Menopause.
Diabetes.
Addison's disease.
Cushing's disease.
Graves' disease.
Hashimoto thyroiditis.
Hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism.
Prolactinoma.
Experimental Insight 2.1 describes data on the kernel color distribution of bicolor corn, collected by a genetics class like yours. To test the hypothesis that the kernel color of bicolor corn is the result of the segregation of two alleles at a single genetic locus, the class counted 9882 kernels and found that 7506 were yellow and 2376 were white. Use chi-square analysis to evaluate the fit between the segregation hypothesis and the class results. Calculate the chi-square value for this experiment.
The chi-square value for this experiment is 0.4216.
The chi-square value for this experiment can be calculated as follows:
Determine the expected number of yellow and white kernels based on the segregation hypothesis:
If the hypothesis is true, the ratio of yellow to white kernels should be 3:1, so the expected number of yellow kernels is 3 times the expected number of white kernels.
Let's assume the expected number of white kernels is x, then the expected number of yellow kernels is 3x.
The total number of kernels is 9882, so x = 9882 / 4 = 2470.5.
Therefore, the expected number of yellow kernels is 3x = 7411.5.
Calculate the difference between the observed and expected number of kernels for each color:
For yellow kernels: 7506 - 7411.5 = 94.5
For white kernels: 2376 - 2470.5 = -94.5
Square the differences and divide by the expected number:
For yellow kernels: (94.5)^2 / 7411.5 = 0.2108
For white kernels: (-94.5)^2 / 2470.5 = 0.2108
Add the values from step 3 to get the chi-square value:
0.2108 + 0.2108 = 0.4216
So, the chi-square value for this experiment is 0.4216.
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What percentage of recycling actually gets recycled?
Only 9% of plastic garbage is recycled globally, while 22% is mismanaged.
Most recycling facilities around the country have a non-recycle rate of 20 to 25%. And, of the 93% recycled, 100% finds its way to processors in the United States and Canada, where it is reused. According to Morris, a tiny fraction of the material cannot be recycled and will be landfilled or burnt.
79% of your recycling is not disposed of in a landfill. The greatest estimate for the amount of recycling that winds up in the garbage was one-third.
It not only helps to minimise your carbon footprint, but it also helps to reduce the demand for raw material gathering, saves energy, reduces greenhouse gases, avoids pollution, and much more.
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the functions of the plasma membrane include
The plasma membrane or cell membrane protects the cell. It also provides a constant environment inside the cell. And this membrane has various functions. One is to carry nutrients into the cell and toxic substances out of the cell.
Functions of the plasma membrane:
The main function of the plasma membrane is to act as a physical barrier between the external environment and internal organelles. The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that allows the movement of only certain molecules in and out of the cell.The plasma membrane also plays an important role in both endocytic and exocytotic processes.The plasma membrane also functions by facilitating communication and signaling between cells.Learn more about plasma membrane
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Given the original and mutated DNA strands below, identify the mutation.
ORIGINAL = A-T-T-C-G-G-A-A-C-T-G-A
MUTATED = A-T-T-C-G-C-A-A-C-T-G-A
The original and mutated DNA strands given is showing point mutation.
What is mutation?Mutation is any alteration to a cell's DNA sequence. Mistakes in cell division can result in mutations, as can exposure to environmental DNA-damaging substances.
Errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens, or viral infection can all cause mutations.
A point mutation is a type of genetic modification in which only one nucleotide base from the DNA or RNA sequence of an organism is altered, added, or removed.
In the given sequence, only one base is getting changed, i.e., Guanine is getting replaced by Cytosine.
Thus, this is point mutation.
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triglycerides are used as the primary energy source by muscles multiple select question. during low-intensity physical activity. during high-intensity physical activity. when the body is at rest.
During low-intensity physical activity and when the body is at rest, triglycerides are used as the primary energy source by muscles.
A form of fat called triglycerides is stored in adipose tissue and can be used as an energy source when required. They are essential for energy metabolism because they give the body energy when it is at rest and performing low-intensity physical activity. The body may meet its energy requirements during low-intensity physical activity by utilising the fatty acids that are produced from triglycerides because the energy demands are comparatively modest.
