The defense of insanity requires the defendant to prove that when he committed the criminal acts, he had a mental defect that prevented him from distinguishing ____________.

True. According to hedonism, all pleasures are easy to experience, temporary, and are primarily about satisfying physical needs.

According to hedonism, all pleasures are easy to experience, temporary, and are primarily about satisfying physical needs. False.
Hedonism is a philosophical theory that suggests the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain are the ultimate goals of human life. However, it does not claim that all pleasures are easy to experience or only about satisfying physical needs. Pleasures can also include mental and emotional satisfaction, and their duration can vary.

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People in their 20s spend about 45-55 percent of their sleep in stage 2 and approximately 20-25 percent of their sleep in REM sleep.

Stage 2 is the second stage of non-REM sleep and is characterized by a decrease in brain activity, slow eye movements, and a decrease in muscle activity. This stage is important for consolidating memories and processing information. During this stage, the body is still able to respond to external stimuli, such as noises, but it becomes more difficult to wake up.

REM sleep, on the other hand, is the stage of sleep where we experience vivid dreams, and our eyes move rapidly. During REM sleep, our brain activity increases, and our muscles become paralyzed, preventing us from acting out our dreams. This stage is important for emotional processing and memory consolidation. It is important to note that sleep patterns can vary among individuals, and these percentages may not be exact for everyone.

Additionally, certain factors such as stress, medication, and sleep disorders can affect the amount of time spent in each stage of sleep. Overall, understanding the different stages of sleep and their functions can help us improve our sleep quality and promote overall health and well-being.

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From a family systems perspective, symptoms are often viewed as an expression of a set of habits and patterns within a family. Option A

This means that when a family experiences dysfunction or conflict, certain members may exhibit symptoms as a way of coping with the situation. These symptoms can include physical symptoms, such as headaches or stomachaches, as well as emotional symptoms, such as anxiety or depression.

Rather than being evidence of psychopathology or a sign of weakness, symptoms are seen as a natural response to the family's environment. In some cases, they may even serve a protective function, helping individuals to maintain a sense of stability or control in an otherwise chaotic situation.

It is also important to note that symptoms are not solely the result of cognitive distortions, although these can certainly play a role. Rather, they are the result of a complex interplay of factors, including family dynamics, individual temperament, and environmental stressors.

Ultimately, the family systems perspective emphasizes the importance of addressing underlying patterns and habits within the family as a means of reducing symptoms and promoting overall well-being.

By understanding the interconnectedness of family members and the impact of the family environment on individual functioning, families can work together to create a healthier, more supportive system. So the correct answer is Option A.

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The aspect of culture that best explains the emphasis on promptness in the United States is E) Culture is acquired, that is, it is learned.

This is because cultural values and behaviors are not innate or genetically determined, but rather are taught and passed down from generation to generation. In the case of punctuality, Americans learn from an early age that being on time is important, and this value is reinforced through social interactions, education, and the workplace.

As individuals grow up in American society, they observe and internalize the importance of being punctual through various social cues, rules, and expectations. Promptness is considered a sign of respect, responsibility, and professionalism, and being late can lead to negative consequences such as damaged relationships, lost opportunities, or unfavorable impressions.

As culture is learned, it can also vary between different societies, which is why punctuality may hold different levels of importance in different countries. For instance, in some cultures, being on time may not be as highly valued, and arriving late to events might be more acceptable or even expected. In summary, the American value of promptness can be best explained by the idea that culture is acquired, as it is a learned behavior that is ingrained in individuals through socialization and experience within that society. Therefore, option E is correct.

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In the United States, promptness is considered a virtue. Americas are expected to be on time for an event, and they expect others to do so as well. Which aspect of culture best explains this behavior?

A) Culture is a simple concept.

B) Culture is something one is born with.

C) Culture is unique to each individual in a society.

D) Culture is time-bound.

E) Culture is acquired, that is, it is learned.

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Strain  theories view crime as a result of stress, frustration, and failed aspirations or blocked opportunities.

