The central dogma of molecular biology is that the information is transferred from DNA to proteins via the RNA.
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is genetic ,material in majority of the organisms. The DNA is a double stranded structure with phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and four types of nucleotides: adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.
Proteins are the main function unit of the genetic information present in DNA. The proteins are biomolecules formed by the monomeric unit called amino acids. The proteins are involved in every process inside the body. The formation of protein from the m-RNA takes place in the ribosomes.
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Which of the following primates has a honing complex with a diastema?Old World monkeys - Old World monkeys have a canine–premolar honing complex.apes - Apes are one of the nonhuman primate groups that have this honing complex.lorises - Although their canines are large and projecting, lorises do not have a canine–premolar honing complex.New World monkeys - Although New World monkeys have projecting canines, they lack a honing complex.humans - Humans have nonprojecting canines as part of a nonhoning chewing complex, whereas all nonhuman primates have projecting canines.
A honing complex with a diastema is found in Old World monkeys.
Old World monkeys have a canine–premolar honing complex with a diastema.
What is a honing complex?
Honing complex is an anatomical specialization that is found in some primates' teeth. The maxillary canine and mandibular premolar teeth are two of the most common elements of the complex. Honing complex is known as a type of dental arrangement that enables teeth to sharpen each other as a way of keeping them functioning properly.
The answer to the given question is that Old World monkeys have a honing complex with a diastema. A diastema is a dental gap between teeth, and Old World monkeys have this feature.
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identify the labeled structures of human skin. a a drop zone empty. b b drop zone empty. c c drop zone empty. d d drop zone empty. e e drop zone empty. hair follicle sensory receptor arrector pili muscle sweat gland oil gland
Last option. The labeled structure of the human body is given as
a - Hair follicleb - Sensory receptorc - Arrector pili muscled - Sweat glande - Oil glandWhat is the human body made of?Cells are the basic unit of life and the building blocks of tissues and organs. They carry out various functions such as metabolism, reproduction, and communication.
Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. There are four main types of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
Organs are made up of different types of tissues that work together to carry out specific functions. Examples of organs in the human body include the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, brain, and skin.
Systems are groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function. There are several systems in the human body, including the digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, nervous system, endocrine system, reproductive system, and musculoskeletal system.
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In rats, black coat color is dominant over white coat color. If some of the offspring of a cross between a black rat and a white rat are white, the black rat must have been A) a polyploid B) homozygous C) heterozygous D) a mutation
The correct option is C) heterozygous. Among rats, black coat color is dominant over white coat color.
The black rat must be heterozygous if some of the offspring of a cross between a black rat and a white rat are white. This indicates that the black rat carries a recessive allele for the white coat color, and the white rat carries two white coat color alleles.
Offspring refers to the young produced by an animal or plant. Heterozygous refers to having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes on corresponding chromosomes. Polyploid refers to an organism that contains more than two paired sets of homologous chromosomes .
Mutation refers to the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a different trait or characteristic.
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What are some diseases caused by smoking?
Answer:
Some diseases caused by smoking:
Heart diseaseEmphysema Respiratory InfectionsCancer of the mouth and throat, oesophagus / esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, liver, pancreas, voice box (larynx), trachea, bronchus, kidney and renal pelvis, urinary bladder, and cervix.
Explanation:
Heart Disease: A person's arteries might get blocked as a result of smoking. This prevents proper blood flow, which might result in a heart attack or stroke.
Emphysema (a lung disease): The lungs' alveoli are damaged by the chemicals in tobacco smoke. Their walls weaken, and when you breathe in, they don't properly inflate. Coughing may cause them to explode. As a result, less oxygen is transported through the bloodstream, which causes shortness of breath.
Respiratory Infections: Mucus is produced by the cells in your trachea, which serves as a filter for dust and bacteria. Moreover, your airways are kept clear by cilia, which push mucus into your stomach. The cilia are prevented from moving by chemicals in tobacco smoke. This allows for mucus to enter your lungs, which makes breathing difficult and frequently results in infections. Smokers cough this mucus up, which can harm the lungs further.