The body's energy requirements rise during high-intensity exercise, and the muscles predominantly rely on glycogen stored in the muscle fibers as an energy source. Triglycerides, however, can still play a little role, particularly when glycogen levels are low.
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Classify the following characteristics depending on whether they describe nucleotides or nucleic acids Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Form double hellx Consisi of a sugar- phosphate backbone and nitrogen bases that form cross halrs Cansist of 3 pentose sugar phosphate_ and & nltrogen-containlng base Polymers Monomers.
A nucleotide is made up of a base containing nitrogen, a phosphate, as well as a pentose sugar.b. Nucleic acid, monomers:a. Construct a double helix.b. Form crosshairs and have a nitrogenous base with a sugar phosphate backbone.The polymer.
Which four different types of nucleotides exist?DNA is made up of the nucleotides adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) (C).Base pairs, which are created when the nucleotide bond to one another, join the two DNA strands together.
The function of DNA nucleotides Definition?The nucleotide is one of the structural components, or building blocks, that make up DNA and RNA.A base (one of the four compounds adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine), an sugar molecule, as well as a phosphoric acid molecule make up a nucleotide.
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what is the difference between the axial portion of the body and the appendicular portion of the body?
Your neck, back, chest, and head comprise your axial skeleton. The bones that connect (append) to your axial skeleton make up your appendicular skeleton, which is everything else.
The axial section of the body consists of what?The cranium, laryngeal skeleton, vertebral column, and thoracic cage are all composed of bones that make up the axial skeleton. The bones of the axial skeleton "append" to the appendicular skeleton (the limbs and girdles).The body's core, which is made up of the head, neck, and torso, is represented by the axial portion. Axial section organs include those found in the cranial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic chambers. The axial section's extensions, including the extremities, arms, and legs, are represented by the appendicular portion.Your neck, back, chest, and head comprise your axial skeleton. The bones that connect (append) to your axial skeleton make up your appendicular skeleton, which is everything else.To learn more about axial skeleton refer to:
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Hugo and koby are measuring the heights of plants in biology class. Use the drop-down menus to complete the statements about the measured heights and the actual heights of the plants.
The responses are 2 cm, 15 cm, 20%, and 15% shorter and higher.
Step 1: Using the information provided, Hugo increased the height of his plant. Hugo mistakenly thought his plant was 12 cm long when it was only 10 cm. Hugo's measurement therefore differed by 2 centimeters. Hugo's % mistake is calculated by multiplying the actual value by the difference in values and dividing the result by 100.
(Difference in values / real value) / 100 Equals percentage of error
Hugo's percent error equals (12 - 10)/ 10/100, or 2/10/100, or 20%.
Step 2: Koby measured his plant shorter than it had been before. While it was 100 cm tall, he measured it to be 85 cm. Koby miscalculated his measurement by 15 centimeters. The same formula is used to compute the percent error.
(Difference in values / real value) / 100 Equals percentage of error
Koby's% mistake is equal to (100 - 85)/100/100, or 15%/100/100.
Step 3: Koby had a percent error of 15%, compared to Hugo's 20%. Hugo had the greater % mistake of the two, thus.
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Which statement is true about human cells? Choose one: A. Cancer cells lose the ability to produce the enzyme telomerase. B. In cancer cells, telomeres grow progressively shorter with each cell division. C. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells can only divide a limited number of times in culture. D. Cancer cells maintain their telomeres by reactivating the enzyme telomerase. E. Cancer cells tend to lack telomeres.
The true statement about human cells is that : D. cancer cells are able to maintain their telomeres by reactivating the enzyme telomerase.
Cancer cells are those cells that gain the ability to divide continuously in the living body and form masses of cells called tumor. They can move from one part of the body to another, a property called metastasis. The cancer cells lose their property of contact inhibition.
Telomeres are the DNA structures found at the end of the chromosomes. They are responsible for a variety of functions like: protecting from nucleolytic degradation, unnecessary recombination, repair, and inter-chromosomal fusion. Telomeres are therefore necessary for maintaining the genetic information.
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Where is the reticular connective tissue found?