Theories that view crime as a result of stress, frustration, and failed aspirations or blocked opportunities are known as strain theories. Strain theories propose that individuals experience strain or stress when they are unable to achieve their goals or expectations due to various societal factors such as poverty, discrimination, and limited opportunities.

This strain can lead individuals to experience negative emotions such as anger, frustration, and disappointment, which may result in criminal behavior as a means of coping or finding an alternative way to achieve their goals. The strain can also lead to a feeling of disconnection from society, which can lead to further criminal behavior.

One of the most well-known strain theories is Robert Merton's strain theory, which proposes that individuals are socialized to pursue the American Dream of success and wealth, but the limited opportunities available to them in society can create a gap between their aspirations and their ability to achieve them.

This gap creates strain, which can lead to criminal behavior. Another strain theory is Agnew's general strain theory, which expands on Merton's theory by including other sources of strain such as negative relationships, the loss of valued possessions, and negative treatment by others.

Overall, strain theories suggest that crime is not solely a result of individual characteristics but is also influenced by societal factors that create stress and strain. By addressing these societal factors, such as poverty and discrimination, it may be possible to reduce the strain that individuals experience and ultimately reduce criminal behavior.

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The key difference between Milgram's Obedience study and Zimbardo's Prison study is that Milgram's study had an independent variable whereas Zimbardo's study did not. The correct option is b.

Milgram's study focused on the extent to which people would obey an authority figure who instructed them to administer electric shocks to another person, while Zimbardo's study explored the effects of power dynamics on individuals in a simulated prison environment.
In Milgram's study, the independent variable was the level of authority that the experimenter exerted over the participant, which was manipulated by the degree of pressure and coercion that the experimenter used to compel the participant to continue administering shocks.

The dependent variable in this study was the amount of shock that the participant delivered to the learner.
On the other hand, Zimbardo's study did not have an independent variable, as the experimenters did not manipulate any aspect of the study conditions.

Instead, the study focused on observing the natural behavior of the participants in a simulated prison environment, where power dynamics were manipulated by assigning some participants to roles of authority (i.e., guards) and others to roles of submission (i.e., prisoners).

The dependent variable in this study was the behavior of the participants, which was observed and recorded throughout the experiment.
Overall, while both studies explored the effects of authority and power dynamics on human behavior, Milgram's study was more focused on the influence of specific manipulations of authority, while Zimbardo's study observed the natural behavior that arose in a simulated prison environment.

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It appears that your question is asking about the disciple of Jesus Christ who brought Christianity to Africa and established himself in Alexandria, Egypt. The disciple you are referring to is Saint Mark the Evangelist.

Saint Mark, also known as John Mark, was one of the earliest Christian missionaries and a close associate of both Saint Peter and Saint Paul. He is believed to have been the author of the Gospel of Mark, one of the four canonical gospels in the New Testament. Saint Mark played a crucial role in the early expansion of Christianity by bringing the faith to Africa and founding the Church of Alexandria.

The Church of Alexandria, located in Egypt, became one of the most influential centers of early Christianity. It was known for its theological scholarship, educational institutions, and the development of Christian monasticism. Under Saint Mark's leadership, the church contributed significantly to the growth and establishment of Christianity in Africa and beyond.

In summary, Saint Mark the Evangelist, a disciple of Jesus Christ, was instrumental in introducing Christianity to Africa. He established himself in Alexandria, Egypt, where he founded the Church of Alexandria, which played a vital role in the early spread and development of Christianity.

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The voice in our head is part of intrapersonal communication. Intrapersonal communication is the process of communicating with oneself through thoughts, feelings, and self-talk.

It involves an individual's internal dialogue, self-reflection, and introspection. The scenario given in the question is a perfect example of intrapersonal communication. The individual is talking to themselves and expressing their hopes and expectations in their mind. This type of communication is essential as it helps individuals understand their own thoughts and feelings, make decisions, and regulate their behavior. It is also crucial in developing a positive self-image and self-esteem. In conclusion, intrapersonal communication is an important aspect of our daily lives, and being aware of our internal dialogue can help us improve our self-awareness and overall well-being.

