The freezing point of a liquid will change when a solute is added. Explain how the addition of salt impacts the boiling point of water. Calculate the freezing point change for a given concentration. When an electrolyte solution (such as NaCl) is added to ice, the ions have ______ with water molecules and thus ______the ability of the water molecules to form a solid ice structure.
A) strong intermolecular interactions; increase
B) strong intermolecular interactions; decrease
C) no intermolecular interactions; do not impact
D) weak intermolecular interactions; increase
E) weak intermolecular interactions; decrease

The heating curve of ethanol from point a to f is shown below

This is a heating curve of ethanol, where the x-axis represents the temperature in degrees Celsius and the y-axis represents the amount of heat energy absorbed by the sample.

Segment AB represents the heating of a solid ethanol sample, where the temperature rises until it reaches the melting point (-114°C). At point B, the solid starts to melt and coexists with liquid ethanol until all of the solid is melted. This segment BC represents the transition from solid to liquid phase, where the temperature remains constant while the substance absorbs heat energy to break the intermolecular bonds holding the molecules in the solid phase together.

Segment CD represents the heating of a liquid ethanol sample, where the temperature rises until it reaches the boiling point (78.4°C). At point D, the liquid starts to boil and coexists with gaseous ethanol until all of the liquid is vaporized. This segment DE represents the transition from liquid to gas phase, where the temperature remains constant while the substance absorbs heat energy to break the intermolecular bonds holding the molecules in the liquid phase together.

Segment EF represents the heating of a gaseous ethanol sample, where the temperature rises as the substance absorbs heat energy.

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Answer: copper (I) chlorate

Explanation:

CuClO₃

Cu (copper) is a transitional metal, so its charge will depend on the charge for the polyatomic ion ClO₃. ClO₃⁻ is the chlorate ion and it has a -1 charge.

Since there is one copper ion, its charge must be +1 to balance with the -1 charge on the chlorate ion ClO₃⁻.

Cu⁺ and ClO₃⁻ is called copper (I) chlorate

The equations correctly relate the change in entropy, reversible heat, and kelvin temperature of a process are

Entropy is a measure of the degree of disorder of a thermodynamic system. Entropy is also a definition of the energy available in a system of a certain form. In equations, entropy is represented by the letter “S” and has units of joules per kelvin.

If we give an example of the melting of ice, in solid form ice tends to have a low degree of disorder so it has a small entropy value.

Meanwhile, when the ice melts and changes into a liquid form, the entropy value will increase because the liquid phase has a higher disorder than the solid phase. If the water evaporates into a gaseous form, the degree of disorder will also increase so that the entropy value will also increase because the gaseous form has the highest degree of disorder.

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Because HCl is a stronger acid than acetic acid, the pH of 0.01M acetic acid has greater value than the pH of 0.01M HCl. 2.88 is the  pH of a 0.01 M acetic acid.

Any hydrogen that comprises a material capable of giving a proton (a hydrogen ion) to another chemical is defined as acid. A base is indeed a molecule or ion that can receive a hydronium ion from just an acid.

1)Because HCl is a stronger acid than acetic acid, the pH of 0.01M acetic acid has greater value than the pH of 0.01M HCl. The pH value of stronger acid is lower.

2)CH[tex]_3[/tex]COOH + H[tex]_2[/tex]O  ⇄ CH[tex]_3[/tex]COO⁻+  H[tex]_3[/tex]O⁺

 0.01             0               0

 -x              +x                +x

 0.01-x           +x        +x

Ka=[ CH[tex]_3[/tex]COO⁻][H[tex]_3[/tex]O⁺]/[CH[tex]_3[/tex]COOH]

1.8×10⁻⁵ = [x][x ]/[  0.01-x ]

x=1.34×10⁻³

pH = -log[H⁺]

     =  -log[1.34×10⁻³]

     =2.88

Therefore, because HCl is a stronger acid than acetic acid, the pH of 0.01M acetic acid has greater value than the pH of 0.01M HCl. 2.88 is the   pH of a 0.01 M acetic acid.

