During Triassic geological period the two groups of dinosaurs saurischia and ornithischian, first appear in the fossil record.
During the Middle Triassic Period, between 235 and 240 million years ago, the lineages of the saurischians and ornithischians split (242 million to 227 million years ago). The first dinosaurs were little and bipedal; only later did they grow enormously large and acquire a range of eating and other adaptations.
After the greatest extinction event in Earth's history decimated life, the Triassic Period started. One of the most important catastrophes in the history of our planet was the Permian-Triassic extinction event, sometimes referred to as the Great Dying, which occurred about 252 million years ago. The difference between the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic eras is symbolised by it. This time period saw significant changes in the variety and predominance of life on Earth, bookended by extinctions.
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what would happen if you place your gel in the electrophoresis chamber with the wells containing the DNA next to the red electrode instead of the black?
Placing the DNA wells next to the red electrode instead of the black will result in reverse migration of the DNA in the gel electrophoresis chamber.
In gel electrophoresis, the DNA is separated based on its size and charge by applying an electrical field. The DNA sample is loaded into wells in the gel, and the electrophoresis chamber is connected to a power source.
The black electrode is typically designated as the negative pole, and the red electrode is designated as the positive pole. When an electrical field is applied, the negatively charged DNA molecules will migrate towards the positive electrode (red).
If the wells containing the DNA are placed next to the red electrode instead of the black, the electrical field will be reversed, and the DNA will migrate in the opposite direction, towards the negative electrode (black).
This will result in reverse migration of the DNA in the gel, making it difficult to accurately assess the size and purity of the sample. It is important to follow proper protocol and load the DNA wells next to the black electrode to ensure proper migration of the DNA in the gel electrophoresis chamber.
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Electrophoresis is a method used to separate biological molecules, such as DNA, based on their size and charge. In an electrophoresis chamber, an electric field is applied across a gel matrix containing the sample. The DNA moves through the gel matrix towards the electrode with the opposite charge to its own.
If you were to place your gel in the electrophoresis chamber with the wells containing the DNA next to the red electrode instead of the black, the direction of the electric field would be reversed. The DNA would move in the opposite direction to what was intended and would not separate correctly based on size. This is because the electric field is directed towards the red electrode and the DNA would be moving away from it.
The correct placement of the gel and electrodes is important to ensure that the DNA separates correctly and the results are accurate. The black electrode is typically the anode and is positively charged, while the red electrode is the cathode and is negatively charged. By placing the DNA at the cathode, the negatively charged DNA will move towards the anode and separate based on size as it moves through the gel matrix.
In summary, the correct placement of the gel and electrodes in an electrophoresis chamber is a crucial factor in obtaining accurate results. By placing the gel with the wells containing the DNA next to the red electrode instead of the black, the direction of the electric field would be reversed and the DNA would not separate correctly.
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Some organisms that exist today have been on Earth for millions of years, but they have evolved over time. Some of their traits have differed from their ancestors. Which of these is NOT a reason for why an organism would evolve?
A. new traits appearing in their DNA
B. the death of a single group of a species
C. shifts in the continents
D. changes in climate
Please explain why you chose this answer
The death of a single group of a species is not a reason why an organism would evolve. Hence, option B is correct.
What is evolution?Evolution is the shift in a biological population's heritable traits over successive generations. These traits are the expressions of genes, which are passed down through reproduction from parent to offspring.
Populations are thought to evolve mostly through natural selection. However, there are a number of additional mechanisms of evolution, such as gene flow, genetic drift, and mutation.
Therefore, option B is correct.
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which substance does not promote inflammation kinins pyrogen prostaglandins
substance does not promote inflammation is pyrogen. Pyrogens are substances that have the potential to raise the hypothalamus thermostat's "set point."
As a protective strategy, the body produces inflammation. By identifying and eliminating damaging and alien stimuli, the immune system starts the healing process. Acute or chronic inflammation is a possibility. Acute inflammation can be brought on by bacteria invading the body, trauma-related tissue injury, or toxic substances. As in the case of cellulitis or acute pneumonia, it begins quickly, gets worse quickly, and its symptoms may linger for a few days. The time between acute and chronic inflammation is known as subacute inflammation, and it can last anywhere between two and six weeks. Chronic inflammation is also known as sluggish, long-term inflammation that lasts for a long time—from a few months to years—before subsiding.
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alcohol fermentation and aerobic respiration are similar in that both processes_____
Alcohol fermentation and aerobic respiration are similar in that both processes glycolysis.
Alcoholic fermentation and aerobic respiration both use glycolysis to generate a net gain of two ATP molecules.