Cancers: At least 70 of the over 5000 chemicals released by cigarette smoke can cause cancer. In our lungs, the dangerous chemicals spread throughout our entire body. DNA is harmed by cigarette chemicals. Cells have a tougher time repairing any DNA damage due to the chemicals in cigarettes. Moreover, they harm the DNA that guard against cancer. Cancer is brought on by the build-up of genetic damage in a cell over time.
Which of the following is expected to happen to a species' population when resources are stable over a long period of time and the species have reached carrying capacity?.a. die out.b. ncrease.c. stay the same.d. decrease.
When resources are stable over a long period of time and the species have reached carrying capacity, their population is expected to stay the same. The correct option is c. stay the same.
Carrying capacity refers to the maximum number of organisms that an environment can support sustainably. The carrying capacity of an environment is determined by various factors such as the availability of food, water, space, shelter, and other resources that are required for the survival of the species present in the environment.
When the resources are stable over a long period of time and the species reach carrying capacity, the population of the species will not increase or decrease any further. At this point, the birth rate and the death rate of the species are equal. This is because the environment is only able to support a limited number of organisms.
In conclusion, the population of a species will remain stable when resources are stable over a long period of time, and the species have reached carrying capacity. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
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If a population experiences no migration, is very large, has no mutations, has random mating, and there is no selection, which of the following would you predict?
A .The makeup of the population’s gene pool will remain virtually the same as long as these conditions hold
b. The population will evolve, but much more slowly than normal
c. Dominant alleles in the population’s gene pool will slowly increase in frequency while recessive alleles will decrease
d. The composition of the population’s gene pool will change slowly in a predictable manner
e. The population probably has an equal frequency of A and a alleles
Answer: The makeup of the population’s gene pool will remain virtually the same as long as these conditions hold
what part of a virus determines which host the virus infects?
The virus which infects the host, attaches to a specific receptor site on the host cell membrane through attachment proteins in the capsid or via glycoproteins embedded in the viral envelope.
And, the specificity the virus holds is reponsible for the interaction of both host and the virus.
virus use the host for the replication machinery as it itself cannot produce many virus, the replication mechanism depends on the viral genome. the virus which attacks the bacteria is known as the bacteriophage.
After the virus is replicated, there is this last stage of viral replication is the release of the new virions produced in the host organism, where they are able to infect adjacent cells and repeat the replication cycle.
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Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides. In total 4 haploid daughter cells are formed. Is called
The described process is meiosis, specifically meiosis II, which is the second stage of the meiotic process.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the production of gametes, which are haploid cells that are necessary for sexual reproduction. In meiosis II, the two haploid cells produced during meiosis I each undergo further division, resulting in the formation of four haploid daughter cells.
The nuclear membrane reforms around the separated chromosomes in each of the four daughter cells, and the cytoplasm divides to produce four distinct cells. Meiosis is an important process that helps to increase genetic diversity within a population.
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Question in the picture.
yea it's the right answer u are smart
when dna probes are used to identify bacterial dna similarities by hybridization, the probe dna is heated and the template dna is treated to separate the two strands. why would the probe dna be heated?
In the process of identifying bacterial DNA similarities by hybridization, the probe DNA is heated to promote denaturation or the separation of the two strands.
What is hybridization?Hybridization is a technique used in molecular biology and genetics that involves the pairing of complementary nucleotide sequences from two different DNA or RNA strands to create a hybrid DNA double helix. Hybridization is frequently used to detect DNA or RNA sequences, such as those found in bacteria, viruses, and eukaryotes. To identify bacterial DNA similarities by hybridization, DNA probes are used.
What are DNA probes?A DNA probe is a single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that has a complementary sequence to the DNA or RNA of the target molecule. DNA probes can be used to detect specific DNA sequences in a sample or to identify the presence of particular genes or alleles. In hybridization experiments, a DNA probe is used to identify the complementary DNA sequence in a sample of bacterial DNA. To separate the DNA strands for hybridization, the probe DNA is heated while the template DNA is treated with chemicals to separate the two strands. This allows the single-stranded DNA probes to hybridize with their complementary sequences in the bacterial DNA.
