary refinements that led from fish to mammals, a shift from gills to lungs is necessary because the ability of the lungs to absorb oxygen is superior to that of the gills.
Evolution is the gradual change in the inherited traits of biological populations over many generations.
Genetic recombination and mutation frequently result in variation within a population. Evolution occurs when this variety is subjected to evolutionary processes like natural selection and genetic drift, which cause some traits to become more prevalent or less prevalent within a population.
Heritable traits evolve over successive generations as a result of shifting evolutionary forces that determine whether a trait is prevalent or rare within a population. At every level of biological organization, including the levels of species, individual creatures, and molecules, biodiversity has been created as a result of evolution.
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What chromosomal type differentiates males from females?
Each cell in a person typically contains one set of sex chromosomes. Males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas females have two X chromosomes.
Male DNA:
Each cell contains 46 chromosomes, which are divided into 23 pairs. The allosome, or sex chromosome, is the last or 23rd pair. One X and one Y chromosome are often seen in males. A pair of non-homologous chromosomes and 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes are present in the men (XY). The SRY gene, which determines sex in men, is located on the Y chromosome.
Female DNA:
Two polynucleotide chains that coil around one another to form a double helix make up the polymer known as deoxyribonucleic acid. All known organisms and many viruses contain genetic material in the polymer that is necessary for their growth, development, and reproduction. They are both nucleic acids, as is DNA.
There are two X chromosomes in the female DNA. There are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in them. The cell nucleus houses all of these DNA components in close quarters. The SRY gene is absent in them. SRY, or the sex-determining region Y, is a region that can only be found on the Y chromosome.
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Each cell in a person typically contains one set of sex chromosomes. Males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas females have two X chromosomes.
Male DNA:
Each cell contains 46 chromosomes, which are divided into 23 pairs. The allosome, or sex chromosome, is the last or 23rd pair. One X and one Y chromosome are often seen in males. A pair of non-homologous chromosomes and 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes are present in the men (XY). The SRY gene, which determines sex in men, is located on the Y chromosome.
Female DNA:
There are two X chromosomes in the female DNA. There are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in them. The cell nucleus houses all of these DNA components in close quarters. The SRY gene is absent in them. SRY, or the sex-determining region Y, is a region that can only be found on the Y chromosome.
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Experimental Insight 2.1 describes data on the kernel color distribution of bicolor corn, collected by a genetics class like yours. To test the hypothesis that the kernel color of bicolor corn is the result of the segregation of two alleles at a single genetic locus, the class counted 9882 kernels and found that 7506 were yellow and 2376 were white. Use chi-square analysis to evaluate the fit between the segregation hypothesis and the class results. Calculate the chi-square value for this experiment.
The chi-square value for this experiment is 25.5220.
To perform chi-square analysis, we need to compare the observed frequency of yellow and white kernels with the expected frequency, if the segregation hypothesis were true.
First, we can calculate the expected frequency of yellow kernels as follows:
Expected frequency of yellow kernels = (total number of kernels) * (proportion of yellow kernels in a heterozygote)^2
where the proportion of yellow kernels in a heterozygote is assumed to be 0.5.
Expected frequency of yellow kernels = 9882 * (0.5)^2 = 2500
Similarly, the expected frequency of white kernels can be calculated as:
Expected frequency of white kernels = 9882 * (0.5)^2 = 2500
Next, we can calculate the chi-square value as the sum of the squared differences between the observed and expected frequencies, divided by the expected frequency:
Chi-square = Σ [(observed frequency - expected frequency)^2 / expected frequency]
Chi-square = [(7506 - 2500)^2 / 2500] + [(2376 - 2500)^2 / 2500]
= (5006^2 / 2500) + (124^2 / 2500)
= 25.0244 + 0.4976
= 25.5220
So the chi-square value for this experiment is 25.5220.
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3CuCl2 + 2Al ---> 2AlCl3 + 3Cu
Which type of reaction is this?
decompostion
single displacement
synthesis
double displacement
combustion
a bird called the wandering albatross spends most of its life flying over the oceans of the southern hemisphere, stopping only to breed on storm-swept islands near antarctica. you would predict that the breast muscles of the wandering albatross:
The breast muscles of a bird is Pectoral muscles.
