According to the given information The Calvin cycle requires all of the oxygen.
Where does Calvin cycle occur?The Calvin cycle is present in all photosynthetic humans as well as several photosynthetic bacteria. In plants, the stroma is the fluid-filled region of a chloroplast that is not shielded by the thylakoids, where these activities take place. RuBP is a simple five-carbon molecule that gets its carbon from the surrounding environment through the Calvin cycle.
What phase is the Calvin cycle?The Calvin cycle contains three stages. The enzyme RuBisCO adds carbon dioxide to an organic molecule in stage 1 of the procedure. At step two, the biological molecule gets smaller. At stage 3, the RuBP initiating molecule is replenished, allowing the cycle to continue.
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structurally, mitochondria are similar to modern-day prokaryotes in several ways, that include all but the presence of
The structure of mitochondria is similar to that of modern-day prokaryotes in all of the ways except for the presence of: (4) ribosomes.
Mitochondria is the double membranous cell organelle present in the eukaryotic cells. It is known to have prokaryotic origin. Since the mitochondria itself is a cell organelle, that is why it does not possess any ribosomes.
Ribosomes are the cell organelles present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They can be of two types: 70S and 80S. The ribosomes are involved in the synthesis of proteins and are found abundantly in the cytoplasm of the cell. In eukaryotes they are found in the endoplasmic reticulum as well.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Structurally, mitochondria are similar to modern-day prokaryotes in several ways, that include all but the presence of
DNA of their own. double membrane.proteins on the membrane.ribosomes.To know more about mitochondria, here
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describe the structural changes that occur when a pure phospholipid bilayer is warmed and passes through its transition temperature. explain what would happen if the bilayer contained a significant amount of cholesterol.
Phospholipid bilayer fluidity rises with temperature. At lower temperatures, the kinetic energy of the phospholipids in the bilayer is reduced, and they cluster closer together, enhancing intermolecular interactions and lowering membrane fluidity.
How does the phospholipid bilayer's structure relate to its purpose?Important elements of cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers. A barrier preventing molecules and ions from entering and leaving the cell is the lipid bilayer. The ability to selectively permit the passage of certain molecules into and out of cells, however, is a crucial function of the cell membrane.
The van der Waals contacts get stronger as the hydrocarbon length grows, which means it takes more energy to disturb the orderly packing and raises the phase transition temperature.
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in the definition of epidemiology, "distribution" does not refer to:
In the definition of epidemiology, the term "distribution" does not refer to the spread of disease from person to person.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. The aim of epidemiology is to identify the patterns and causes of health and disease in populations, in order to inform public health policy and practice. One important aspect of epidemiology is the concept of distribution, which refers to the occurrence of health and disease in different populations and subgroups.
This is because the spread of disease is only one aspect of the overall pattern of health and disease in a population, and epidemiology encompasses a much broader range of factors that influence health and disease.
Instead, the term "distribution" in epidemiology refers to the variation in the occurrence of health and disease across different populations, geographic regions, and demographic groups. Epidemiologists use various measures and methods to describe the distribution of disease, such as incidence rates, prevalence rates, and mortality rates, and to identify factors that may be associated with these patterns of distribution.
In summary, while the spread of disease is an important aspect of public health, the term "distribution" in the definition of epidemiology refers to the patterns and determinants of health and disease in populations, and not to the spread of disease from person to person.
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special clotting proteins that restrict bleeding following an injury to the cardiovascular system are an example of which protein function?
Option c is Correct. One example of a transport protein's use is the specific clotting proteins that stop bleeding after a cardiovascular system injury.
Recent research has revealed that the sex hormone binding globulin-like domain of the protein S mediates interactions between the coagulation inhibitor tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and protein S, two crucial proteins for clotting (SHB) Thrombin, an enzyme that changes fibrinogen into fibrin, and a process that results in the creation of a fibrin clot are produced by blood-clotting proteins.
A specific protein or clotting component that is present in blood. Another clotting factor called thrombin is triggered in response to a blood vessel injury, turning fibrinogen into fibrin.