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Complete the table. please answer for a helping star
A. Wind and rain are mode of transmission of Citrus canker.
B. Viruses are the causative agents of Yellow vein mosaic of okra.
C. Meningitis is a water-borne viral disease.
D. Bacteria are the causative agents of Typhoid.
Give a brief account on water-borne disease.A waterborne disease is a condition (that is, an adverse human health effect such as death, disability, illness, or disability): 47 Caused by pathogenic microorganisms that are transmitted in water. These diseases can be transmitted by bathing, washing, drinking water, or eating food that has been exposed to contaminated water. They are a pressing problem in rural areas of developing countries around the world. Diarrhea and vomiting are the most commonly reported symptoms of water-borne infections, but other symptoms may include skin, ear, respiratory, or eye problems. Inadequate supply of clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is a major cause of the prevalence of water-borne diseases in communities. Reliable access to safe drinking water and sanitation is therefore the most important way to prevent water-borne diseases.
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which sensory unit provides information about muscle stretch?
The sensory unit responsible for providing information about muscle stretch is the muscle spindle.
Muscles are specialized tissues in the body that are responsible for producing force and causing movement. In biology, muscles are classified into three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and are responsible for voluntary movement, while smooth muscles are found in internal organs and blood vessels and are responsible for involuntary movements like peristalsis.
Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and are responsible for the rhythmic contractions that pump blood throughout the body. Muscles are composed of long, thin cells called muscle fibers that contract in response to signals from the nervous system. These contractions generate force that is used to move the body or to maintain posture.
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what is the primary function of carbohydrates? group of answer choices serve as an important component of muscle. provide texture and flavor to foods. promote chemical reactions within cells. supply energy to body cells.
Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches, and fibers present in fruits, grains, vegetables, and milk products. These are one of the main sources of energy for the body. Carbohydrates are essential macronutrients that have a wide range of biological and physiological benefits for the body, including supplying energy: Carbohydrates supply the body with glucose, which is then converted into energy in the form of ATP. This energy is used by the body for various purposes including physical activity, metabolic processes, and internal functions such as circulation and breathing. Preventing the breakdown of protein: If insufficient carbohydrate is available, the body can use protein for energy, resulting in the breakdown of muscle tissue.Assisting in metabolic functions: Carbohydrates help to regulate metabolic functions such as the metabolism of fats and proteins. They also play a role in insulin regulation and cholesterol metabolism.
Carbohydrates are the body's primary energy source.
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The strength of hemoglobin's binding to oxygen is dependent on several factors. Out of the following, which is the situation where hemoglobin will bind to oxygen most tightly?
In areas of low concentration of oxygen
In the lungs
In the body tissues
In areas of high carbon dioxide concentration
All of the above would have approximately the same affect on the binding of hemoglobin to oxygen
The strength of hemoglobin's binding to oxygen is dependent on several factors. Hemoglobin will bind to oxygen most tightly in the lungs.
What is Hemoglobin?Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body's tissues and organs. Hemoglobin's iron atom binds to oxygen molecules as oxygen enters the lungs, causing the iron atom to change shape and grab additional oxygen molecules.
When a molecule of oxygen binds to a heme group, it induces a conformational change in the hemoglobin molecule that makes it easier for more oxygen to bind. Hemoglobin's binding affinity for oxygen is determined by a variety of environmental and physiological factors.
In the lungs, hemoglobin binds most tightly to oxygen because there is a higher concentration of oxygen present, which increases the likelihood of hemoglobin-oxygen interactions. Hemoglobin's binding affinity for oxygen is also influenced by pH, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, and pressure; however, in the lungs, the concentration of these factors is favorable for oxygen binding.
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What is the function of the adrenal cortex
The adrenal cortex plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in the body, including metabolism, immune function, and electrolyte balance.
The adrenal gland, which is found above the kidneys, has an outer layer called the adrenal cortex. Its major job is to make steroid hormones, which are necessary for many bodily physiological processes.
