The diagram shows !
energy changes for a reaction pathway.
Potential Energy
Reaction Pathway
Part 1: Describe how you can determine the total change in enthalpy and activation energy
diagram, and if each is positive or negativo.
Part 2: Describe how the curve will look if the reaction was exothermic. Be sure to mention changes in the potential energies of the reactants and products and the sign changes of the enthalpy.
Answers
The difference between the highest point on the reaction profile and the energy of the reactants is the activation energy of the reaction.
What is a potential energy diagram?The energy change between the reactants and the products is shown by a potential energy diagram or a reaction profile.
Looking at the reaction profile, we can see that the products have more energy than the reactants, indicating that the reaction is endothermic. By subtracting the energy of the products from the energy of the reactants, the enthalpy change is obtained.
Thus, The activation energy of the reaction is the difference between the highest point on the reaction profile and the energy of the reactants.
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Your question is incomplete, the image of energy diagram is attached below
Related Questions
Calculate the molality of the following solution: 3.20 moles of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) in 3746 g of water
Answers
To calculate the molality (m) of a solution,
We will need to divide the number of moles of solute (n) by the mass of the solvent (in kg).
First, we will need to convert the mass of water from grams to kilograms:
mass of water = 3746 g = 3.746 kg
Next, calculate the number of moles of ethylene glycol:
moles of ethylene glycol = 3.20 moles
After finding the number of ethylene glycol, we will use the formula to calculate the molality:
m = moles of solute / mass of solvent (in kg)
m = 3.20 moles / 3.746 kg
Simplifying this calculation, we get:
m = 0.853 mol/kg
Therefore, the molality of the solution is 0.853 mol/kg.
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A recipe calls for -cup of butter. One ounce (oz) of butter is equivalent to 2 tablespoons (T) and 4 there are 8 oz of butter in 1 cup. Which of the following statements correctly interpret the information provided? Select all that apply. Check all that apply. O The information provided gives the conversion factor 8 oz /2 TO The information provided gives the conversion factor 8 oz/1 cupO The recipe requires 64 T of butter. O The recipe requires 4T of butter.
Answers
The statements that correctly interpret the information provided, about the recipe are The information provided gives the conversion factor 8 oz /2 T, and The recipe calls for 4T of butter. The correct A and D.
Using this information, we can convert the amount of butter needed in the recipe from cups to tablespoons. Since there are 8 oz of butter in 1 cup, and 1 oz is equivalent to 2 T, we can calculate that 1 cup of butter is equivalent to 16 tablespoons (8 oz x 2 T/oz = 16 T). Therefore, if the recipe calls for -cup of butter, this is equivalent to 8 tablespoons of butter (1/2 cup x 16 T/cup = 8 T).
Additionally, we can check that 1/4 cup of butter is equivalent to 4 tablespoons by using the conversion factor of 8 oz / 1 cup. Since 1/4 cup is one-fourth of 1 cup, it is equivalent to 2 oz of butter (8 oz / 4 = 2 oz). Then, using the conversion factor of 1 oz = 2 T, we can calculate that 2 oz of butter is equivalent to 4 tablespoons (2 oz x 2 T/oz = 4 T).
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a 2.0 l sample of butane at 25 c and 1.3 atm is combusted with excess o2. using the bond enthalpies given above, estimate the change in energy by this sample of butane (c4h10). chemical structure of butane:
Answers
The chemical equation for the combustion of butane (C4H10) with excess oxygen (O2) is:
C4H10 + 13/2 O2 → 4 CO2 + 5 H2O
The balanced equation shows that 1 mole of butane reacts with 13/2 moles of O2 to produce 4 moles of CO2 and 5 moles of H2O. The change in energy for the combustion of butane can be calculated using bond enthalpies, which are given in units of kJ/mol of bonds broken or formed.