Glycolysis is an anaerobic (without oxygen) mechanism that muscles use to obtain the majority of their energy during hard or extended activity. A very similar process known as alcoholic fermentation is used by yeast cells to obtain energy in anaerobic environments. The chemical conversion of glucose to lactic acid is known as glycolysis. Through this process, adenosine triphosphate, a high-energy phosphate molecule, becomes available for use by cells as energy (ATP). The only difference between glycolysis and alcoholic fermentation is the last step. Pyruvic acid is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide during the alcoholic fermentation process. The byproducts of alcoholic fermentation have been utilized in baking and brewing for ages, lactic acid from glycolysis causes fatigue.
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chewing tobacco can lead to a condition characterized by leathery white patches inside the mouth known as
Chewing tobacco can lead to a condition characterized by leathery white patches inside mouth known as leukoplakia.
There are several health hazards associated with smokeless tobacco: On the gum or the inside of the cheek, white, leathery patches (leukoplakia) can develop. These lesions have the potential to develop into oral cancer, a type of cancer that affects the lip, tongue, and cheek.
On your gums, cheeks, and bottom of your mouth, leukoplakia manifests as thicker, impossible-to-scrape-off white areas.
Leukoplakia is a sign of cancer although that is not always the case. How different the aberrant cells' structure, size, and appearance are from normal mouth cells determines the likelihood of getting oral cancer. Dysplasia is the name given to this anomaly.
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which type of molecule is more likely to quickly pass through a cellular membrane via simple diffusion, polar or non-polar? why? (you may need to use information from your textbook and class discussions to answer this question.)
Because non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar phospholipid tails, they diffuse more easily than polar molecules.
Polarity is a separation of electric charge in chemistry that results in an electric dipole moment with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end in a molecule or its chemical groups.
Because of the difference in electronegativity between the bound atoms, polar molecules must have one or more polar bonds. If the bond dipoles cancel each other out through symmetry, molecules with polar bonds have no molecular polarity.
Polar molecules communicate with one another via dipole-dipole intermolecular interactions and hydrogen bonds. A multitude of physical characteristics, such as surface tension, solubility, and melting and boiling temperatures, are influenced by polarity.
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Which statement about inbreeding is correct? ANSWER:Offspring produced by inbreeding have high biological fitness. Inbreeding increases the rate of purifying selection. Inbreeding changes allele frequencies in a Inbreeding increases random mating.population.
Inbreeding is the term used to describe relationships between people who are very closely related, such as siblings or parent-offspring.
When detrimental recessive alleles are expressed more frequently, inbreeding can impair fitness and raise the likelihood of genetic diseases in offspring. We call this inbreeding depression. Additionally, inbreeding decreases genetic variety within a population, which may limit its capacity to adapt to shifting environmental factors. On the other hand, inbreeding can also lead to the purifying selection of harmful genes and raise the expression of advantageous dominant alleles. In conclusion, inbreeding can affect a population's genetic diversity and fitness of offspring in both good and negative ways.
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Answer the following regarding the process of transcription:
Where does this process take place?
What molecule is used as a template in this process?
What specific molecule is created in this process?
how water moves from the xylem vessels in the leaves to the atmosphere surrounding the leaves of the plant
From the apex of the xylem vessels, water first enters the mesophyll cells. The water then escapes from the leaf's cells and condenses in the gaps between them.
What are the xylem vessels' functions?Water transportation from roots to other plant components is the primary purpose of the xylem. Additionally, Xylem offers mechanical strength. The basic components for conducting water are tracheids and vessels.
Why are xylem vessels made?Root hairs, vessels, hepatocytes, and fibers compensate xylem. Massive slots there in end walls between succeeding vessel parts, as well as large perforation plates, hold vessel elements together in files to form vessels.
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Name the class of nutrients that is made up of chains of amino acids.
Chains of amino acids make up proteins.
These amino acids are arranged in a long chain and joined to one another by covalent peptide bonds to form proteins. Polypeptides are another name for proteins. The sequence of amino acids in every type of protein is distinct and identical from one molecule to the next. There are countless varieties of proteins, each with a unique amino acid sequence.
Peptide link:- This covalent connection is created when the carbon atom from one amino acid's carboxyl group shares electrons with the nitrogen atom (blue) from another amino acid's amino group. As seen, this condensation results in the loss of one water molecule.
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After an embryonic cell inactivates an X chromosome, when the cell divides, its descendants will ___
a) randomly inactivate one of the two X chromosomes after each cell division (Since inactivation has already occurred, the process can no longer be random)
b) maintain inactivation of the same X chromosome
c) always inherit only the X chromosome that remains active
d) always inherit only the X chromosome that was inactivated
After an embryonic cell inactivates an X chromosome, when the cell divides, its descendants will maintain inactivation of the same X chromosome so the correct option is B.