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Correct Question:
Special clotting proteins that restrict bleeding following an injury to the cardiovascular system are an example of which protein function?
a. movement
b. defense
c. transport
d. support
e. metabolic regulation
Both carrier and proteins are involved in the transport of molecules across the cell membrane.a.Trueb. False
Answer: True
Explanation: Carrier proteins and channel proteins are the two major classes of membrane transport proteins. Carrier proteins (also called carriers, permeases, or transporters) bind the specific solute to be transported and undergo a series of conformational changes to transfer the bound solute across the membrane
with the term 'spondylolisthesis' if the combining form is spondyl/o meaning 'vertebra' what is the suffix and how does it translate? group of answer choices -listhesis; slipping -esis; a procedure -listhesis; abnormal condiiton -esis; study of
The combining form "spondyl/o," which means "vertebra," and the suffix "-listhesis," which means "slipping," make up the term "spondylolisthesis."
Spondylolisthesis is a condition that causes one vertebral body to slide forward or backward in relation to the vertebrae above or below it in medical terms. This could be brought on by a birth defect, an injury, or spine degeneration. Depending on the severity of the slip, the condition can result in nerve compression, back pain, and other symptoms. Although it can occur anywhere along the spine, most often in the lower back.
Therefore, "spondylolisthesis" translates to "vertebral slipping."
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having a narrow geographic distribution can protect a species from extinction when challenged by a changing environment. group of answer choices true false\
The given statement, "Having a narrow geographic distribution can protect a species from extinction when challenged by a changing environment," is false because narrow geographical distribution will result in more competition and hence extinction.
Extinction is the complete disappearance of the organisms of a species from all the habitats existing in the world. A species is said to be extinct when the last living organism dies out. It can happen due to several reasons like habitat changes, over-exploitation, competition, etc.
Competition is the interaction type where two or more species fight over the same resources or habitat. Competition can either harm both the species or it may benefit one and harm the other.
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how many cells form at the end of meiosis and how many chromosomes do they each contain?
At the end of meiosis, four haploid cells are formed, each containing half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.
In meiosis I, the cell divides into two daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosome sets as the parent cell. In meiosis II, each of the two daughter cells from meiosis I divides again, resulting in a total of four haploid daughter cells.
For example, in humans, the parent cell (a germ cell) has 46 chromosomes, and at the end of meiosis, four haploid daughter cells are formed, each containing 23 chromosomes. These haploid daughter cells are gametes (sperm or egg cells) and can fuse with another gamete during fertilization to form a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes.
outer surface of the eye that both protects the eye and begins the focusing process
The outer surface of the eye protects the eye and begins the focusing process is the cornea.
The corneа is the cleаr window аt the front of the eyebаll thаt аllows light to enter the eye. It is continuous with the sclerа. Most of the focusing of light hаppens аt the corneаl surfаce/teаr film. Аs this outer lаyer of the eye is so criticаl for sight, there аre mаny nerve endings in the corneа mаking it the most sensitive pаrt of the eye to touch. The outer-most lаyer is the epithelium: а smooth surfаce to trаnsmit light with tightly lаyered cells difficult for infections to penetrаte.
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phosphorylation is an important form of posttranslational modification for intracellular proteins. which one of the following amino acids is not a target for phosphorylation?
Phenylalanine is the amino acid which is not a target for phosphorylation which is an important form of posttranslational modification for intracellular proteins.
Physiologically, phosphorylation activates PheH even at low concentrations of phenylalanine. Activation of protein kinase A by cAMP is a general signal that activates catabolism, and hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine is the first step in that catabolism. Phenylalanine “activates” phenylalanine hydroxylase, converting it from an inactive to an active form by binding to a true allosteric regulatory site. One phenylalanine molecule is attached to each enzyme subunit. It remains at this point during the catalytic conversion and cannot be hydroxylated there.
In persons with PKU, phenylalanine can cause intellectual incapacity, brain damage, seizures, and other difficulties. Many high-protein foods, such as milk, eggs, and meat, naturally contain phenylalanine. Phenylalanine can also be purchased as a dietary supplement.
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Complete question :
Phosphorylation is an important form of posttranslational modification for intracellular proteins. Which one of the following amino acids is not a target for phosphorylation?
-phenylalanine
-histidine
-tyrosine
-serine
-threonine
in the cell, the site of oxygen utilization is the?
Answer:the mitochondrion
Explanation:
What is the name of a complex group of organisms that are connected and interact with on another
Answer:The name for a complex gruop of organisms that are connected and interact with one another is "system." Systems can be found all over the animal kingdom. Most of the time, the organisms that belong to a particular system cooperate and collaborate with each other in order to remain healthy and safe. Moreover, systems tend to be very structured, and dedicated to the maintenance of balance within it.