The bond enthalpies needed for this calculation are:
C-H = 413 kJ/mol
C-C = 348 kJ/mol
C=O = 799 kJ/mol
O=O = 498 kJ/mol
O-H = 463 kJ/mol
First, we need to calculate the total energy required to break the bonds in butane:
4 C-H bonds × 413 kJ/mol/bond = 1652 kJ/mol
8 C-C bonds × 348 kJ/mol/bond = 2784 kJ/mol
The total energy required to break the bonds in butane is:
1652 kJ/mol + 2784 kJ/mol = 4436 kJ/mol
Next, we need to calculate the total energy released by forming new bonds in the products:
8 C=O bonds × 799 kJ/mol/bond = 6392 kJ/mol
10 O-H bonds × 463 kJ/mol/bond = 4630 kJ/mol
The total energy released by forming new bonds in the products is:
6392 kJ/mol + 4630 kJ/mol = 11022 kJ/mol
The net change in energy for the combustion of butane is:
11022 kJ/mol - 4436 kJ/mol = 6586 kJ/mol
Finally, we need to calculate the energy change for the given sample of butane (C4H10) by using the Ideal Gas Law:
PV = nRT
where P = 1.3 atm, V = 2.0 L, n is the number of moles of butane, R is the gas constant (0.0821 L·atm/mol·K), and T = 25°C = 298 K.
Solving for n, we get:
n = PV/RT = (1.3 atm)(2.0 L)/(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(298 K) = 0.108 mol
Therefore, the change in energy for the given sample of butane (C4H10) is:
6586 kJ/mol × 0.108 mol = 711 kJ
Therefore, the change in energy for the given sample of butane (C4H10) is approximately 711 kJ.
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A photon of ultraviolet (UV) light possesses enough energy to mutate a strand of human DNA. What is the energy of a single UV photon and 1 mole of UV photons having a wavelength of 32 nm?
1 mol UV photons = 6.022 × 10^23 UV photons.
E of single photon = ??? J
E of 1 mole = ??? J/mol
Answers
3.73 × 10⁻¹²J/mol is the energy of a single UV photon and 1 mole of UV photons having a wavelength of 32 nm.
What elements make up a photon?
A photon is a microscopic particle made up of electromagnetic radiation waves. Maxwell demonstrated that photons are merely electric fields moving through space. Photons move at the speed of light and have no charge or rest mass.
According to Planck's Law, electromagnetic radiation from heated bodies is not released in a continuous stream but rather as discrete energy units called quanta, the size of which depends on a fundamental physical constant.
E .. hc/λ
λ is 32nm
h is 6.626*10⁻³⁴Js
c is 3 × 10⁸m/s
E of single photon will be (6.626*10-34 * 3*10⁸)/32*10⁹
i.e. 0.62*10⁻³⁵J
1 mol UV photons = 6.022 × 10^23 UV photons.
E of 1 mole = E of single photon *6.022 × 10²³
= 0.62*10⁻³⁵ * 6.022 × 10²³
= 3.73*10⁻¹²J/mol
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In this experiment, we will need to ensure the sample and burette are ready for titration. Select ALL the statements that are TRUE. Note: Partial credit will not be given to partial answers. You must select ALL the true statements. Right before titration, add 5-8 drops of the indicator, Calmagite. Measure the pH of the water solution and adjust it to pH 7 with HCI. Measure the pH of the water solution and adjust it to pH 10 or above with a buffer. Rinse and coat with DI water, then with EDTA solution before filling it up with EDTA. Right before titration, add 5-8 drops of the indicator, phenolphthalein.
Answers
Prior to titration, the buret must be cleaned with lab water and the titration solution. With little volumes of lab water, rinse the buret three times.
What is meant by Calmagite?A complex metric indicator called calmagite is used in analytical chemistry to detect the presence of metal ions in solution. The color of calmagite changes when it is attached to an ion, just like with other metal ion indicators. The titration of calcium or magnesium with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid frequently uses the indicator calmagite in analytical chemistry (EDTA). The amount of magnesium in biological materials can be determined using it as well. water soluble.In the presence of calcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg 2+) ions at pH 10, the metal ion indicator calmagite causes a solution to turn wine red. When EDTA is added to a solution, the indicator is removed from the metal-indicator complex and the solution turns blue.To learn more about Calmagite, refer to:
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If 38g of water are produced in the reaction, how many moles of COz were produced.
Answers
If 38g of water are produced in the reaction, 19 moles of CO₂ were produced.
What is mole ?The term mole is defined as the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities.