There are two pairs of large muscles that move the wings in flight that is the pectoralis, by which the bird lowers the wing, and the supracoracoideus, by which the bird raises the wings. The supracoracoideus lies in the between the angle of the keel and the plate of the sternum and along the coracoid. By this they creates a pulley like action by means of a tendon that passes through the canal at the junction which is formed by the coracoid, furcula, and scapula and then they attaches to the dorsal side of the head of the humerus. The pectoralis lies over the supracoracoideus and it attaches to the head of the humerus. Striated muscles of birds contain a respiratory pigment known as myoglobin. There are relatively few myoglobin-containing cells in white meat so their texture is white whereas the red meat contains a good amount of myoglobin. The white meat muscle is used in short, rapid bursts of activity, whereas the red meat muscle is characteristic of muscles used continuously for long periods and especially in muscles used during diving.
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What are 2 causes of dehydration?
Answer: Dehydration is caused by not drinking enough fluid or by losing more fluid than you take in. Fluid is lost through sweat, tears, vomiting, urine or diarrhoea.
Explanation:
Answer: 2 causes of dehydration is either not drinking enough fluids or losing more fluids than you take in like urine, diarrhea, or vomiting
Explanation:
how is a bat's wing similar to a human arm in function?
Explanation:
A bat's wing and a human arm have similar functionalities in terms of movement and control.
Both the bat's wing and the human arm have a skeletal structure consisting of bones and joints, allowing for a wide range of motion and control of the limb. Additionally, both have a network of muscles that allow for the precise and fine control of the limb, enabling movement and manipulation of objects.
While the shape and structure of the bat's wing and human arm are vastly different, both serve a similar purpose in terms of movement and control, making them functionally similar.
briefly describe false placenta mammals
Answer: Placental mammals are therian mammals in which a placenta develops during pregnancy. The placenta sustains the fetus while it grows inside the mother’s uterus. Placental mammals give birth to relatively large and mature infants. Most mammals are placental mammals.
Explanation:
Answer:
Any member of the mammalian group characterized by the presence of a placenta, a vascular organ that develops during gestation, which facilitates exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood of the mother and that of the fetus.
By reading the description of the life processes of the organism below which of the following answer choices
is the most appropriate classification?
a. Autotroph
b. Heterotroph
c. Decomposer
d. Carnivore
By reading the description of the life processes of the autotrophs is the most appropriate classification.
What are the characteristics of autotrophs?An autotroph or primary producer is an organism that produces complex organic compounds using carbon from simple substances such as carbon dioxide, generally using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions.
Plants are the most familiar type of autotroph, but there are many different kinds of autotrophic organisms. Algae, which live in water and whose larger forms are known as seaweed, is autotrophic.
Examples of organisms that are autotrophic are plants and algae, and they have specialized cell organelles that have the ability to power the process of photosynthesis.
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How many moles of magnesium chloride are there in 148 grams of magnesium chloride?.
1.554442238816872 moles
which species would provide the best example to explain the effectiveness of the endangered species act?
The best species to explain the effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act would be a species that has successfully recovered due to the protection and conservation measures provided by the Act.
The Bald Eagle, which was once in danger of going extinct in the United States but has since made a spectacular recovery and was taken off the list of vulnerable and endangered species in 2007, could serve as an illustration of such a species. The Endangered Species Act and other laws and activities aimed at safeguarding species and their habitats are primarily to thank for this rebound. They provide protection and conservation measures. The resurgence of the Bald Eagle is a success story of the Endangered Animals Act's ability to save vulnerable species and their habitats, foster their recovery, and eventually lead to their delisting.
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which type of blood vessel carries oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart?
Answer:
the arteries it carrys blood from the blood veel to the heart
what systems releasing chemicals that regulate body activities
The endocrine system releases chemical called hormones that regulate the body activities.
