"The District Court's assessment that all this evidence proved racial predominance clears the bar of clear error review. The court emphasized that the districting plan's own architects had repeatedly described the influx of African-Americans into District 12 as a . . . compliance measure, not a side-effect of political gerrymandering. And those contemporaneous descriptions comported with the court's credibility determinations about the trial testimony—that Watt told the truth when he recounted Rucho's resolve to hit a majority-BVAP target; and conversely that Hofeller skirted the truth (especially as to Guilford County) when he claimed to have followed only race-blind criteria in drawing district lines. We cannot disrespect such credibility judgments."
-Associate Justice Elena Kagan, opinion of the Court in Cooper v. Harris, 2017
Supporters of Kagan's view that a state cannot use race as a predominant factor in creating districts could cite which of the following cases as precedent?

Supporters of Kagan's view that a state cannot use race as a predominant factor in creating districts could cite Shaw v. Reno (1993) as precedent.

In Shaw v. Reno, the United States Supreme Court addressed the issue of racial gerrymandering in districting. The case involved a redistricting plan in North Carolina that created a highly irregularly-shaped majority-minority district. The Court held that the district's shape and composition raised the suspicion of racial gerrymandering and violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Court's decision in Shaw v. Reno established an important precedent regarding the use of race as a predominant factor in districting. It clarified that race cannot be the predominant consideration in drawing district lines unless there is a compelling governmental interest and the districting plan is narrowly tailored to achieve that interest.

The ruling in Shaw v. Reno highlighted the constitutional requirement that race-neutral districting principles should be followed, and that race should not be used as the primary factor in drawing district boundaries. This case established that intentional racial gerrymandering violates the principle of equal protection under the law.

The Court's reasoning in Shaw v. Reno was based on the fundamental principle that districting should be based on legitimate, non-discriminatory criteria such as compactness, contiguity, and respect for political subdivisions. The decision aimed to prevent the creation of racially segregated districts that could dilute or marginalize the voting power of racial minorities.

The significance of Shaw v. Reno extends beyond the specific case itself. It set a precedent for subsequent cases involving racial gerrymandering and has been referenced in various legal challenges to districting plans across the United States.

By citing Shaw v. Reno, supporters of Kagan's view in Cooper v. Harris can argue that the use of race as a predominant factor in creating districts is unconstitutional and undermines the principles of equal protection and fair representation in the democratic process.

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