One mole of any substance is equal to 6.023 × 10²³ units of that substance such as atoms, molecules, or ions. The number 6.023 × 10²³ is called as Avogadro's number or Avogadro's constant.
CO₂ + 4H₂ → CH₄ + 2H₂O
In the above reaction we see that,
2 mole of H₂O produce 1 mol of CO₂
Therefore,
38 gram of H₂O produce 19gram of CO₂
Thus, If 38g of water are produced in the reaction, 19 moles of CO₂ were produced.
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I how much PbI2 can you make
2. What is the Limiting reagant
3. What is the excess reagant
4. how much excess reagant is left over?
Pb(NO3)2+2KI->PbI₂ + 2KNO3
1.25g of Pb(No3)
2.50g of 2KI
Answers
Here, the limiting reactant in the given reaction, is potassium iodide which is not sufficient in amount to complete the reaction. The excess reactant is lead nitrate and there will be 0.065 moles of KI left over the reaction.
What is limiting reactant ?A limiting reactant in a reaction is the reactant which is fewer in amount or consume early without complete reaction with other reactants. Hence, as soon as this reactant is consume, the reaction stops.
Molar mass of lead nitrate = 331.2 g/mol
molar mass of KI =166 g/mol
no.of moles in 25 g of lead nitrate = 25 / 331.2 = 0.075 moles.
no.of moles of 2.50 g of KI = 0.53 /71 = 0.015 moles
Here, 0.075 moles of lead nitrate needs 0.15 moles of KI, but we have only 0.015. Hence, KI is the limiting reactant.
2 moles of KI produce 1 mole of lead iodide. Hence, 0.015 of KI produce its half 0.0075 moles of lead iodide
mass of 0.0075 moles = 0.0075 × 461 g/mol = 3.45 g.
Therefore, 3.45 g of PbI₂ is produced.
Now, 0.015 moles of KI needs 0.0075 moles of lead nitrate only. But we have 0.075 moles. Hence, 0.06 moles of lead nitrate left over.
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using a reference table, determine the hrxn for each of the three reactions you performed from the heats of formation of each of the species in the reaction.
Answers
The enthalpy change of a reaction (ΔHrxn) can be calculated using the heats of formation of each of the reactants and products.
The heat of formation (ΔHf) is the enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states under standard conditions. The standard state is the most stable form of the element at a given temperature and pressure.
The equation for calculating the enthalpy change of a reaction using heats of formation is:
ΔHrxn = Σ(nΔHf(products)) - Σ(nΔHf(reactants))
Where ΔHf is the heat of formation, n is the stoichiometric coefficient, and Σ is the sum of the heats of formation for all species in the reaction.
By using a reference table of heats of formation, we can calculate the enthalpy change for a given reaction and determine if it is exothermic (ΔHrxn < 0) or endothermic (ΔHrxn > 0).
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A chemistry student weighs out 0.950 kg of an unknown solid compound X and adds it to 2.00 L of distilled water at 24.° C . After 10 minutes of stirring, only some of the X has dissolved. The student drains off the solution, then washes, dries and weighs the X that did not dissolve. It weighs 0.570 kg.
1) Using the information above, can you calculate the solubility of X?
2) If so, calculate it. Remember to use the correct significant digits and units.
Thanks!
Answers
The solubility of X would be S = 190 g/L.
What is meant by solubility?A substance's solubility is the greatest amount that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature. A specific solute-solvent combination's solubility is a defining trait, and the solubilities of various compounds can vary significantly.
The initial mass of the unknown solid exists [tex]$m_i=0.950 \mathrm{~kg}$[/tex]
The mass of the undissolved substance exists [tex]$m_u=0.570 \mathrm{~kg}$[/tex]
The volume of the solution exists V = 2.00 L
1) Yes, it is possible to determine X's solubility since the solubility of a substance in a solution is the quantity of the substance required to saturate 1 unit volume of the solvent solution at the specified temperature.
And from our inquiry, we can see that ingredient X saturates the solvent but is still present in the mixture undissolved.