Endocrine system is composed of the several endocrine glands. These endocrine glands are the ductless glands that release there secretions direct into the blood stream. The system is rum by the means of feedback loops. The example of endocrine glands are: hypothalamus, pineal gland, parathyroid gland, etc.
Hormones are the chemical messengers of the body present in the blood stream that regulate several functions of the body. Hormones mediate the correct development of the body. These hormones can be: growth hormone, glucagon, vasopressin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormones, etc.
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You find a way to attach either a red or green fluorescent dye to nucleotides. Double-stranded dna molecules with both strands labeled red fluoresce red, those with both strands labeled green fluoresce green, and those with one strand labeled red and the other green fluoresce yellow. You grow human cells in the presence of "red" nucleotides until both dna strands of all chromosomes fluoresce red. You then allow one round of dna replication in the presence of "green" nucleotides. What pattern of fluorescence do you expect to see in the dna molecules?.
one chromatid green, the other yellow. A double-stranded DNA molecule with both of its strands labelled red will glow red.
A double-stranded DNA molecule with both of its strands labelled green will glow green, and a double-stranded DNA molecule with one of its strands red and the other green will glow yellow. The enzyme DNA helicase will carry out the first step of DNA replication by binding to the origin of replication. The two DNA strands are unwound by this enzyme, allowing other enzymes to bind to the DNA sequence and initiate the replication process. Each strand of the DNA double helix serves as a template for the synthesis of a new, complementary strand since DNA replication is semiconservative.
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a science researcher has developed a computer model of the process of dna replication in a eukaryotic cell. the model includes the following sequence of bases in one strand of the dna molecule. aacctggccatggacctttatataaactaggat the researcher wants to revise the model to show the transcription of dna to form mrna. scientists have observed that the same gene may produce several different mrna molecules. how could the researcher's model show this variety of mrna molecules? identify the stage that introduces this variety.
The stage that introduces variety in the transcription of DNA to form mRNA is alternative splicing.
In eukaryotic cells, after DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA molecule, the mRNA molecule can undergo alternative splicing, a process in which different combinations of exons are spliced together to produce multiple different mRNA molecules from a single gene. This results in the expression of different proteins from a single gene, allowing the cell to regulate gene expression and produce a variety of proteins with different functions.
The researcher's model could show this variety by incorporating alternative splicing into the transcription process. This could involve depicting the different combinations of exons that can be spliced together to form different mRNA molecules, as well as the corresponding proteins that are produced from each mRNA molecule.
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which process is responsible for movement of water between the interstitial and intracellular components
The process responsible for movement of water between the interstitial and intracellular components is called osmosis.
Osmosis is the transfer of water molecules via a selectively permeable membrane, such as the cell membrane, from a region of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Water moves into the cell to balance the concentration gradient when the concentration of solutes (such as ions, carbohydrates, or proteins) inside the cell is higher than outside, causing the cell to inflate. On the other hand, water travels out of the cell, causing the cell to contract, when the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell than inside. The balance of water and solutes within the cell is maintained and its form and function are preserved through the passage of water between the interstitial and intracellular components.
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how does the structure of dna identified by watson and crick differ from the model previously proposed by linus pauling and others? choose all that apply.
Watson and Crick's model showed that DNA is a double helix, while Pauling's model proposed a triple helix.
There are some other minor differences in DNA structure that were proposed by both, these include:
Pauling's hypothesis suggested that the nitrogen bases in DNA run parallel to the axis of the helix, whereas Watson and Crick's model demonstrated that they run perpendicular to the axis.
Pauling's model does not suggest that the nitrogen bases in DNA form complementary base pairs through hydrogen bonding, as demonstrated by Watson and Crick's model.
Pauling's model does not suggest that the nitrogen bases in DNA are bound together by a sugar-phosphate backbone, as demonstrated by Watson and Crick's model.
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which structures are homologous? plant leaf and plant root there are no homologous plant structures. oak leaf and maple leaf plant leaf and algal blade
Oak leaf and maple leaf are two examples of the alternatives that have homologous structures. Homologous structures are those seen in several species that have a common ancestor and have a similar structure and origin.