The adrenal cortex primarily produces three different classes of steroid hormones, including:
Glucocorticoids: These hormones, which include cortisol, assist in regulating stress response, immunological function, and glucose metabolism.Mineralocorticoids: By encouraging the reabsorption of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium ions in the kidneys, these hormones, such as aldosterone, help control electrolyte balance and blood pressure.Androgens: These hormones serve as building blocks for the manufacture of sex hormones including testosterone and estrogen, including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).To know more about adrenal cortex
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True or False? the ligamentum teres gives little support to the hip joint; its main function is the transport of the nutrient vessels to the head of the femur
The ligamentum teres gives little support to the hip joint; its main function is the transport of the nutrient vessels to the head of the femur is: True
Ligamentum is an intra-articular ligament found within the hip joint. It attaches the fovea capitis of the femoral head to the acetabulum's transverse acetabular ligament. It is essential in that it transmits the acetabulum's central blood supply to the head of the femur.
This allows the blood supply to continue into the femoral head after the femoral neck has been fractured. It is also critical for holding the head of the femur in the acetabulum. The ligamentum teres is one of the smallest ligaments in the body, and it is found within the hip joint.
It is important because it is responsible for transmitting the acetabulum's central blood supply to the head of the femur. This allows the blood supply to continue into the femoral head after the femoral neck has been fractured. It is also critical for holding the head of the femur in the acetabulum.
The ligamentum teres are responsible for transmitting the acetabulum's central blood supply to the head of the femur. This means that it is critical in the transportation of nutrient vessels to the head of the femur. It also allows for blood supply to the femoral head even when the femoral neck is fractured. While the ligamentum teres do not provide much support to the hip joint, it is essential to the overall function of the joint.
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which tumor marker is used to detect prostate cancer
The tumor marker most commonly used to detect prostate cancer is Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA). PSA is a protein that is produced by the cells of the prostate gland. Elevated levels of PSA in the blood can indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
In order to measure PSA levels, a blood sample is taken from the patient and sent to a laboratory for analysis. The laboratory then tests the sample for levels of PSA in the blood. The higher the PSA level, the more likely it is that prostate cancer is present. The PSA test is not completely reliable as it can give false positive or false negative results. Other tests, such as a biopsy, may be required to confirm the diagnosis. It is important to note that high PSA levels do not always mean that prostate cancer is present, and a biopsy is always needed to confirm the diagnosis.
In conclusion, Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is the tumor marker most commonly used to detect prostate cancer. A blood sample is taken and sent to a laboratory for analysis, and higher PSA levels indicate the presence of prostate cancer. However, the PSA test is not completely reliable and other tests, such as a biopsy, may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
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In a pond, algae (plant-like organisms) absorb
sunlight and the fish in the pond eat tadpoles.
These are both examples of how pond organisms
A get their energy
B escape their predators
C remove waste products
D produce new offspring
According to the question these are both examples of how pond organisms get their energy.
What is organisms?Organisms are living things that are made up of cells, have the ability to generate energy, and reproduce. Organisms are found in all different shapes and sizes and can be found on land, in water, and even in the air. All organisms are made up of one or more cells, the basic unit of life. Cells are able to take in energy and nutrients, and use these to produce energy and to grow and reproduce. Organisms use this energy to carry out activities such as moving, eating, and responding to the environment. Organisms can reproduce either through asexual or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are identical to the parent, while sexual reproduction results in offspring with a combination of the characteristics of both parents. Organisms can be classified into different groups, such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. All organisms interact with each other and the environment in which they live, and these interactions can affect their ability to survive and reproduce.
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There are several distinguishing characteristics that make animals different from any other organism. Which of these is not a fundamental characteristic of all animals?
The distinguishing characteristics that make animals different from any other organism include sensory organs, multicellularity, the ability to move, and more. Heterotrophy is not a fundamental characteristic of all animals.
What are the distinguishing characteristics of animals?Animals are multicellular organisms that belong to the Kingdom Animalia. They are characterized by being heterotrophic, eukaryotic, and multicellular. They are characterized by the following:
Animals have a few distinguishing characteristics, such as their multicellularity and a lack of rigid cell walls, that set them apart from other life forms. They have cells that are organized into tissues and, in some cases, organs.
Their metabolism is also varied, with many animal species have evolved mechanisms to increase their metabolic rates for short periods of time.
Because animals have cells that lack rigid cell walls, they are able to move in a variety of ways. They also have unique sensory organs that allow them to detect changes in their environment. Therefore, the fundamental characteristic of all animals is their ability to be heterotrophic, eukaryotic, and multicellular.