2) The mass of the substance that dissolved ([tex]m_d[/tex]) is mathematically represented as
[tex]$$\begin{aligned}& m_d=m_i-m_u \\& m_d=0.95-0.570 \\& m_d=0.38 \mathrm{~kg}=0.38 * 1000=380 \mathrm{~g}\end{aligned}$$[/tex]
The solubility of this substance (X) is mathematically represented as
[tex]$S=\frac{m_d}{V}$$[/tex]
substituting values in the above equation, we get
[tex]$$\begin{aligned}& S=\frac{380}{2} \\& S=190 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}\end{aligned}$$[/tex]
Therefore, the solubility of X would be S = 190 g/L.
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water is the working fluid in an ideal rankine cycle power plant. superheated vapor enters the turbine at 10 mpa, 4800c, and the condenser pressure is 6 kpa. the cooling water used in the power plant entered the condenser at 200c and exited at 350c. to gain understanding, we performed the following calculations: (a) work done by the turbine per kg of water (b) work consumed by the pump per kg of water (c) heat input in the steam generator per kg of water (d) heat rejected at the condenser per kg of water (e) the efficiency of the power plant (f) the mass flow rate of water in the cycle and the mass flow rate of cooling water assuming a 4000 mw power plant, i.e. similar to the palo verde nuclear power plant in arizona (g) how much is the mass flow rate of cooling water compared to the residential water use of a person in us (100 gallons of water per day
Answers
The calculations listed provide a comprehensive understanding of the thermodynamic performance of the Rankine cycle power plant and the water requirements of the plant.
This is a thermodynamics problem involving an ideal Rankine cycle power plant that uses water as its working fluid. The problem requires the calculation of various parameters, including the work done by the turbine, work consumed by the pump, heat input, heat rejected, efficiency, and mass flow rates of water and cooling water.
The problem also requires a comparison of the mass flow rate of cooling water to the residential water use of a person in the US. The solution to this problem involves applying the principles of thermodynamics, specifically the Rankine cycle, and using relevant equations to calculate the required parameters.
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A thin stream of water bends toward a negatively charged rod. When a positively charged rod is placed near the stream, it will bend in the same direction, not the opposite direction. Why? Can you think of another example?
Answers
The stream of water is attracted to the negatively charged rod because of electrostatic attraction. This same force will also attract the positively charged rod in the same direction.
Another example of this would be a magnet and a paperclip. The magnet will attract the paperclip even if the magnet is of a different charge.
What is electrostatic attraction?
Electrostatic attraction is the force of attraction between two objects with opposite electrical charges. Electrons from one object are attracted to protons in the other object, creating a strong but short-lived bond. This force helps to keep molecules together, and it is one of the four fundamental forces of nature.
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how many kinds of chemically non-equivalent hydrogens are there in each of the following compounds? xyxlohexane n-ch3
Answers
The number of the chemically non-equivalent hydrogens are there in the cyclohexane and N - (CH₃)₃ is zero.
The Non-equivalent hydrogen are groups of the hydrogens will have different synthetic movements. The Symmetry is the main component to determine the non-equivalent hydrogens.
The all the hydrogens in the cyclohexane are chemically equivalent hydrogens , therefore the is zero non equivalent hydrogen. In the compound N - (CH₃)₃ that is the N,N-Dimethylmethanamine. The non - equivalent hydrogen in this compound is zero because all the hydrogen are chemically equivalent. Therefore , all the hydrogens in the cyclohexane and N - (CH₃)₃ are chemically equivalent.
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Experiment 4C: Solvent Extraction II: Acid-Base Extraction Using Two-Component Mixture of an Acid and a Neutral Substance Procedure: The procedure was followed as described in Mayo, pages 147-150, with the modifications listed in the posted Blackboard document. Additional modifications to the procedure included the following: Instead of separating a mixture of three compounds the mixture contained only a base and neutral compound. A centrifuge tube was used fo the separation technique.The melting point of 9-fluorenone was the only reagen identified. - Use 75 mg of the compounds instead of 50 mg. - Use 9-fluorenone and benzoic acid - Use either a 15-mL centrifuge tube or a 20-mL separatory funnel to mix th components.
Answers
Acid-Base Extraction is a separation technique that is used to separate organic compounds based on their acid-base properties. In this experiment, the goal is to separate a mixture of a base and a neutral compound using acid-base extraction.