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The principle of government that is stated in the Preamble to the United States Constitution is that the power of government comes from the people. This principle reflects the fundamental values of American democracy, and it is essential to the functioning of a democratic society.

The principle of government that is stated in the Preamble to the United States Constitution is that the power of government comes from the people. This principle is reflected in the opening words of the Preamble, which states,

"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."

This principle reflects the idea that government should be of the people, by the people, and for the people. It emphasizes that the power of the government is derived from the consent of the governed, and that the people have the right to participate in the political process and hold their leaders accountable.

This principle is a fundamental aspect of American democracy, and it has been reflected in the country's political culture and history. From the American Revolution to the Civil Rights Movement, Americans have fought to uphold the principle that the power of government comes from the people, and that government should serve the interests of the people.
In conclusion, the principle of government that is stated in the Preamble to the United States Constitution is that the power of government comes from the people. This principle reflects the fundamental values of American democracy, and it is essential to the functioning of a democratic society.

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Compared to other periods in Supreme Court history, the Warren Court was notably assertive.

The Warren Court, led by Chief Justice Earl Warren from 1953 to 1969, made several landmark decisions that significantly impacted American society. Some of these decisions include Brown v. Board of Education, which ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, and Miranda v. Arizona, which established the rights of individuals when they are arrested and questioned by the police. The Warren Court was known for its willingness to take on controversial issues and push for social change, which some praised and others criticized. However, there is no denying that the Warren Court was an assertive and influential period in the history of the Supreme Court.

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Jim and his parents both use attribution theory to explain his grades.

Attribution theory is a psychological concept that describes how people interpret and understand the causes of events and behaviors. There are three dimensions of attributions: locus of control, stability, and controllability. Jim's attributions may be different from his parents' attributions.

Jim might attribute his grades to internal factors (locus of control), such as his intelligence or effort, while his parents may focus on external factors, such as the quality of the teaching or the difficulty of the exams. Additionally, Jim might view his grades as stable, meaning they are consistent over time and unlikely to change, while his parents may perceive them as unstable, believing that Jim's performance could improve with additional support.

In terms of controllability, Jim might feel that his grades are largely within his control, attributing them to the amount of time he spends studying. In contrast, his parents might view the situation as less controllable, believing that external factors, such as the school environment or peer influences, play a larger role in his academic performance. Understanding these different dimensions of attribution can help both Jim and his parents communicate more effectively about his academic progress and develop strategies to improve his grades.

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The correct answer is e) anxiety.

While anxiety can be a symptom of abnormality, it is not considered a major criteria for defining abnormal behavior. The four major criteria for abnormality are discomfort, dysfunction, deviance, and danger to oneself or others.

What is anxiety?

Anxiety is a normal and natural response to stress or a perceived threat. It is a feeling of uneasiness, worry, or fear that can be mild or severe, and it can be accompanied by physical symptoms such as sweating, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing.

While some anxiety is a normal part of life, excessive or chronic anxiety can interfere with daily activities and quality of life. A set of mental health illnesses known as anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive and enduring emotions of anxiety and fear. Anxiety disorders can take a variety of forms, including:

Numerous factors, such as genetics, brain chemistry, life experiences, and environmental factors, can contribute to anxiety. It is possible to treat anxiety disorders with therapy, medicine, or a combination of the two. Exercise, relaxation methods, and stress management are some lifestyle modifications that can help reduce anxiety.

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The dynamic person you are describing who is able to form a cult by convincing people that they are an emissary from the heavens may have a delusional disorder known as "grandiose delusions" or "delusions of grandeur."

Delusions of grandeur are characterized by an exaggerated sense of one's own importance, power, knowledge, or identity. People with this type of delusional disorder often believe that they possess special abilities or talents, that they are chosen by a higher power, or that they have a special relationship with a celebrity, deity, or historical figure. These beliefs are not based in reality and are not shared by others, which can lead to conflict with family members, friends, or authority figures. Delusions of grandeur are typically resistant to change or modification, and can interfere with an individual's ability to function socially, occupationally, or personally.