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check the functions that can be carried out by the respiratory system.
The respiratory system is an essential component of the human body. It performs various functions that are vital for human survival, such as gas exchange, immune system function, temperature regulation, and more.
The respiratory system performs various functions in the human body. The respiratory system consists of organs, such as the nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm, that work together to help people breathe. The primary function of the respiratory system is to facilitate the exchange of gases between the body and the environment. It enables people to inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. The respiratory system regulates the pH level in the blood and helps to maintain the acid-base balance in the body. It also regulates blood pressure and helps in the process of blood filtration. The respiratory system plays a crucial role in the immune system. It filters and eliminates harmful pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and allergens, from the air we breathe. The respiratory system helps to warm, humidify, and clean the air that enters the body. It also helps to remove excess heat from the body during exhalation.
The respiratory system is involved in the sense of smell. The olfactory receptors in the nose are responsible for detecting and processing different odors. The respiratory system also helps to produce sounds and speech by controlling the airflow through the larynx and vocal cords. The respiratory system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body. It controls the levels of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and other gases in the blood. The respiratory system helps to regulate the body's temperature by controlling the amount of heat that is released during exhalation.
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Fusion of a carbon nucleus with another carbon nucleus. A) 24Mg(12p,12n) B) 23Na(11p,12n) C) 12C(6p,6n) D) 55Mn(25p,30n)
The fusion of a carbon nucleus with another carbon nucleus is represented by Option C) 12C(6p,6n).
In this reaction, two carbon-12 nuclei, each with 6 protons and 6 neutrons, fuse together to form a single nucleus with 12 protons and 12 neutrons. The reaction can be represented as:
12C + 12C → 24Mg
Option A) 24Mg(12p,12n) represents the reverse reaction, where a magnesium-24 nucleus breaks down into two carbon-12 nuclei.
Option B) 23Na(11p,12n) represents a different fusion reaction, where a sodium-23 nucleus fuses with a proton to form a magnesium-24 nucleus.
Option D) 55Mn(25p,30n) represents a different type of nuclear reaction, where a manganese-55 nucleus captures a proton to become a manganese-56 nucleus.
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Please Help ASAP
What do evolutionary psychologists do, and how do they use natural selection, mutations, and adaptation to explain behavior tendencies in humans?
The goal of evolutionary psychology is to comprehend how natural selection has created human characteristics and behavioural inclinations.
According to the theory of natural selection, changes that improve an organism's chances of procreating and surviving are most likely to be handed down to succeeding generations.
According to the principle of natural selection, changes that boost a species' likelihood of reproducing and surviving are most likely to be handed on to succeeding generations.
Some changes result from mutations, including mistakes in gene recombination, while others are the result of novel gene combinations created during pregnancy. Long before it was commonplace, Darwin's theory of evolution predicted how evolutionary principles would be used to explain human psychology and animal behavior's.
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in eukaryotic cells, how do transcription factors act to control gene expression?
what improves the productivity of cellular respiration? group of answer choices the presence of an intermembrane space the presence of free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix highly folded surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane the presence of multiple circular dna molecules in the mitochondria
Cellular respiration is improved by the presence of the highly folded surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Thus the correct option is c.
Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that releases energy stored in glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen. The mitochondria are the organelles that conduct cellular respiration.
Mitochondria contain a highly folded inner membrane that increases the surface area available for chemical reactions to occur.
The inner mitochondrial membrane is highly folded into cristae, which increases the amount of space for the electron transport chain to occur.
This gives the electron transport chain more surface area to work with, improving the productivity of cellular respiration.
Therefore, it is the highly folded surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane that improves the productivity of cellular respiration. Thus option c is correct.
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Decide if each statement is true or false.
The paper record of a seismic event is called a SEISMOGRAPH. *
Your answer
What happens when stimulus exceeds the threshold potential?
When stimulus exceeds the threshold potential, it causes an action potential to occur. An action potential is a rapid electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron.