The first step in this experiment is to dissolve the mixture of 9-fluorenone and benzoic acid in a solvent. This is done by adding 75 mg of the mixture to a centrifuge tube or a separatory funnel along with an appropriate solvent. The solvent should be chosen based on its ability to dissolve the mixture and its immiscibility with water.
Next, an aqueous solution of a strong acid or base is added to the mixture. This will react with the base or acid in the mixture, respectively, forming a salt that is soluble in water. The aqueous layer can then be separated from the organic layer using the centrifuge tube or separatory funnel.
The final step is to recover the separated compounds.
The aqueous layer can be evaporated to recover the salt, which can then be converted back to the original base or acid using an acid or base, respectively. The organic layer can be evaporated to recover the neutral compound.
Overall, acid-base extraction is a useful technique for separating organic compounds based on their acid-base properties. It is important to carefully choose the solvent and acid or base used in the experiment to ensure efficient separation of the compounds.
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for the reaction between sodium metal and water, determine how many grams of hydrogen gas will form if you start with 4.0 moles of sodium. assume you have more than enough water.
Answers
If you start with 4.0 moles of sodium, 4.0 moles of hydrogen gas will form.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium metal and water is [tex]2N_a + 2 H2_O[/tex] - > [tex]2 NaOH + H2.[/tex] The stoichiometry of the equation indicates that 2 moles of sodium reacts with 1 mole of water to produce 1 mole of hydrogen gas.
Therefore, if you start with 4.0 moles of sodium, all of it will react with water to produce 2.0 moles of hydrogen gas. To convert moles to grams, you would need to use the molar mass of hydrogen, which is 1.008 g/mol, giving a final answer of 2.016 grams of hydrogen gas.
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Relate how the energy of ATP hydrolysis can be harnessed to drive an energetically unfavorable condensation reaction.(A-H + B-OH → A-B + H2O)
Answers
ATP hydrolysis releases energy in the form of a high-energy phosphate bond.
This energy can be harnessed to drive energetically unfavorable condensation reactions, such as the reaction A-H + B-OH → A-B + H2O. In this reaction, a covalent bond is formed between A and B, while a water molecule is released.
The overall reaction can be written as:
B-OH + ATP → B-PO4 + ADP (phosphorylation of B)
B-PO4 + A-H → A-B + H2O + Pi (condensation reaction)
The overall reaction is exergonic, as it involves the release of energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, which is coupled to the energetically unfavorable condensation reaction.
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What types of bodies of water contain saltwater? Freshwater?
Answers
The type of water body that contains saltwater and freshwater is an estuary.
What is an estuary?An estuary is a water body that is formed when seawater and freshwater meet. When a freshwater body or river meets together, they create an estuary. It contains both fresh and salty water.
An estuary is a home to many water species, that can tolerate both acidic and alkaline water. Water bodies called estuaries and the marshes that surround them are typically found where rivers and the sea converge.
Estuary is also of different types. Some estuaries contain mixed water, but some contain one side of salty and one side of fresh water, which do not mix thoroughly.
Therefore, an estuary is a sort of body of water that contains both freshwater and saltwater.
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A 75.0 mL sample of sulfur dioxide gas exerts 200. mm Hg pressure at 30.0ºC. What pressure in mmHg does it exert at 35.0ºC if the volume expands to 80.0 mL?
Answers
The pressure of the sulfur dioxide gas at 35.0ºC, when the volume expands to 80.0 mL, is 170.0 mmHg.
Pressure = (200 mmHg)(80.0mL/75.0mL)(273.15K/303.15K) = 170.0 mmHg
Calculation
1) Calculate the temperature in Kelvin,
30.0ºC = 303.15K
35.0ºC = 308.15K
2) Calculate the Pressure,
Pressure = (200 mmHg)(80.0mL/75.0mL)(273.15K/303.15K)
Pressure = (200 mmHg)(80.0mL/75.0mL)(273.15K/303.15K)
= 170.0 mmHg
Gay-Lussac's Law
Gay-Lussac's Law states that the pressure of a fixed amount of gas held at a constant volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
P1/T1=P2/T2
The pressure of the sulfur dioxide gas at 35.0ºC, when the volume expands to 80.0 mL, is 170.0 mmHg.