What is occupationally?

The term "occupationally" generally refers to something related to an occupation or profession.

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The programme is called Active Ageing, and it is founded on the idea that keeping seniors engaged and actively taking part in their families keeps them from feeling lonely and depressed.

The idea behind active ageing is to encourage older persons to stay involved and active in their families and communities in order to enhance and maintain their physical, social, and mental well-being.

Helping senior citizens preserve their independence, avoiding social isolation and loneliness, and improving their quality of life are the objectives. Exercise courses, social gatherings, volunteer work, and educational opportunities are just a few examples of the kinds of things the programme could include.

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The Analytical style of communication is characterized by language that requires the listener to carefully note what is being said and to observe how the sender is presenting the message.

This style of communication is often used in situations that require attention to detail, such as scientific or technical communication. Analytical communicators tend to be methodical and precise in their speech, and may use data or evidence to support their arguments. They may also pay close attention to nonverbal cues, such as body language and tone of voice, in order to better understand the message being conveyed. The analytical style can be effective in situations that require careful analysis and evaluation of information, but may be less effective in situations that require quick decision-making or emotional connection.

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One possible reason that women are more likely to comfort others than to take action in dangerous situations is that women respond with a "tend-and-befriend" response.

The tend-and-befriend response is a behavioral strategy that is thought to have evolved as a way to increase survival during times of stress or danger. It involves nurturing and protecting offspring (tending) and forming social bonds with others (befriending). Research suggests that women are more likely to exhibit this response than men, who may be more inclined to respond with a fight-or-flight response.

Researchers uncovered evidence in a study of 237 young men and women that suggests men often fight in response to threats, but women opt to run or provide care and companionship.  University of California psychology professor Shelley Taylor came up with the concept in 2000. According to the "tend and befriend" notion, when threatened, people would take care of their young and rely on others for connection and support.

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The answer to the question is d. Unconscious, according to Freud's theory of the human mind. This term refers to the deepest and largest part of the mind, where repressed thoughts, memories, and emotions are stored.

Freud believed that the human mind is divided into three parts: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The conscious mind includes all the thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that we are currently aware of. The preconscious mind contains information that is not in our immediate awareness but can be easily retrieved if needed.

However, the bulk of the human mind, according to Freud, is the unconscious. This part of the mind is inaccessible to conscious awareness and contains all the repressed memories, emotions, and desires that we are not aware of, but still influence our behavior and personality. The unconscious mind is believed to be the source of many psychological problems and disorders, and Freud developed psychoanalytic therapy as a way to help individuals bring unconscious material to conscious awareness and resolve inner conflicts.

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The term you are looking for is citizen suit provision. Under certain federal environmental laws such as the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act, citizen suit provisions allow private citizens to bring lawsuits against individuals or entities that are alleged to be violating environmental regulations.

The purpose of these provisions is to allow citizens to play an active role in enforcing environmental laws and to hold violators accountable for their actions.

Citizen suit provisions allow citizens to bring lawsuits in federal court against violators of environmental regulations. In order to bring a successful citizen suit, the citizen must demonstrate that the defendant has violated a specific provision of the relevant environmental law and that the violation has caused harm to the environment. If the citizen is successful in their lawsuit, the court can order the defendant to comply with environmental regulations, pay fines, or take other corrective action.

Overall, citizen suit provisions are an important tool for protecting the environment and ensuring that environmental regulations are enforced. By allowing citizens to bring lawsuits against violators of environmental laws, these provisions help to hold individuals and entities accountable for their actions and to promote greater compliance with environmental regulations.

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False, there are exceptions to the pattern of a disproportionate share of medals won by athletes from wealthy countries. While it is true that athletes from wealthier countries tend to win a higher number of medals in international competitions, there are cases where athletes from less affluent nations have also achieved notable success.