The kidney, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and bone marrow all include reticular connective tissue.
What does reticular area mean?The reticular formation, whose name derives from the Latin reticulum, or "net," is a vast network of neurons that connects the brain stem to the thalamus as well as the medulla oblongata, the midbrain (mesencephalon), the pons, and the diencephalon.
What material makes up the reticular?One or more kinds of type 3 collagen strands that are incredibly tiny and intricately knotted together make up reticular fiber. These strands establish a supporting network and a highly organized cellular network. Numerous of these collagen varieties have been blended with carbohydrates.
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Which of the following questions would a behavior geneticist be most likely to ask?A. "How can prenatal tests be used to detect Down syndrome?"B. "Are preterm babies more likely to have learning difficulties during the school years?"C. "Why are children in the same family so different from one another?"D. "What effects does alcohol have on the developing organism?"
The correct alternative is C. "Why are children in the same family so different from one another?" is the question that a behavior geneticist would be most likely to ask because their field of study involves examining the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in behavior and cognition.
By exploring why children within the same family can differ from one another, a behavior geneticist can gather information about the effects of genetics and environment on personality, intelligence, and other traits.
This question is different from the other options because it focuses on the underlying causes of differences between individuals, rather than simply describing differences (as in option B) or discussing specific aspects of development (as in options A and D). By exploring the sources of variability within families, behavior geneticists can gain insight into how genes and environment interact to shape behavior and other traits, and can contribute to a deeper understanding of human development.
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steroid hormones group of answer choices function by way of a second messenger system. bind to intracellular receptors. bind to receptors on the surface of the cell. function by activating camp. cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane.
There are two primary processes by which the hormone stimulates the target cell: second-messenger mechanisms and direct gene activation. Gene Activation Directed. Steroid hormones cross the plasma membrane (they are lipid soluble) and bind to receptor molecules within the cell.
Steroid hormones penetrate past a target cell's plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Steroid hormone-induced cell signaling pathways control certain genes on the cell's DNA.
Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the nucleus as well as the cell membrane. The nuclear receptors are the most researched class of steroid hormone receptors, so termed because they serve as ligand-dependent transcription factors in the cell nucleus.
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in which order will proteins a (55 kda), b (60 d), and c (50,000 da) emerge from the column after size exclusion chromatography?
Proteins A (55 kDa), B (60 kDa), and C (50,000 kDa) will emerge from the column after size exclusion chromatography in the order of C, B, and A.
Size exclusion chromatography is a type of chromatography which separates molecules based on their size. In this method, a gel with small pores of various sizes is used.
When a mixture of proteins is passed through the gel, the largest proteins are unable to enter the pores and are eluted first, while the smallest proteins enter the pores and are eluted last. In the given case, protein C has the largest size and will be eluted first, followed by proteins B and A.
This technique is used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of proteins, to identify their size and measure the amount of each protein present in the mixture.
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suppose this fern gametophyte was all alone. in other words, it was completely isolated from all other gametophytes. several days after a rainstorm, a sporophyte began to grow from an archegonium. what could you predict would be the case about the genetics of this sporophyte?
At every locus, the sporophyte would be totally homozygous would be the case about the genetics of this sporophyte.
What exactly is a fern's gametophyte?
The fern gametophyte is a little plant that develops over a long period of time between the spore's germination and the mature sporophyte in the fern life cycle. It begins as two cells in a spore and develops into a distinctly structured structure with hundreds of cells after that. Gametophytes are the stage of plants and algae that develop sex cells during the alternation of generations. These sex cells are known as "sperm" and "eggs" among terrestrial plants, with "male" and "female" sex cells fusing to form progeny.
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hybrid toads have increased mortality rates due to severe physical deformities. what type of reproductive barrier is this?
Hybrid toads have increased mortality rates due to severe physical deformities, this type of reproductive barrier is called Postzygotic Reproductive Barriers.
In any case, we learnt a lot about the different types of barriers that can result in reproductive isolation prior to fertilisation while we were waiting for our typical hamsters to arrive. Our flying and non-flying hamster matings successfully produce fertilised eggs and zygotes. As a result, it doesn't appear that the two species of hamsters have prezygotically isolated gene pools.