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Which of the following is a way to decrease rate of dissolution of a solid in a liquid?
a
increase surface area
b
decrease agitation
c
increase temperature
(30 points)
Answers
By decreasing agitation, rate of dissolution of a solid in a liquid can be decreased. Therefore, the correct option is option C.
What is dissolution?To dissolve means to move a solute into a solution in chemistry. Dissolution is another word for dissolving. Dissolution often entails a solid transitioning into such a liquid phase, although it can also involve additional changes.
For instance, when alloys develop, a solid solution is created when one resulting effect into another. A process must fulfill specific requirements in order to be deemed dissolution. By decreasing agitation, rate of dissolution of a solid in a liquid can be decreased.
Therefore, the correct option is option C.
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Use the Text Submission box to answer the following question. Rank the following bonds in order of strength from weakest to strongest:
a. C-C
b. C=C
c. C-H
d. C-O
e. C=O
f. C-F
g. C-Br
h. C≡N
Answers
The strength of a bond between two atoms is determined by the amount of energy required to break the bond.
The higher the bond energy, the stronger the bond. Generally, the more bonds between two atoms, the stronger the bond.
Based on this information, we can rank the bonds in order of strength from weakest to strongest:
C-Br
C-C
C-H
C-O
C-F
C=C
C=O
C≡N
Therefore, the bond between C and Br is the weakest, while the bond between C and N with a triple bond is the strongest.
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Explain why the Jobs method works in determining the formula of a salt.
Answers
The Jobs method works because the ratio of the cations to the anions in a salt is fixed and can be determined by measuring the mass of the precipitate formed when the salt is reacted with a known quantity of a reagent.
What is Job?
In the context of chemistry, the "Jobs method" refers to a chemical technique used to determine the empirical formula of a salt. It is named after its inventor, Zdenko Hans Skraup Job (1865-1933), who was an Austrian chemist and professor of chemistry at the University of Prague.
Job is best known for his work on the synthesis and properties of organic compounds, particularly his research on indole derivatives and alkaloids. He also made important contributions to the field of physical chemistry, including the development of the Jobs method for determining the empirical formula of a salt.
The Jobs method is a chemical technique used to determine the empirical formula of a salt. It involves finding the ratio of the cations and anions in the salt by taking advantage of the precipitation reaction that occurs between the salt and a known amount of a reagent that forms an insoluble product with one of the ions in the salt.
The general steps of the Jobs method are as follows:
A known quantity of the salt is dissolved in water to form a solution.
A known quantity of a reagent is added to the solution, which reacts with one of the ions in the salt to form an insoluble precipitate.
The precipitate is filtered and dried, and the mass is measured.
The mass of the precipitate is used to calculate the moles of the ion that reacted with the reagent.
The ratio of the moles of the cation to the moles of the anion is calculated.
The ratio is then simplified to the smallest whole number ratio to determine the empirical formula of the salt.
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In a calorimeter, the temperature of 100 g of water decreased by 20°C when 10 g of ice melted. How much heat was absorbed by the ice?
A 8.36 j
b 8.36 kj
c 20 kj
d 836 kj
Answers
The heat that is absorbed is 8.36 kj.
What is the heat that is absorbed?Heat absorbed by ice is the amount of thermal energy that is transferred from its surroundings to the ice, causing the temperature of the ice to increase. This process occurs until the ice reaches its melting point, at which point it begins to convert from a solid state to a liquid state.
We have that;
Q = mcdT
Q = Heat absorbed
m = mass of the substance
c = Heat capacity
dT = temperature change
Thus
Q = 100 * 4.18 * (20)
Q = 8.36 kj
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three resonance structures are possible for the cation shown. one resonance form is given. draw the two remaining resonance structures (in any order), including nonbonding electrons and formal charges. omit curved arrows. resonance structure a is a 6 carbon chain where carbon 1 has a carbocation, there is a double bond between carbons 2 and 3 and between carbons 4 and 5 and carbon 5 has a methyl substituent. structure b structure c which structure contributes most to the hybrid? the primary allylic carbocation is the major resonance structure. the tertiary allylic carbocation is the major resonance structure all structures are equal contributors. the secondary allylic carbocation is the major resonance structure
Answers
In the figure below, the incomplete resonance structure that is lacking is attached. The addition of the nonbonding electrons and their formal charge, which can be seen from there, completes the resonance structure.