These exceptions may be attributed to factors such as exceptional talent, determination, and investment in specific sports, despite limited resources. Some less wealthy countries focus on nurturing and supporting talent in specific sports, which can lead to impressive results on the international stage.

It is important to recognize that these exceptions do exist, as they demonstrate that athletic success is not solely determined by a country's wealth or resources. Instead, factors such as hard work, dedication, and effective training programs play significant roles in shaping an athlete's performance and achievements.

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The answer to the question is that the study of perception, classification and description of the universe, the nature of the supernatural, and the philosophies, values and principles of human societies is termed anthropology.

Anthropology is the social science that studies various aspects of human behavior, society, and culture. It encompasses the study of perception, classification and description of the universe, the nature of the supernatural, and the philosophies, values and principles of human societies. Anthropologists examine different cultures, societies, and their systems of beliefs and values, in order to understand and explain human behavior and social interactions. They use various research methods, such as ethnography, archaeology, and linguistic analysis, to gather data and interpret their findings. Overall, anthropology provides a holistic and comprehensive understanding of human societies and cultures.

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The answer to your question is empathy. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. It involves putting oneself in another person's shoes, seeing things from their perspective, and feeling what they feel.

One way to develop empathy is through imitation of other people's behaviors or feelings.When we imitate someone's behavior or feelings, we begin to understand what it feels like to be in their situation. We can gain a deeper insight into their thoughts, emotions, and experiences. This understanding helps us to connect with them on a deeper level, which is crucial for building meaningful relationships.Imitation can also help us to overcome our own biases and prejudices. By imitating people who are different from us, we can learn to appreciate and respect their differences. This can lead to greater tolerance and acceptance of diversity.Overall, empathy is a crucial skill for building positive relationships and navigating the complexities of social interactions. Imitation can be a powerful tool for developing empathy, as it allows us to better understand and relate to the experiences of others. By practicing empathy, we can create a more compassionate and understanding world.

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According to the Big Five-Factor Model, a trait that reflects an affectionate, active, fun-loving, and passionate person who loves to party is extraversion.

The Big Five-Factor Model is a widely accepted framework for describing human personality traits. It consists of five broad dimensions of personality: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Extraversion is one of the five dimensions and is characterized by traits such as sociability, assertiveness, and excitement-seeking. Individuals who score high on the extraversion dimension tend to be outgoing, energetic, and enjoy socializing with others. They also tend to be more optimistic and have a positive outlook on life. In contrast, individuals who score low on the extraversion dimension tend to be more reserved, introverted, and prefer solitude or quieter activities.

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The correlation between viewing television violence and exhibiting violent behaviour could be explained by several alternative hypotheses: 1. The correlation could be explained by a third variable that is responsible for the observed correlation, 2. The relationship between television violence and violent behaviour may be bidirectional, 3. The observed correlation could be due to a combination of both of the above factors.

There are several alternative hypotheses that could explain the observed correlation between viewing television violence and exhibiting violent behaviour.

One possibility is that a third variable is responsible for the observed correlation. For example, it could be that individuals who are more prone to violence are also more likely to watch violent television shows.

In this case, the observed correlation between television violence and violent behavior would be the result of a common underlying factor, rather than a causal relationship.

Another possibility is that the relationship between television violence and violent behaviour is bidirectional. It could be that individuals who are more prone to violence are also more likely to seek out violent television shows, and exposure to these shows in turn reinforces their violent tendencies.

Finally, it is possible that the observed correlation between television violence and violent behaviour is due to a combination of both of the above factors. For example, individuals who are more prone to violence may seek out violent television shows, and exposure to these shows may further reinforce their violent tendencies.

It is important to note that correlation does not necessarily imply causation and that additional research is needed to fully understand the complex relationship between television violence and violent behaviour.

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Interest groups most effectively serve the groups that share their interests and goals, whether it be the working classes, racial and ethnic minorities, the powerless, or the upper classes.

However, the effectiveness of interest groups in serving these groups can vary depending on their resources and influence. Interest groups with greater financial resources and political clout may have more success in advancing the interests of their members, while smaller or less influential groups may struggle to make their voices heard.