Even if the two kinds of hamsters were able to mate and generate a zygote, the zygote would still need to develop to a reproductive age and give birth to offspring in order for the two hamsters to be considered to be simple variations of the same species.
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When using CODIS, the likelihood that two individuals have the same 13-loci profile is about one in a billion.
A.
B.
True
False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
neutrophils group of answer choices are responsible for specific defenses. are agranulocytes. are active in fighting bacterial infection. have multiple nuclei. are not phagocytic.
Neutrophils are agranulocytes that have multiple lobed nuclei and are active in fighting bacterial infection.
Correct answer: letters C and D.They are not phagocytic, but are responsible for specific defenses such as producing antibodies and releasing substances that can kill bacteria.
They use their chemotactic ability to find and engulf bacteria through phagocytosis. This process involves the recognition of specific molecules on the bacterial surface and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill the bacterial cells. In addition to this, neutrophils are also involved in the production of inflammatory cytokines, which play an important role in initiating an effective immune response against the infection.
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which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?
Calcitonin is a chemical that the C-cells in the thyroid organ produce and delivery. It goes against the activity of the parathyroid chemical, assisting with controlling the blood's calcium and phosphate levels.
Calcitonin and PTH are alluded to as adversarial chemicals, as their activities are entirely inverse. While calcitonin is discharged when the blood calcium level is incredibly high, PTH is emitted when the blood calcium level is excessively low.
Calcitonin and parathyroid chemical (PTH) are adversarial chemicals. This implies that these chemicals have inverse activities to each other. Calcitonin is discharged by the thyroid organ and is associated with diminishing blood calcium levels.
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which statements are true about neutrophils? multiple select question. they are agranulocytes. their count only rises in response to parasitic infections. they have multi lobed nuclei when mature. they are the most abundant leukocyte.
The true statements regarding neutrophils are:
They are agranulocytes.They are the most abundant leukocyte.Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that play an important role in the body's immune response. They are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are characterized by their multi-lobed nucleus and agranular cytoplasm. Neutrophils are responsible for identifying and neutralizing harmful pathogens such as bacteria and fungi.
Their count in the bloodstream can increase in response to infections and other inflammatory conditions, serving as a sign of an activated immune response. They migrate to the site of infection, where they engulf and destroy invading microorganisms through a process known as phagocytosis. Thus, neutrophils are critical components of the body's defense against infectious agents.
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Arrange the reservoirs in the order of increasing residence time for a molecule of water.
The arrangement of the reservoirs in the order of increasing residence time for a molecule of water is as;
Soil moistureAtmosphereGlaciersIce sheetsBiosphereThis pattern is observed as a result of the fact that the water molecule only spends a very short amount of time in the soil moisture before it becomes evaporated and is then found in the atmosphere.
In glaciers, the water molecule remains for a longer period of time, and then in ice sheets for the greatest duration possible. However, the place in the biosphere, in the form of water reservoirs, is where the water resides for the highest amount of time.
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What determines the vernation of a turfgrass species?
The vernation, or the arrangement of leaves in a shoot, of a turf grass species is determined by the growth habits and genetic makeup of the plant. Factors such as the species' morphology, the environment it is grown in, and cultural practices can also influence vernation.
Turf grass is a type of grass that is grown for specific purposes such as for lawns, athletic fields, golf courses, parks, and other landscaped areas. It is carefully maintained and mowed to create a smooth, uniform appearance. There are many different species of turf grass, each with its own unique characteristics, such as tolerance to heat, cold, drought, and shade, as well as desired texture, color, and growth habit. Proper selection and maintenance of turf grass can improve the appearance and function of a landscape, provide recreational opportunities, and contribute to the overall health and well-being of the environment.
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An enduring issue is… (define the term enduring issue in your own words)
One example of an enduring issue is… (identify an example you see in your community, state, country, or the world)
This is an enduring issue because… (explain how this issue has endured)
This enduring issue is significant because… (explain who has been affected by this issue)
An enduring issue is any issue that has persisted for a long time and is yet to be completely resolved.