What is a resonance structure?Resonance, also known as mesomerism, is a method used in chemistry to describe bonding in specific molecules or polyatomic ions by combining numerous contributing structures into a resonance hybrid according to the valence bond theory. The electronic bonding, including fractional bonds and fractional charges, of a single polyatomic species is collectively represented by resonance structures, which are a collection of two or more Lewis structures. The number of electrons in resonance structures should be constant; do not add or subtract any electrons. (Count the electrons to determine their number). Every resonance structure complies with the standards for writing Lewis Structures. The structure's hybridization must continue to be the sameIn the figure, the other two resonance structures that can be obtained from the entire structure are also depicted. The hybrid is primarily made up of the structure with the negative charge on the oxygen among these three structures.To learn more about resonance structure, refer to:
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Use the balanced chemical reactions from 2b) and the moles of co2 desired (3a) to determine what minimum volume (ml) of 2 m hcl solution you would need to use to make sure that hcl is in excess for reaction with any of the carbonate salts.
Answers
To determine the minimum volume of 2M HCl needed to ensure that HCl is in excess for reaction with any of the carbonate salts, you need to first determine the number of moles of HCl required.
Since you have the balanced chemical equation from 2b) and the moles of CO₂ desired from 3a), you can use the mole ratio from the equation to calculate the amount of HCl needed. For example, if the equation is 2 moles of HCl for every 1 mole of CO₂, and you need 3 moles of CO₂, you would need 6 moles of HCl. To convert this to volume, you need to use the molarity of the HCl solution, which is 2M.
That means that for every 1 mole of HCl, you will need 2 liters of HCl solution. Therefore, for 6 moles of HCl, you would need 12 liters, which is 12,000 ml of 2M HCl solution.
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Which of the following statements correctly describe the molality and molarity of a solution? Select all that apply.For a dilute aqueous solution molality and molarity are nearly equal.Both molarity and molality express concentration in terms of moles of solute.M must be calculated using the volume of the solution, not the volume of the solvent.
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In terms of solute moles, molarity and molality both represent concentration. The volume of the solution, not the volume of the solvent, must be used to determine.
In an aqueous solution, are molarity and molality equivalent?While a solution's molarity is determined by the moles of solute divided by the volume of the solution in litres, a solution's molality is determined by the moles of solute divided by the mass of the solvent in kilogrammes.
When are a solution's molarity and molality almost the same, and how is their value affected by temperature change?Molarity is the number of moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution, whereas moles of solute per thousand grammes of solvent is known as molality. Molality is not temperature-dependent, however, molarity changes when the temperature changes because the volume does.
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write balanced dissociation equations to represent the dissolving of the following solution in water: fecl3
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When FeCl3 is dissolved in water, it dissociates into its respective ions in a process known as dissociation.
The balanced dissociation equation for the dissolution of FeCl3 in water is FeCl3(s) → Fe3+(aq) + 3Cl-(aq). In this equation, the solid FeCl3 dissociates into its constituent ions Fe3+ and Cl- in the aqueous phase. Fe3+ is a cation with a 3+ charge, while Cl- is an anion with a 1- charge. When these ions dissociate in water, they become surrounded by water molecules and form hydrated ions. The process of dissociation is important in understanding the properties and behavior of solutions in aqueous environments, as it helps us to understand the distribution of ions in solution and their interactions with other solutes.
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using your knowledge of molecular structure, identify the main intermolecular force in the following compounds. you may find it useful to draw lewis structures to find your answer.
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[tex]H_{2} O[/tex] is the main intermolecular force in water [tex]H_{2} O[/tex] is hydrogen bonding, which occurs between the hydrogen atom of one molecule and the oxygen atom of another molecule. And [tex]C_H4[/tex] is the main intermolecular force in methane ([tex]C_H4[/tex]) is London dispersion forces, which are the weakest of the intermolecular forces and arise from temporary dipoles that occur when electrons are not evenly distributed in a molecule.
Hydrogen bonding is a strong intermolecular force that occurs between polar molecules, such as water, due to the attraction between the positively charged hydrogen atom and the negatively charged oxygen atom. In contrast, London dispersion forces occur between nonpolar molecules, such as methane, and arise from temporary dipoles that occur when electrons are not evenly distributed in a molecule.