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with  this information provided, the statement that offers the best solution for increasing the resolution of the separation while keeping the run time reasonable is  option A

"Perform the separation with an initial eluent composition comprised of a 50:50 water/acetonitrile mixture and then change the sample polarity with time so that the final composition is 100% acetonitrile"

A solution is described as a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.

In conclusion, solution is described as a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in relative amounts that can be varied continuously.

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Within 5 years the kinetic energy needed for the phase change of methane is increased by some factors. Hence, the arrow for change in kinetic energy for the phase change can be used here.

The phase change of a substance is the change from one state or phase to the other such as from solid to liquid, liquid to vapor etc. The minimum energy needed to overcome the barrier potential for a physical and chemical change is called its activation energy or activation potential.

A substance need kinetic energy to move apart its molecules which are strongly connected in liquid phase to convert it into vapor phase. If the activation potential increases, the substance need more kinetic energy.

Here, if the kinetic energy needed for the phase change of liquid methane increases. That is the reason why liquid methane in Titan not evaporated for some years.

Here the actual change in kinetic energy is increasing, thus, the methane gas is needed to gain more energy to evaporate. Hence, you have to add the first arrows given in the data.

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The group attached to the anomeric carbon in an alpha-anomer (-anomer) is trans to the CH2O group on the other side of the pyranose or furanose ring ether oxygen atom.

An anomeric carbon is a carbon in a sugar that, in its open-chain form, is an aldehyde or ketone and, in its cyclic form, transforms into a stereocenter. The ring oxygen and a hydroxyl group are linked to the anomeric carbon to generate a hemiacetal or hemiketal.

Depending on where the substituent is located at the anomeric core, carbohydrates can exist in two different cyclic forms.

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It is a very versatile and durable material that can be purified, melted, and extracted from its native ore with relative ease.

Iron is a type of metal that has been used for thousands of years in the production of tools, weapons, and other useful items. However, it is important to note that there are certain characteristics that make iron unique and distinguish it from other metals.

One of the main characteristics of iron is that it can be purified by pounding out impurities. This is done by heating the iron to a high temperature and then hammering it to remove any impurities that may be present. This process is known as forging and is used to create strong and durable iron products.

Another characteristic of iron is that it melts easily with a charcoal fueled fire. This is because iron has a relatively low melting point, which makes it easy to work with and shape into different forms. This characteristic is one of the reasons why iron has been used for so long in the production of tools and other items.

Iron can also be easily extracted from its native ore. This is done through a process known as smelting, in which the iron ore is heated to a high temperature in order to separate the iron from other elements that may be present. Once the iron has been extracted, it can be purified and used to create a variety of different products.

Finally, it is important to note that iron was easy to work with once it was realized which ores contained it.

This knowledge allowed people to more easily extract and work with iron, leading to the development of new tools and technologies that have had a lasting impact on human civilization.

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Based on the thermodynamic calculations, the specific heat of titanium trioxide was determined to be 308.27 K.

Refrigerators, air conditioners, and washing machines are a few examples of thermodynamic systems. An air conditioner is a black box that circulates refrigerant, changing its pressure at various locations to facilitate the transmission of heat.

The liquid's boiling point can be expressed as follows:

Boiling Point = ΔH/ΔS

The values of enthalpy and entropy for liquid and gaseous titanium chloride are given in the table attached.

The value of change in enthalpy ΔH for titanium chloride boiling is given as:

ΔH = Δ[tex]H{gas}[/tex] - Δ[tex]H_{liquid}[/tex]

ΔH = -763.2 - (804.2)kJ

ΔH = 41kJ/mol

The reaction's value for change in entropy is given as:

ΔS = Δ[tex]S_{gas}[/tex] - Δ[tex]S_{liquid}[/tex]

ΔS = 354.9 - 221.9 J/mol.K

ΔS = 133 J/mol.K

The formula for titanium tetrachloride's boiling point is:

Boiling point = 41000 J/mol/133 J/mol.K

Boiling Point = 308.27 K

Based on the thermodynamic calculations, the specific heat of titanium trioxide was determined to be 308.27 K.

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The reverse osmosis better than flash distillation because as models based on evaporation require both electrical and thermal energy to function, salty water RO (SWRO) has a 3–4 times lower energy requirement than MSF and 2-3 times lower energy requirement than MED.