X-chromosome inactivation helps to insure that each cell has the same number of active X chromosomes as other cells in the organism. This helps to maintain the correct balance of gene expression between the two relations, as well as icing that gene is duly regulated.
which can lead to inheritable conditions similar as X-linked internal deceleration. In summary, when an embryonic cell inactivates an X chromosome, its descendants will maintain the same X chromosome inactivation.
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identify the parts of the nervous system that sense and communicate knee soreness so a person knows to stop running and rest.
Peripheral somatic nervous sense and communicate knee soreness so a person knows to stop running and rest.
A division of your peripheral nervous system that permeates almost every aspect of your body is the somatic nervous system. Your brain receives information from your senses through this system's nerves. Additionally, they allow you to move about by sending orders from your brain to your muscles.
Processing and integrating the information from the many sources so that we can formulate a reaction is done by the brain and spinal cord. Therefore, the primary role of the somatic nervous system is to link the central nervous system (CNS) with organs and striated muscle to carry out our daily activities.
Your somatic nervous system enables you to move and regulate the muscles in every part of your body. Additionally, it delivers data from your four senses—smell, hearing, taste, and touch—into your brain.
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What is the missing word in this sentence? Millimetres of __________ are the units used to measure blood pressure.
Millimetres of Mercury are the units used to measure blood pressure.
White-tailed deer are seasonal breeders. Female white-tailed deer begin their reproductive cycle in the fall. Rising testosterone levels in male white-tailed deer cause them to start their breeding season around the same time. Offspring are born the following spring and summer. What is the most likely explanation for white-tailed deer having a seasonal breeding cycle instead of a monthly breeding cycle like many domesticated animals?
answer choices
O Male and female deer come into contact with each other only in the fall
O Large predators are not found in deer habitats during the spring and summer months
O Giving birth only in the spring and summer ensures that offspring are born when food is most available
O Deer give birth in the spring and summer in order to avoid being pregnant during the hot summer months.
Only giving birth in the spring and summer guarantees that the young are born when there is the greatest supply of food. the most plausible explanation for white-tailed deer mating cycles, which are seasonal rather than monthly like many domestic animals.
The seasonal mating cycle of white-tailed deer serves to guarantee that young are born when food is most plentiful, which is the most plausible reason for it. The food supply in the locations where white-tailed deer reside can fluctuate significantly from season to season. The moms may give birth to their children at a time when food is plentiful by only giving birth in the spring and summer. The chances of the children surviving and flourishing are increased as a result. The seasonal breeding cycle also gives moms enough time to recuperate from childbirth prior to the arrival of winter and the ensuing decline in food supply.
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which systems are involved with the breakdown and delivery of nutrients from recently eaten foods to the cells and the removal of waste materials from the body?
Answer: The digestive system breaks down recently eaten food and removes solid waste (feces) from the body. The circulatory system transports nutrients to different parts of the body. The excretory system removes waste from the body.
Explanation: I already explained it in the answer.
10. Use the data from the table to create a line graph of the bacteria
population over time.
Time
(in minutes)
0
52
104
156
208
260
312
Number of
Lactococcus
lactis Cells
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
The independent variable in the experiment is the time that have been taken.
What is the independent variable?The independent variable is the variable that is being manipulated or changed in an experiment or study. It is considered the "cause" in the relationship being investigated and its effects are measured through the dependent variable.
We can see that as the time is changing so the number of the bacteria is changing the fore this is the independent variable in the experiment that is taking place here.
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What is not a responsibility of the nervous system
Answer:
helping us breath is not a responsibility of the nervous system
Hind III recognizes a sequence of six nucleotides(AAGCTT) as a cut site. what are the odds that this sequence will occur in a random chain of DNA?
The odds that the palindromic nucleotides recognized by Hind III (AAGCTT) will occur in a random chain of DNA will be 1/4096.
Hind III is a Type II restriction enzyme. It was isolated form Heamophilus influenzae. it requires the cofactor Mg²⁺ for the cleavage of the nucleotide via hydrolysis.
A palindrome is a sequence which is read in the same manner backward or forward. The restriction enzymes cut at such unique palindromic sequences. Since there are 6 nucleotides in the reading sequence of Hind III, therefore the probability of odds will be calculated as: (1/4) × (1/4) × (1/4) × (1/4) × (1/4) × (1/4) = 1/4096.
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8
What is TRUE about DNA?
A.
It consists of three strands that form a triple helix shape.
B.
C.
D.