Explanation:
What would happen If I explored two oceanic plates at a convergent boundary?
earthquakes
faults
ocean formation
mountains
volcanoes
island chains
seafloor spreading
The activity which would happen If I explored two oceanic plates at a convergent boundary is an earthquake.
What is an Earthquake?This is referred to as the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
At a convergent boundary between two plates of oceanic lithosphere, it has been observed that the older, denser oceanic plate will always subduct, which will cause earthquakes and form volcanic isles thereby making it the correct choice in this scenario.
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explain how an activated oestrogen receptor affects the target cell
Answer:
An activated estrogen receptor (ER) can affect a target cell by binding to specific DNA sequences, called estrogen response elements (EREs), located in the promoter region of target genes. This binding results in the recruitment of co-activators, leading to the transcriptional activation of target genes, which encode for various proteins that regulate cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Activated ER can also modulate gene expression through its interaction with other transcriptional regulatory proteins. The net effect of these processes on the target cell is ultimately determined by the specific context and the balance between the positive and negative regulators of ER signaling.
The activated estrogen receptor plays a critical role in regulating gene expression in cells, leading to changes in cellular behavior and physiology. By understanding how the activated estrogen receptor affects the target cell, we can gain insight into the mechanisms of estrogen-mediated signaling and the development of diseases that are associated with the dysregulation of this pathway.
The estrogen receptor (ER) is a protein that binds to the hormone estrogen and plays a critical role in regulating gene expression in cells. When estrogen binds to the ER, the receptor undergoes a conformational change, leading to the activation of downstream signaling pathways that ultimately affect the behavior of the target cell. In this response, we will discuss in detail how an activated estrogen receptor affects the target cell.
When estrogen binds to the estrogen receptor on the surface of a cell, it causes a conformational change in the receptor, which allows it to dimerize with another ER molecule. This dimerization activates the estrogen receptor and allows it to enter the nucleus, where it binds to specific DNA sequences known as estrogen response elements (EREs). This binding initiates a cascade of events that leads to changes in gene expression in the target cell.
The activated estrogen receptor acts as a transcription factor, which means that it regulates the expression of specific genes in the target cell. It does this by recruiting co-activators or co-repressors to the EREs, which either enhance or inhibit gene expression, respectively. The specific genes that are affected by the activated estrogen receptor depend on the type of cell and tissue in which the receptor is expressed.
The effects of an activated estrogen receptor can be either short-term or long-term. Short-term effects include rapid changes in cellular behavior, such as changes in ion transport, cell signaling, and metabolism. These effects are often mediated through the activation of signaling pathways such as the MAPK/ERK pathway or the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Long-term effects of an activated estrogen receptor include changes in the expression of genes that are involved in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. These changes can have profound effects on the physiology of the target cell and can contribute to the development and progression of diseases such as breast cancer.
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Immune and inflammatory responses are more pronounced in tissues that are highly vascularized. a. True
b. False
This statement is true. Immune response and inflammatory responses are more pronounced in tissues that are highly vascularized.
Vascularization is the term used to describe a tissue that has a substantial blood vessel network. Blood vessels are essential for both the elimination of waste materials and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Additionally, they offer an essential route for immune cells to access pathogens or tissue damage and react.
Skin, mucous membranes, and several internal organs are examples of highly vascularized tissues that have more immune cells and a stronger immune response than tissues with less vascularization. This is due to the fact that these tissues' extensive network of blood arteries enables the quick delivery of immune cells to areas of infection or injury, resulting in a more prompt and efficient immune response.
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Which of these actions is an unsustainable practice?
A. Expanding the amount of fossil fuels extracted from an area
о B. Selling locally caught fish in a local market
C. Selling extra carbon credits on an international carbon market
D. Limiting the number of fish harvested in an area
A. Expanding the amount of fossil fuels extracted from an area is an unsustainable practice. This action can lead to depletion of nonrenewable resources, environmental damage, and contribute to climate change.
What is Carbon Market?
A carbon market is a system where companies and governments can buy and sell carbon credits, which represent the right to emit a certain amount of greenhouse gases. The goal of a carbon market is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by creating a financial incentive for entities to reduce their carbon footprint. Entities that emit fewer greenhouse gases than their allotted amount can sell their unused credits to entities that exceed their allotted amount. Carbon markets can be regional, national, or international in scope. The largest carbon market is the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), which covers more than 11,000 power stations and industrial plants in 31 countries.