A partly permeable membrane is used in the reverse osmosis method of water filtration to extract bigger particles, undesirable compounds, and ions from drinking water.

Advantages - It aids in balancing the solute content on the two sides of the membrane. Effective water softening is achieved via reverse osmosis, which is very simple to maintain.

Disadvantages -It uses a great deal of energy. Deionization requires a lot of pressure. Minerals being deionized cause a rise in water acidity.

Advantages -Distillation utilizes waste heat, which is cost-effective. Its output gain ratio is high. In comparison to reverse osmosis, supply water quality is less important.

Disadvantages - In the event that waste heat is not available, it has a high operational cost. High temperatures are associated with increased corrosion and scale development.

Thus, Reverse osmosis is a membrane treatment procedure primarily utilized to distinguish dissolved solutes from water.

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Therefore, approximately 7.58 grams of HNO3 are produced from 8.30 grams of NO2.

In chemistry, a mole (mol) is a unit of measurement used to express the amount of a substance. One mole of a substance is defined as the amount of that substance that contains the same number of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) as there are atoms in 12 grams of pure carbon-12. This number of particles is known as Avogadro's number and is approximately 6.022 x 10^23 particles per mole.

Here,

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and water (H2O) to form nitric acid (HNO3) is:

3 NO2 + H2O → 2 HNO3

This equation tells us that for every 3 moles of NO2 reacted, 2 moles of HNO3 are produced.

To determine the number of moles of NO2 in 8.30 g, we first need to calculate its molar mass:

Molar mass of NO2 = 14.01 g/mol + 2(16.00 g/mol) = 46.01 g/mol

Number of moles of NO2 = mass ÷ molar mass = 8.30 g ÷ 46.01 g/mol ≈ 0.1805 mol

From the balanced equation, we know that 3 moles of NO2 produce 2 moles of HNO3. So, the number of moles of HNO3 produced from 0.1805 mol of NO2 is:

Number of moles of HNO3 = (2/3) × 0.1805 mol = 0.1203 mol

Finally, we can use the molar mass of HNO3 to convert this number of moles into grams:

Molar mass of HNO3 = 1(1.01 g/mol) + 1(14.01 g/mol) + 3(16.00 g/mol) = 63.01 g/mol

Mass of HNO3 produced = number of moles × molar mass = 0.1203 mol × 63.01 g/mol ≈ 7.58 g

Therefore, approximately 7.58 grams of HNO3 are produced from 8.30 grams of NO2.

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When balancing a chemical equation, the permissible is option: A. placing a coefficient in front of a formula

This is permissible because it is used to balance the number of atoms on each side of the equation.

For example, if there are two oxygen atoms on the left side of the equation and only one on the right side, a coefficient of 2 can be placed in front of the oxygen on the right side to balance the equation.

b. removing elements from a formula
This is not permissible because it changes the identity of the substance and would not accurately represent the chemical reaction.

c. adding or removing a substance
This is not permissible because it changes the overall reaction and would not accurately represent the chemical reaction.

d. changing a subscript in a formula
This is not permissible because it changes the identity of the substance and would not accurately represent the chemical reaction.

In conclusion, only placing a coefficient in front of a formula is permissible when balancing a chemical equation.

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Answer:

Explanation: The equation for the reaction is:

2 H2S(g) ⇌ 2 H2(g) + S2(g)

We can use the concentration of H2S to calculate the concentration of H2 at equilibrium. Let's call the initial concentration of H2S [H2S]initial and the concentration of H2 at equilibrium [H2]equilibrium.

At equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction must equal the rate of the reverse reaction, which means that:

Kc = [H2]^2 / [H2S]^2

Since [H2S]initial = 0.55 mol / 3.0 L = 0.183 mol/L, we can substitute this value into the expression for Kc:

Kc = 9.30 × 10^−8 = [H2]^2 / (0.183)^2

Now we can solve for [H2]equilibrium:

[H2]equilibrium = √(Kc * [H2S]initial^2) = √(9.30 × 10^−8 * (0.183)^2) = 0.0276 mol/L

So the equilibrium concentration of H2 at 700°C is 0.0276 mol/L.