It is only found in saliva, blood, sweat, and hair.
It is not able to be replicated in any way.
It is found in every cell in the human body.
It is found in every cell in the human body.
Rubbing two objects together may cause large number of electrons to be transferred from one object to the other.a. Trueb. False
The statement "Rubbing two objects together may cause a large number of electrons to be transferred from one object to the other" is True.
When we rub two distinct objects together, we increase the contact area between them, which also means that the friction level rises. When two different substances are rubbed against one another, an exchange of electrons takes place from one substance to the other. Because of this, one of the subjects loses electrons and becomes positively charged, while the other subject gains electrons and becomes negatively charged Triboelectric Charging is another name for this process.
Now, if the contact area of two different rubbing objects were to get larger, there would be a greater amount of friction, which would result in a greater number of electrons being transferred from one object to the other.
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What causes the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
According to the when a cell is under stress, it can by releasing ca out of its endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic reticulum: What is it?
The outer membrane is a large combination of tubes membrane that is only found there in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Endoplasmic reticulum: What is it? There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: one has a surface covered in ribosomes, the other has a smooth surface.
What does the term "rough endoplasmic reticulum" mean?
The inner membrane is the latter, whereas the reticulum is the former. These membranes finally unite with the nuclear membrane's outer layer in a series of continuous folds. Other than sperm or red blood cells, its inner membrane is visible in all other types of cells.
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Levels of Organization: Label the diagram using the following terms.
Organism
Organ system
Atom
Cells
Molecules
Organ
S
Tissue
Level of Organization of living things:
AtomCellsMoleculesTissueOrganOrgan systemOrgan systemCell is the smallest unit of living things.
Tissue is a collection of cells that have the same shape and function.
Organs are groups of tissues that have the same shape and function.
An organ system is a group of several organs that make up a system.
Organisms are a collection of various organ systems that make up life.
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in the posterior view, the cubital region is __________ to the carpal region.
In the posterior view, the cubital region is proximal to the carpal region.
Posterior in аnаtomy pertаins to the bаck of the body. When describing а body pаrt, it is either locаted posteriorly or аnteriorly. If one is stаnding in the аnаtomicаl position, posterior refers to the bаck side, so the locаtion of the body pаrt is bаsed on this.
The cubitаl fossа is аn аreа of trаnsition between the аnаtomicаl аrm аnd the foreаrm. It is locаted in а depression on the аnterior surfаce of the elbow joint. It is аlso cаlled the аntecubitаl fossа becаuse it lies аnteriorly to the elbow (Lаtin cubitus) when in stаndаrd аnаtomicаl position.
The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway found on the anterior portion of the wrist. Thus, the cubital region is proximal to the carpal region.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your options were
A. Distal
B. Proximal
C. Medial
D. Superficial
Thus, the correct option is B.
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approximately what is the probability of randomly selecting a child whose height is more than 71 inches
Probability is a measure of how likely it is that something will happen, expressed as a number between 0 and 1. In this context, we're going to look at the probability of randomly selecting a child whose height is more than 71 inches.
To find the probability of this event, we need to know the total number of children and the number of children who are taller than 71 inches. Let's say we have 100 children and 10 of them are taller than 71 inches. This means that the probability of selecting a child taller than 71 inches is 10/100 or 0.1. This can also be expressed as a percentage: 10%.
It means that if we randomly select one child from the group of 100, there is a 10% chance that the child will be taller than 71 inches. This is a rough estimate and may not be 100% accurate, but it gives us an idea of the likelihood of this event.
It's important to note that probability is not the same as certainty. Even though the probability of selecting a child taller than 71 inches is 0.1 or 10%, it doesn't mean that every time we randomly select a child, it will be taller than 71 inches. This is because the probability is a measure of likelihood, not certainty.
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The lab report should begin with one or two sentences that state the purpose of the investigation—what you want to see, practice, learn about, or test. The purpose statement answers the question “What are you trying to find out by doing this experiment?”
The three most common types of labs are:
inquiry labs: you measure how changing one variable affects another variable
discovery lab: you see a scientific phenomenon—perhaps for the first time.
forensic lab: you gather and analyze data as evidence to build an argument in response to a question, as in a court case.
All three types of labs give you an opportunity to learn important scientific skills and concepts.
A possible purpose for an inquiry lab would be "To analyze the effect of calcium on plants' growth rate".
What is a purpose statement?In an experiment, the purpose statement briefly but clearly defines the objective of an experiment. Due to this, most purpose statements start with words such as:
AnalyzeIdentifyDetermineObserve MeasureWhat would be a possible purpose statement?In the case of an inquiry lab, which is a very common type, an example of a purpose statement would be A possible purpose for an inquiry lab would be "To analyze the effect of calcium on plants' growth rate".