One example of an enduring issue is conflict and human rights breaches.
This is an enduring issue because, throughout the years of human life, conflict and war remain despite efforts to eliminate them.
This enduring issue is significant because it has caused a great loss of life and property over the years.
What is an enduring issue?An issue that persists throughout time is called an enduring issue.
It is a problem that numerous cultures have made an effort to solve, with varied degrees of success.
Human rights breaches such as equality, discrimination, unfair treatment, and conflicts including war, and rivalry are examples of enduring issues.
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most microbial exotoxins would be created using the process of
The correct answer is “transcription”. Exotoxins are poisons that are secreted by a living bacterium but are also released during bacterial lysis. They are frequently proteins in origin. In addition, some bacteria inject poisons right into human cells through other secretion systems, like the type 3 secretion system.
One of the initial steps in gene expression is this procedure. The transport of genetic information from DNA to proteins occurs sequentially through the processes of transcription and translation. During transcription, just one strand of DNA—known as the template strand—is copied, and the resulting RNA is referred to as mRNA. The primary goal of transcription is the creation of RNA from a DNA sequence. The data required to encode a protein is carried by the RNA transcript.
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Which assumption must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a specific gene?
-No genetic drift can affect allele frequencies for the gene.
-Mating must be nonrandom with respect to the gene.
-Natural selection must favor one phenotype.
-The number of immigrants must equal the number of organisms emigrating.
If a population for just a gene has been in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allele frequencies won't alter across generations. Basic Hardy-Weinberg hypothese also include absence of mutation, random mating, gene flow, that existence of an entire population, as well as the absence of selection.
What sense use you make of the word population?A population is any entire group of people who share at minimum one characteristic. Populations are composed of more than simply one person. Populations can include, but are not limited to, people, animals, groups, institutions, buildings, places of worship, cars, farms, and other objects or situations.
What does the word "population mean" mean?The population mean is the average derived from the entire population, distribution, or group. It is determined by dividing the entire amount of demographic variables by the total number of population variables. The population mean is shown here as.
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how would an enterprise budget for a perennial or long-term crop differ from one for an annual crop?
When it comes to budgeting for crops, the type of crop being grown can greatly impact the budgeting process. In particular, a budget for a perennial or long-term crop will differ significantly from one for an annual crop.
A perennial crop is a plant that lives for multiple years and produces crops each year. Some examples include fruit trees, grape vines, and berry bushes. On the other hand, an annual crop is a plant that must be replanted each year and typically only lives for one growing season. Examples include most vegetables and grains.
When budgeting for a perennial crop, there are several key differences to consider. First, the initial costs of establishing the crop are often much higher than for an annual crop. This includes the costs of buying and planting the young plants or trees, as well as the costs of setting up any necessary irrigation systems or fencing. Additionally, there may be ongoing costs associated with maintaining the crop, such as pruning, fertilizing, and pest control.
Another key difference is that the revenue generated from a perennial crop can be spread out over many years, as the crop continues to produce each year. This can provide a more stable source of income compared to an annual crop, which must be replanted each year. However, it is also important to consider that the revenue generated by a perennial crop may not start until several years after planting, as the plants take time to mature and start producing crops.
In contrast, when budgeting for an annual crop, there are relatively low upfront costs, as seeds are much cheaper than young plants or trees. Additionally, the costs of preparing the soil and planting the seeds are typically lower than for a perennial crop. However, the costs of watering, fertilizing, and pest control must be incurred each year, as the crop will only live for one growing season.
Overall, budgeting for a perennial or long-term crop requires careful consideration of initial and ongoing costs, as well as a long-term outlook on potential revenue. While there are certainly challenges, the potential for a stable source of income over many years can make it a valuable investment for many farmers.
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match the action with the correct method of heat generation or heat exchange. matches can be used more than once, or may not be used at all. question 2 options: heat generated by photosynthesis heat generated by cellular respiration swimming in a lake to cool off on a very hot day sweating warmth of a chair you were sitting on a warm breeze heating up an insect 1. metabolism 2. conduction 3. convection 4. evaporation 5. radiation
Metabolism is heat generated by cellular respiration, conduction is the warmth of a chair you were sitting on, convection is swimming in a lake to cool off on a very hot day, evaporation is sweating, and radiation is heat generated by photosynthesis, warming up an insect.