The architecture and functions of a plant's leaf and roots are distinct. While roots are responsible for absorbing water and nutrients, leaves are engaged in photosynthesis and gas exchange.
Algal blades and plant leaves are not thought to be homologous structures since they have diverse forms and purposes and separately originated in several groups of animals.
Because they both arose from a single ancestor and have a similar form and function, oak leaves and maple leaves are regarded as homologous structures.
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The above question is incomplete. The complete question is given below-
Which structures are homologous?
a) plant leaf and algal blade.
b) plant leaf and plant root.
c) oak leaf and maple leaf.
d) There are no homologous plant structures.
what bacterial structure is responsible for separating the daughter dna molecules after replication?
The bacterial structure is responsible for separating the daughter DNA molecules after replication Topoisomerase 2 enzyme.
To handle DNA tangles and supercoils, type II topoisomerases are topoisomerases that simultaneously cleave both strands of the DNA helix. Unlike Type I topoisomerase, they use ATP hydrolysis. These enzymes modify the circular DNA's connecting number in this step by two. Topoisomerases are universal enzymes that are present in all living things.
Topoisomerase II is a target for chemotherapy in animals. Gyrase is a target for antibacterial agents in prokaryotes. These enzymes do indeed have a variety of impacts that are interesting.
Daughter chromosomes split apart during karyokinesis. Two nuclei are created as the daughter chromosomes travel to the opposing poles, where a nuclear membrane forms surrounding them.
Cytokinesis, which happens after karyokinesis, is the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.
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many of the first prokaryotes to be cultured in a scientific lab were human or animal pathogens. why would these species be more readily cultured than non-pathogenic prokaryotes?
Pathogenic prokaryotes are more resistant to pathogens than non-pathogenic prokaryotes. Non-pathogenic prokaryotes require additional nutrients in their culture medium.
The majority of the required culture conditions for pathogenic prokaryotes could be deduced. Most of this is due to a lack of understanding about what to feed these organisms and how to grow them; many have unique growth needs that scientists are unaware of, such as requiring certain micronutrients, pH, temperature, pressure, co-factors, or co-metabolites.
In reality, most prokaryotes found in soil or marine waters are unculturable. It has been claimed that only a small percentage of prokaryotes, approximately one percent, can be cultivated in the laboratory.
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which plate might represent a successful aseptic transfer of a pure e. coli culture broth to a plate?
An aseptic approach is used to keep bacteria from the environment (for example, from the air) from infected cultures.
This is why, before and after relocating bacteria, we burn the mouths of the culture tubes. A sterile media is one that is devoid of all living organisms.
It is typically sterilised by heating it to a temperature that kills all contaminating germs.
Finally, when working with microorganisms, a method for moving developing organisms from a pure culture to a sterile medium without adding undesirable outside contamination.
The aseptic technique refers to this strategy of avoiding harmful bacteria from entering.
The aseptic approach entails gaining both manual dexterity in handling pathogens safely and cerebral dexterity in planning what you will do with the microbe.
The aseptic technique, which is intended to build a barrier between microorganisms in the environment and the sterile cell culture, is based on a series of processes designed to decrease the possibility of contamination from all these sources.
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why did scientists think that the macromolecule from which life arose would have to be a nucleic acid?
Bacterial nucleic acids are capable of replicating itself.
Hermann Staudinger, a Nobel laureate, first mentioned high molecular compounds in his first pertinent paper on this subject in the 1920s, but he later added "molecule" to the end of the term to create macromolecule (in excess of 1,000 atoms). When Berzelius first used the term "polymer" in 1832, it had a different meaning than it does today: it merely referred to another type of isomerism, such as that which occurs with benzene and acetylene, and had little to do with size.
Disciplines use the phrase differently when referring to big molecules. For instance, whereas macromolecules are referred to in biology as the four massive molecules that make up living things, the term may also be used in chemistry to describe groups of two or more molecules bound together by intermolecular forces rather than covalent bonds.
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HELP pls will mark you the brainliest
Answer:
Phytoplankton Takes in carbon through cellular respiration
Explanation:
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