Ultimately, the effectiveness of interest groups in serving their respective constituencies depends on their ability to mobilize public support and exert pressure on policymakers.

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The term used to describe this tendency is "experimental bias".

Experimental bias can occur when a probation or parole officer becomes too invested in the success of a particular program or experiment, leading them to overlook or tolerate misbehavior that they would not normally accept. This can skew the results of the experiment and lead to inaccurate conclusions about its effectiveness. It is important for probation and parole officers to remain objective and vigilant in their monitoring and evaluation of offenders, in order to avoid any potential biases that could compromise the validity of the experiment. Overall, this is a complex issue that requires a long answer, as it involves a range of factors including the nature of the experiment, the role of the probation or parole officer, and the importance of maintaining objectivity and accountability in the criminal justice system.

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Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs states that all human beings are capable of reaching higher levels of self-actualization and fulfillment, but their progress may be disrupted by various factors such as a lack of basic physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, and esteem needs.

These needs must be met before an individual can fully focus on self-actualization and personal growth. Additionally, external factors such as social and economic inequality, discrimination, and trauma can also hinder an individual's progress towards higher levels of self-actualization.

Maslow postulated that all people are capable of reaching higher levels, but their progress may be disrupted by a lack of fulfillment in lower-level needs. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, these lower-level needs include physiological, safety, love/belonging, and esteem needs. If any of these needs are unmet, it can hinder an individual's ability to achieve self-actualization, which is the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy.

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If your roommate's smoking behaviour in the common areas of the apartment you share is considered an extremely negative externality.

This situation is an example of a negative externality. A negative externality occurs when an individual's or a firm's actions have negative effects on the well-being of others who are not directly involved in the activity.

In this case, your roommate's smoking behavior is causing you discomfort as a nonsmoker, even though you are not directly participating in the act of smoking.

The smell of smoke and the potential health risks associated with secondhand smoke are the negative consequences that affect you, even though you are not the one engaging in the behavior. This creates a situation where the full cost of smoking is not being borne by the smoker alone but is also affecting you as an unintended party.

In contrast, a positive externality occurs when an individual's or a firm's actions result in benefits for others who are not directly involved in the activity. This is not the case in your situation, as the smoking behavior is causing harm rather than generating benefits for you.

In summary, your roommate's smoking behavior in the common areas of the apartment you share is an example of a negative externality, as it negatively affects your well-being even though you are not directly participating in the act of smoking.

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False beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness are known as (a) delusions.

Delusions refer to false beliefs held by an individual who persistently refuses to accept evidence that contradicts their falseness. These beliefs are typically not based on reality and can be maintained despite clear evidence to the contrary. Delusions can manifest in various forms, such as paranoid delusions, grandiose delusions, or somatic delusions.

People experiencing delusions may firmly believe in ideas that others perceive as irrational or impossible. It is a characteristic symptom of certain mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia or delusional disorder, and typically requires professional intervention for assessment and treatment.

Option a is answer.

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The term for the philosopher-teachers who traveled around Greece, offering lessons in reasoning and rhetoric, is known as Sophists.
They were secular atheists, relativists and cynical about non secular beliefs and all traditions. They believed and taught that "might makes right". They have been pragmatists trusting in some thing works to deliver about the favored give up at whatever the cost. The term for the philosopher-teachers who traveled around Greece, offering lessons in reasoning and rhetoric is "Sophists."

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In an attention experiment, you may be asked to repeat out loud the message being presented in one ear while ignoring the other. This is called the dichotic listening task.

During a dichotic-listening exercise, the subject must shadow, or repeat loudly, a message that is being sent to one ear while disregarding a message that is being delivered to the other ear.

Early studies utilizing the dichotic listening paradigm shown that participants were quite capable of effective blocking and shadowing.

The ability to concentrate on the message coming from one ear while disregarding the message coming from the other allows listeners to perceive two streams of sound, each localized at the ear to which it is presented.

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