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The two strands of a DNA molecule are joined to each other through _____.
hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases. Adenine and thymine form hydrogen bonds with each other, while cytosine and guanine form hydrogen bonds with each other, holding the two strands together.
DNA bases join up to create units called base pairs, for as A with T and C with G. Additionally, a sugar and phosphate molecule are joined to each base. A nucleotide is a grouping of bases, sugars, and phosphates. The double helix, which is formed by two long strands of nucleotides, is a spiral. The bases form chemical bonds with one another, adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine, which bind the two strands together. Biological information, such as the directions for constructing a protein or RNA molecule, is encoded in the base sequence along the backbone of DNA.
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Take a second and use the information given about the starting conditions to fill in the values for total body solute, volume, and osmolarity.
If the body is 3L and the osmolarity is 300 mOsM how much solute do you have?
body have an osmolarity-solvent/volume solution of 300=x/3 x=900.
The amount of impermeant molecule in a solution determines its osmolarity, not the type of molecules it contains.
The following equation can be used to determine the osmolarity of samples containing just one kind of solute, such as just glucose or even just sodium chloride:
Osmolarity is calculated as follows: molarity x n x f.
Osmolality regulation. The plasma osmolality is closely controlled and kept between 28 and 95 mOsm/kg. Modifying water intake or excretion helps to keep the plasma osmolality within normal range.
The simplest and most accurate formula to determine plasma osmolality is Posm = 2 [Na(+)]+glucose (mg/dL)/18+BUN (mg/dL)/2.8. Effective osmolality and tonicity is determined by the concentration only of effective osmoles and is expressed as Eosm = 2 [Na(+)]+glucose/18. Plasma tonicity should be between 275-295mOsm/kg of water.body have an osmolarity-solvent/volume solution of 300=x/3 x=900.
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What is the organization of the genetic material in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
A nucleoid is the part of the cell that contains this genetic material. Plasmids are tiny DNA loops seen in some prokaryotes that are not required for their regular growth.
What differs in genetic material of prokaryotes?Double-stranded DNA molecules are grouped together in a structure called a nucleoid by prokaryotes.
In addition to this chromosomal DNA, prokaryotes frequently include tiny circular DNA fragments called plasmids that may replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA and contain only a few genes.
In prokaryotes, clusters of genes that can be translated into a single mRNA are known as operons. The majority of the DNA in eukaryotes does not code for a protein.
Therefore, In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes have substantially less non-coding DNA in and between the genes, making their DNA much more compact.
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A nucleoid is the part of the cell that contains this genetic material. Plasmids are tiny DNA loops seen in some prokaryotes that are not required for their regular growth.
What differs in genetic material of prokaryotes?Double-stranded DNA molecules are grouped together in a structure called a nucleoid by prokaryotes.
In addition to this chromosomal DNA, prokaryotes frequently include tiny circular DNA fragments called plasmids that may replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA and contain only a few genes.
In prokaryotes, clusters of genes that can be translated into a single mRNA are known as operons. The majority of the DNA in eukaryotes does not code for a protein.
Therefore, In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes have substantially less non-coding DNA in and between the genes, making their DNA much more compact.
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which theory suggests that aging is the result of unstable oxygen molecules that cause damage to the structure of cells with age? wear-and-tear theory cellular clock theory disengagement theory free radical theory senescence theory
Free extreme hypothesis recommends that maturing is the after-effect of unsound oxygen particles, known as free revolutionaries, that cause harm to the design of cells with age.
Free revolutionaries begin from typical natural cycles like breathing or digestion, as well as outside elements like contamination or bright radiation.
These atoms are profoundly receptive, and when they come into contact with different particles inside cells, they harm or modify the cell's design, prompting the impact of maturing.
The free extreme hypothesis is upheld by research that has laid out a connection between free extreme harm and the maturing system.
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what is the role of sigma in bacteria? (choose the one best answer)
The purpose of sigma in bacteria is to connect to the promoter area of a gene.
What other names do hazardous germs go by?The dangerous bacteria are known as "bad bacteria." They are known as pathogens. These might be picked up from our surroundings. Vibrio cholerae, the bacteria that causes cholera, can be caught by ingesting food or water that has been tainted with an affected person's feces, coming into close touch with an infected person, or both.
Which germs are the most powerful?Enterococcus implicit or explicit, which is referred to be "the world's toughest bacteria" in the Guinness Book of World Records, is able to tolerate harsh climates, nutritional shortages, and 1,000 times as much radiation as an adult person.
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