The compromise for these two elements would be to share valence electrons in order for them to adhere to the octet rule. Nonmetallic elements oxygen and Sulphur fall into this category. Covalent bonds are produced when atoms share electrons.

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The mass of 0.031 moles aluminium iodide is 12.61 grams. The molar mass of aluminium iodide is 407.68 g/mol.

Formula:

[tex]\boxed{\tt g=n\times Mr}[/tex]

Given:

Therefore,

First, calculate the molar mass of AlI₃.

Second, calculate the mass of AlI₃.

So, 0.031 moles of aluminum iodide correspond to 12.61 grams of aluminum iodide.

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Draw the Lewis structure for the biphenyl molecule. Draw Lewis Structure biphenyl molecule.

A molecule is a smallest unit of matter that can exist independently and is made up of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together. Molecules are the building blocks of all matter and are composed of atoms from the same element or from different elements. Molecules can exist as single atoms, or they can be combined with other atoms to form complex structures. Molecules can be found in liquids, solids, and gases.

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The volume of a substance is its mass divided by density. If the mass of your body is 130 lbs or 58.9 kg, then, volume is 65 L.

Density of substance is the measure of its mass per unit volume. It describes how closely its particles are packed. Density depends on the bond type, temperature and pressure.

Volume of the object is the space occupied by its particles. Volume can be expressed in L, ml, cm³, dm³ etc. Only solids and liquids has a definite volume and the volume of gases is that of the container.

Give that, mass  of body = 130 lbs

density = 0.90 g/ml

1 lbs = 0.453 kg or 453.5 g

then , 130 lbs = 58900 g or 58.8 kg

volume =  mass/density

           = 58900g / 0.90 g/ml

           = 65444ml =65.44 L.

Therefore, the volume of our body will be 65.44 L.

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Aqueous sodium bicarbonate wash is a common laboratory technique used to remove acidic impurities from an organic compound. When an organic compound is treated with aqueous sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solution, it may react with the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in the following chemical reaction:

R-COOH + NaHCO3 → R-COONa + H2O + CO2

where R is the organic group.

The reaction produces carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, which causes the solution to effervesce (bubble) and foam. This effervescence is a visual indicator that the reaction is taking place. The effervescence occurs because carbon dioxide gas is less soluble in water than in the organic solvent, and thus the gas is released from the solution.

Additionally, the reaction may cause the pH of the solution to increase, as the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) can act as a weak base and react with acidic protons on the organic compound. The increase in pH can be detected using a pH indicator such as litmus paper or a pH meter.

Overall, the observations during the aqueous sodium bicarbonate wash include effervescence (bubbling and foaming) due to the release of carbon dioxide gas, and a possible increase in pH due to the reaction of bicarbonate ion with acidic protons on the organic compound. These observations indicate that the acidic impurities in the organic compound have reacted with the basic bicarbonate ion and have been removed from the solution.

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A 5.00 g sample of hydrated barium chloride BaCl[tex]_2[/tex].nH[tex]_2[/tex]O is heated to drive off the water after heating 4.26 g of anhydrous barium chloride BaCl[tex]_2[/tex] remains 2 is the  value of n in the hydrate formula  BaCl[tex]_2[/tex].2H[tex]_2[/tex]O.

An inorganic substance with both the formula BaCl[tex]_2[/tex] is barium chloride. It is among the most popular barium salts that dissolve in water. Like the majority of those other water-soluble barium salts, it burns with a yellow-green hue and is a white powder. It is also extremely poisonous.

Moreover, it is hygroscopic, changing to the colorless crystals with a salty aftertaste known as BaCl[tex]_2[/tex].nH[tex]_2[/tex]O dihydrate. In the laboratory as well as industry, it is only sometimes used. 