Metabolism - refers to the chemical processes that occur within an organism, such as cellular respiration, which generates heat as a byproduct. Conduction - the transfer of heat through direct contact between objects, such as the warmth of a chair you were sitting on.
Convection - the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids, such as air or water. For example, swimming in a lake on a hot day can cool off your body through the transfer of heat from your body to the cooler water through convection.
Evaporation - the process by which a liquid changes into a gas and releases heat. For example, sweating cools off the body as the sweat on the skin evaporates, taking heat away from the body.
Radiation - refers to the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, such as the warmth of the sun reaching the earth through radiation or the heat generated by photosynthesis in plants. In the case of an insect, it can be warmed up by radiation from the sun.
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Which one of the following structures will you likely NOT see in an unstained cell?a. chromosomeb. cell wallc. nucleusd. nuclear envelopeTrue or False: A compound light microscope can be used for electron (scanning or transmission) microscopy.
The following structures will you likely NOT see in an unstained cell is cell wall.
Large unstained cells (LUC) are unclassifiable white blood cells, including stem cells, regular lymphocytes, and virocytes. The proportion of big unstained cells is reported in clinical laboratories' test results for blood and other medical testing. They are actually peroxidase-negative, activated lymphocytes.
A hard, exterior layer created especially to offer rigidity and structural support is known as a cell wall. Additionally, it protects the inside parts of the cell from the outside environment and preserves them in tact. The primary role of the cell wall is to provide structural support and strength as well as a semi-permeable surface that allows molecules to enter and exit the cell.
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Which is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?
a. Oxygen
b. Nitrogen
c. Carbon Dioxide
d. Other gases
According to the claim made, nitrogen represents the most common gas found in the atmosphere.
What does atmosphere mean?The atmosphere is one of the fundamental elements of Earth's interrelated physical systems. The gaseous layers that envelop a planet or even other celestial body make up its atmosphere. About 78% of the gas in the Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen, 21% are oxygen, and 1% are other gases.
What is in atmosphere?About 78% of the gases in the Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen, 21% are oxygen, 0.9 % are argon, and 0.1 % are other gases. This remaining 0.1 percent of gases includes trace amounts of neon, water vapour, methane, carbon dioxide, and methane.
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Which of the following statements is not a part of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
A. The genotype frequencies in the offspring generation must add up to two.
B. If allele frequencies in a population are given by p and q, then genotype frequencies will be given by p2, 2pq, and q2 for generation after generation.
C. When alleles are transmitted according to the rules of Mendelian inheritance, their frequencies do not change over time.
D. Even if allele A1 is dominant to allele A2, it does not increase in frequency.
The requirement that the genotype frequencies in the offspring generation add up to two is not included in the Hardy-Weinberg principle. The correct answer is option(a).
The Hardy-Weinberg evenness is a standard declaring that the hereditary difference in a people will wait loyal from individual production to the next in the deficiency of disquieting determinants. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) is used to estimate the number of homozygous and heterozygous variant carriers established allure allele commonness in public that is not developing.
The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) is a main fundamental principle of society person's family tree, which states that “genotype recurrences in a people wait for neverending 'tween production in the omission of commotion by outside determinants”.
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Which of the following is not a function performed by glial cells ?
A. Remove cellular debris produced by damaged or dying cells
B. Increase the speed of electrical impulses passed down an axon
C. Form the blood - brain barrier
D. Detect internal body conditions
They create the myelin sheath, which insulates the neurons. By creating a close connection between the blood vessels and the neurons, they also assist in feeding the neurons. However, these cells do not produce neurotransmitters.
What are the four tasks that glial cells perform?
Glial cells have four primary roles: to surround and stabilise neurons; to supply them with nutrition and oxygen; to insulate one neuron from another; and to degrade and remove the remains of dead neurons (clean up).
What does the glial cell Mcq do?
The neurons are supported structurally and with nutrition by glial cells that surround them. The meninges are membranes that surround the spinal cord and brain. The brain and spinal
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