It is triggered by a rapid change in the membrane potential, which occurs when stimulus exceeds the threshold potential. The action potential results in the release of neurotransmitters which can then cause an effect in another neuron. A stimulus is something that triggers a response in an organism or a cell. A stimulus could be a change in temperature, pressure, or sound, as well as a chemical substance such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or light energy.
When a stimulus exceeds the threshold potential, an action potential is triggered. The sodium channels in the neuron membrane open when an action potential is triggered, allowing the influx of sodium ions into the cell. As more and more positively charged sodium ions enter the cell, the inside of the neuron membrane becomes more positively charged, depolarizing it. As the inside of the neuron membrane becomes more positively charged than the outside, the potassium channels open, allowing the outflow of positively charged potassium ions from the cell. This outflow of potassium ions helps to restore the negative membrane potential, repolarizing the neuron membrane.
The action potential propagates along the length of the neuron's axon, causing the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminal when it reaches the synapse. The neurotransmitters bind to receptor proteins on the surface of the receiving neuron, generating a new electrical signal that continues the process of information transfer.
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the presence of a definite upper and lower surfaces in animals
Answer:
The phylum brachiopoda
Explanation:
what is anabolic steroids are the synethetic version of the male hormone estrogen.?
Anabolic steroids are synthetic (man-made) versions of testosterone. Testosterone is the main sex hormone in men.
It is needed to develop and maintain male sex characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle growth. Women do have some testosterone in their bodies, but in much smaller amounts.
Anabolic steroids are prescribed by medical professionals to treat some hormonal issues in men, delayed puberty, and muscle loss caused by certain disorders. Some individuals do however abuse anabolic drugs.
Anabolic steroids are used by some bodybuilders and sportsmen to bulk up and enhance their athletic abilities. The steroid dosage can be administered orally, intramuscularly, topically, or as a gel or cream to the skin. These doses could be anywhere between 10 and 100 times more than those used to treat illnesses. It is neither legal nor safe to use them in this way without a prescription from a doctor.
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Sandra was having trouble breathing and needed an Xray. Which of the following muscles could help Sandra for deeper inspiration?Transversus thoracisExternal obliqueExternal intercostalInternal intercostalWhy? After choosing your answer, describe the functions of the other muscles.
The muscle that could help Sandra with deeper respiration is the external intercostal muscle.
X-ray is a diagnostic tool that doctors use to identify the internal structure of a patient's body. Sandra's external intercostal muscles are the muscles that can help her breathe more deeply. The external intercostal muscles, as the name implies, are located between the ribs and work together to lift the ribcage and increase the volume of the chest.
By contracting and relaxing, the muscles allow the lungs to fill with air. The internal intercostal muscle. The internal intercostal muscles are located beneath the external intercostal muscles and operate to lower the ribcage during exhalation.
When Sandra exhales, the internal intercostal muscles contract and bring the ribs down and forward. Transversus thoracic muscles. The transverse thoracic muscles are located within the anterior thoracic wall, and they help in the exhalation of air from the lungs.
When Sandra breathes out, the transversus thoracis muscles help to reduce the thoracic cavity's volume, forcing the air out. If Sandra were having difficulty breathing, these muscles would not be able to help her. External oblique muscles.
The external oblique muscles are located in the abdominal region and not in the thoracic region. They are not involved in breathing, so they would be of no help to Sandra in this case.
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a number of enzymes in the cytoplasm generate nadh, providing reducing power critical for electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. but nadh does not cross the inner mitochondrial membrane and hence the electrons it provides must somehow be delivered to the matrix. this is achieved by two important shuttle systems, the ____ shuttle, and the ____ shuttle, found in muscle cells. in one of these shuttles, the electrons from nadh are transferred to ____ , and the product of this reaction, ____ is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane, where nadh is regenerated by conversion of ____ .
The number of enzymes in the cytoplasm generate NADH, providing reducing power critical for electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.
But NADH does not cross the inner mitochondrial membrane, and hence the electrons it provides must somehow be delivered to the matrix.
This is achieved by two important shuttle systems, the malate-aspartate shuttle, and the glycerol phosphate shuttle, found in muscle cells. In one of these shuttles, the electrons from NADH are transferred to malate, and the product of this reaction, oxaloacetate, is transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane, where NADH is regenerated by the conversion of malate.
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