BaCl[tex]_2[/tex].nH[tex]_2[/tex]O + heat [tex]\rightarrow[/tex] BaCl[tex]_2[/tex] + nH[tex]_2[/tex]O

Mass of BaCl[tex]_2[/tex].nH[tex]_2[/tex]O before heating= 5.00 grams

Mass of anhydrous BaCl[tex]_2[/tex] after heating = 4.26 grams.

mass of nH2O= 5.00 grams –4.26 grams = 0.74 grams

Moles of BaCl[tex]_2[/tex] = 4.26/208=0.02048mol

Moles of H[tex]_2[/tex]O =0.74/18=0.040111mol

For BaCl[tex]_2[/tex]  = 0.02048/0.02048=1

For H[tex]_2[/tex]O =0.04111/0.02048 = 2

the formula is BaCl[tex]_2[/tex].2H[tex]_2[/tex]O

Therefore, 2 is the  value of n in the hydrate formula BaCl[tex]_2[/tex].2H[tex]_2[/tex]O.

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Answer: About 95 grams

Explanation:

When reading these types of graphs, it helps to know about solubility curves.

Any point on the line is considered a saturated solution.

Any point above the line is considered a supersaturated solution.

Any point below the line is considered an unsaturated solution.

If you look at x-axis where the temperature is listed, look for 30°C. Move up the graph until you come to the line for NaNO₃. It appears at 30°C there are about 95 grams.

The quantity of heat energy released when 543 g of steam condenses is 1,228.5 kJ.

To calculate the quantity of heat energy released when 543 g of steam condenses, we need to use the heat of vaporization of water, which is the amount of energy required to vaporize one mole of water. The heat of vaporization of water is 40.7 kJ/mol at standard conditions.

First, we need to determine how many moles of water are in 543 g of steam. The molar mass of water is 18.015 g/mol, so we can calculate the number of moles as follows:

n = m/M = 543 g / 18.015 g/mol = 30.15 mol

Next, we can calculate the amount of heat energy released by multiplying the number of moles of water by the heat of vaporization of water:

q = nΔHvap = 30.15 mol x 40.7 kJ/mol = 1,228.5 kJ

Therefore, the quantity of heat energy released when 543 g of steam condenses is 1,228.5 kJ.

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The three things that you need to include when describing the position of any object include the reference point, the distance, and the direction of the object.

Let's say we have a chair in a room, we can describe its position as follows;

The chair was positioned 30 cm from the bed while facing northward.

In order to describe the position of an object, the person making the description ought to include the distance. In the above example, the distance is 30 cm.

Next, a reference point should be used and in this case, the reference point is the bed. Finally, the direction of the object should be mentioned in the description. The direction in this case is North. So, the above description incorporates the three main points.

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Le Châtelier's principle predicts the following outcomes if equilibrium is upset in the following ways:

If additional reactant is added, the equilibrium will shift towards the products to maintain a balance between the reactants and products.

If additional product is added, the equilibrium will shift towards the reactants to maintain a balance between the reactants and products.

If heat is added, the equilibrium will shift in the direction that absorbs heat to counteract the increase in temperature. If heat is removed, the equilibrium will shift in the direction that releases heat to counteract the decrease in temperature.

If pressure is increased in a gaseous system, the equilibrium will shift towards the side with fewer moles of gas to reduce the pressure. If pressure is decreased, the equilibrium will shift towards the side with more moles of gas to increase the pressure.

The entropy change of the gas is ΔS = 4.74 R.

The entropy change of the gas in an isochoric process can be calculated using the formula ΔS = nCvln(T2/T1), where n is the number of moles of gas, Cv is the molar specific heat at constant volume, T1 is the initial temperature, and T2 is the final temperature.

Given that n = 10 mol, Cv = 3/2 R for a monoatomic ideal gas, T1 = 273 K, and T2 = 373 K, we can plug these values into the formula to find the entropy change:

ΔS = 10 mol × (3/2 R) × ln(373 K/273 K)

ΔS = 15 R × 0.316

ΔS = 4.74 R

Therefore, the entropy change of the gas is 4.74 R.

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One would need approximately 1250.6 pounds of 100% gas chlorine to disinfect a flow of 85000 gallons per day at a concentration of 8 mg/L.

The chemical element chlorine has the atomic number 17 and the symbol Cl.

The second-lightest halogen, fluorine is situated between bromine and fluorine in the periodic table and has most of its features in the middle.