Understanding the intermolecular forces in different compounds is important for predicting their physical properties, such as melting and boiling points, solubility, and viscosity.
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Identify these elements based on their locations in the periodic table. Give the symbol, not the name.
period 5, group 2 (2A)___________
period 4, group 11 (1B)____________
period 6, group 15 (5A)________________
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The symbol and the names are:
Period 5, group 2 (2A) - Strontium (Sr)Period 4, group 11 (1B) - Copper (Cu)Period 6, group 15 (5A) - Antimony (Sb)What is a periodic table?
This refers to a table that organizes all discovered chemical elements in rows (called periods) and columns (called groups) according to increasing atomic number.
The periodic table of elements puts all the known elements into groups with similar properties. This makes it an important tool for chemists, nanotechnologists and other scientists. An understanding of the periodic table helps a scientist predict how a chemical element behaves.
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true/false. in general, the bonding within some materials may not be predicted by the ketelaar triangle. for example, it only accounts for the primary bonding types (metallic, ionic, and covalent).
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The given statement: "in general, the bonding within some materials may not be predicted by the Ketelaar triangle. for example, it only accounts for the primary bonding types (metallic, ionic, and covalent)", is true (T) because the Ketelaar triangle indeed only accounts for the primary bonding types and does not consider other bonding types that may exist in some materials.
The Ketelaar triangle is a useful tool for predicting the types of bonding that may occur in a material based on its electronegativity difference. However, it only considers the three primary bonding types: metallic, ionic and covalent. There are other types of bonding, such as hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces, that may also be present in some materials.
These types of bonding are not accounted for by the Ketelaar triangle, so its predictions may not always be accurate. Therefore while the Ketelaar triangle is a helpful starting point for understanding bonding in materials, it should not be relied upon as the only tool for predicting bonding behavior.
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calculate the specific heat of brass from your data. show your work and record your answer below. include units. the specific heat of water is cwater
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The specific heat of brass is 261 J/kg°C.
The specific heat capacity is described as the quantity of heat (J) absorbed per unit mass (kg) of the material when its temperature increases 1 K (or 1 °C), and its units are J/(kg K) or J/(kg °C).
We know that heat lost by brass is equal to heat gained by water,
M(water) = 57.4 g
C(water) = 4186
ΔT(water) = 29 - 27.2
M(brass) = 57.32 g
C(brass) = ?
ΔT(brass) = 58.9 - 30
By using the formula,
M(water)C(water)ΔT(water) = M(brass)C(brass)ΔT(brass)
Substituting the values,
57.4 × 4186 × (29 - 27.2) = 57.32 × C(brass) × (58.9 - 30)
⇒ 432497.52 = 1656.548 × C(brass)
⇒ C(brass) = 432497.52 / 1656.548
⇒ C(brass) = 261 J/kg°C
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cherise the chemist needs to make 750.0 ml of 2.00 m h3po4 solution. she has 14.8 m (concentrated) h3po4 solution available. select the correct choices from the drop-down menus to describe how she should make this solution. combine ______of 14.8 m h3po4 with _____distilled water to make 750.0 ml of 2.00 m h3po4 solution.
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The molarity of the stoke solution is 14.8 M. Then we need 101.35 ml of the stoke solution with 648.65 ml of distilled water to make 750.0 ml of 2.00 M H₃PO₄ solution.
What is molarity ?Molarity is a common term used to express the concentration of a solution. It is the ratio of number of moles of solute to the volume of solution in liters.
If we have a stoke solution of molarity M1 and volume V1, and the solution prepared from the stoke solution is having molarity M2 and volume V2, then,
M1 V1 = M2 V2.
Given, M1 for the stoke acid solution = 14.8 M
M2 = 2 M
V2 = 750 ml.
then V1 = M2 V2/V1
V1 = 750 ml × 2 M /14.8 M= 101.35 ml.
water to be added to 750 ml = 750 - 101.35 = 648.65 ml
Therefore, you have to combine 101.35 ml of 14.8 M H₃PO₄ with 648.65 ml distilled water to make 750 ml of 2 M solution.
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