To calculate the amount of chlorine needed to disinfect a flow of 85000 gallons per day (gpd) at a concentration of 8 mg/L, you can use the following formula:

Mass of chlorine = flow rate x concentration x 8.34

Put in the values:

Mass of chlorine = 85000 * 8 * 8.34

Mass of chlorine = 567200 g

To convert this amount to pounds, divide it by the conversion factor between grams and pounds (453.59):

Mass of chlorine in pounds = 567200 / 453.59

Mass of chlorine in pounds = 1250.6 lb

Thus, 1250.6 pounds of 100% gas chlorine would be required to disinfect an 85000-gallon flow per day at a concentration of 8 mg/L.

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The energy of attraction between a cation with a valence of 3 and an anion with a valence of -3 the centers which are separated by 4.6 nm is  -9.69·10⁻¹¹N.

F = k·q₁·q₂ ÷ r².

F is attraction force.

k is Coulomb's law constant, 8,9·10⁹ N·m² / C².

q₁ is  quantity of charge of cation.

q₂ is quantity of charge of anion.

r is distance between anions.

q₁ = 3·1,6·10⁻¹⁹ = 4.8·10⁻¹⁹ C.

q₂ = -3x 1·6 x 10⁻¹⁹ C. = -4.8·10⁻¹⁹ C.

F = k·q₁·q₂ ÷ r².

F = 8.9·10⁹ N·m²/C²  · 4.8·10⁻¹⁹ C · (-4.8·10⁻¹⁹ C.) ÷ (4·6 x 10⁻⁹ m)².

F =  -2.05·10⁻²⁷ N·m² ÷ 2.116·10⁻¹⁷ m².

F = -9.69·10⁻¹¹N.

Therefore, an anion with a valence of -3 and a cation with a valence of 3 have centers that are separated by 4.6 nm, and the energy of attraction between them is -9.69 x 10¹¹N.

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Metallic, Metallic  Network and Covalent are the correct answers to be filled in the blank spaces.

Metallic bonds are the type of chemical bonding that occurs between atoms of metals. In metallic bonding, metal atoms lose their valence electrons and form a lattice of positively charged metal ions surrounded by a "sea" of delocalized electrons. These delocalized electrons are not associated with any particular atom but are free to move throughout the lattice.

The attraction between the positively charged metal ions and the negatively charged sea of electrons creates a strong bond that holds the metal together. This type of bonding results in metals having high melting and boiling points, high electrical conductivity, and high thermal conductivity.

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If O₂ is used up at a rate of 4.62 M/hr.  the rate of consumption of CH₂OH  is  2.31 M/hr.

To find the rate of consumption of CH3OH, we need to balance the equation and use the stoichiometry of the reaction.

2 moles of CH3OH react with 1 mole of O2 to form 2 moles of CO2 and 4 moles of H2O. So, the rate of consumption of CH3OH is half the rate of consumption of O2.

The rate of consumption of O2 is given as 4.62 M/hr, so the rate of consumption of CH3OH is:

4.62 M/hr / 2 = 2.31 M/hr

Therefore, the rate of consumption of CH3OH is 2.31 M/hr.

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An increase in pressure will not favor either the reactants or products. The reaction will remain at equilibrium.

To predict whether an increase in total pressure will favor the reactants or products, we need to look at the balanced chemical equation and the stoichiometry of the reaction.

The effect of pressure on each equilibrium is as follows:

H2O(g) + C(s) ↔ H2(g) + CO(g)

An increase in pressure will favor the side of the equation with fewer moles of gas.

In this case, the reaction will be favored in the direction of the products, H2(g) and CO(g).

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ↔ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

An increase in pressure will favor the side of the equation with fewer moles of gas.

In this case, the reaction will be favored in the direction of the products, NO(g) and H2O(g).

CO(g) + H2O(g) ↔ CO2(g) + H2(g)

The total number of moles of gas is the same on both sides of the equation.

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Chlorobenzene will react slowly than toluene. The electrophile will be substituted in the finished product.

A benzene derivative is toluene. Toluene and benzene are fundamentally different from one another because toluene possesses a methyl group while benzene does not. In an aromatic electrophilic substitution process, the molecule with a high electron density is attacked by the electrophile.

Toluene is more reactive than benzene because of the +I effect of the CH3 atom. Both benzoic acid and nitrobenzene are less reactive than benzene as a result of the electron-withdrawing nature of their respective COOH and NO2 groups.

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