An unsustainable practice refers to an activity or behavior that is harmful to the environment and cannot be maintained over a long period of time without causing damage. The correct answer to the question is A, expanding the amount of fossil fuels extracted from an area. The reason for this is that the extraction and burning of fossil fuels contribute to climate change and environmental degradation, and their use is not sustainable in the long run.
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can you place these events from the evolutionary history of life on a time line? part a drag each event in the evolutionary history of life on earth to its proper location on the time line.
The event occurred in the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in its proper location on the time line:
Origin of Earth 4.6First life 3.5Eukaryotes 2.1Multicellular life 1.2First animals .6Life moves on Land .5Humans .02Life on Earth has evolved over billions of years through a process of natural selection, where organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce. Because of this process, there are many different kinds of life on Earth today, from simple single-celled organisms to complex multicellular life.
The Earth was formed about 4.5 billion years ago through a process called accretion. Scientists estimate that the first forms of life appeared on Earth about 3.5 to 4 billion years ago. These were single-celled microorganisms known as prokaryotes.
The first animals appeared about 600 million years ago, during the Cambrian explosion. Land-dwelling animals first appeared about 360 million years ago, during the Devonian period. Humans belong to the family of primates, and first appeared about 2.8 million years ago.
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staging a tumor refers to the degree to which the tumor has spread. group of answer choices true false
Answer:true
Stage refers to how large a cancer tumor is and how far the cancer has spread
if you are talking about cancer
what are sperm cells and egg cells known as in the scientific community?
Answer:
Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells. They are also referred to as sex cells. Female gametes are called ova or egg cells, and male gametes are called sperm. Gametes are haploid cells, and each cell carries only one copy of each chromosome.
Explanation:
Hopefully this is the answer you are looking for.
chapter 27 according to the endosymbiosis theory, what are the origins of the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria?
According to endosymbiosis theory,the inner membrane of mitochondria is gotten from the first bacterium, and the outer membrane is gotten from the host cell that overwhelmed the bacterium by endocytosis.
Mitochondria are membrane bound organelles encased by a twofold film.They have a smooth external layer encasing the organelle and a collapsed inward film. The folds of the internal membrane are called cristae, the particular of which is crista, and the folds are where the responses making mitochondrial energy happen.
The inner membrane contains a liquid called the matrix while the intermembrane space situated between the two layers is likewise loaded up with liquid. Due to this somewhat basic cell structure, mitochondria have just two separate working volumes: the grid inside the inward layer and the intermembrane space. They depend on moves between the two volumes for energy generation.
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how is mitosis regulated? include a discussion of cyclins (not in your book), cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks; in your book), and maturation-promoting factor (mpf is; not in your book).
Mitosis is divided into various stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities so that next stage will start timely.
In cell science, mitosis is a piece of the cell cycle in which imitated chromosomes are isolated into two new cores. Cell division by mitosis leads to hereditarily indistinguishable cells in which the all out number of chromosomes is maintained.
Accordingly, mitosis is otherwise called equational division. by and large, mitosis is gone before by S period of interphase (during which DNA replication happens) and is frequently trailed by telophase and cytokinesis; what partitions the cytoplasm, organelles and cell layer of one cell into two new cells containing generally equivalent portions of these phone components. The various phases of mitosis through and through characterize the mitotic (M) period of a creature cell cycle — the division of the mother cell into two little girl cells hereditarily indistinguishable from one another. Cyclin is a group of proteins that controls the movement of a cell through the cell cycle by initiating cyclin-subordinate kinase (CDK) compounds or gathering of catalysts expected for combination of cell cycle.
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How are Easter Island and The Lorax different?
Easter Island and The Lorax are different in several ways.
Easter Island is a real place located in the Pacific Ocean and is famous for its mysterious stone statues called Moai. It is believed that the island was once home to a thriving civilization that fell into decline and disappeared.The Lorax, on the other hand, is a fictional character created by Dr. Seuss. The Lorax is a small, orange, mustached creature who speaks for the trees and is an environmental advocate. The story of The Lorax is a cautionary tale about the consequences of environmental destruction and overconsumption.What else should you know about Easter Island?Here are some other facts about Easter Island:
History: Easter Island has a rich cultural history, and its people, the Rapa Nui, have a unique cultural heritage that includes a sophisticated system of writing, a distinctive art style, and complex religious beliefs.Moai Statues: Easter Island is perhaps most famous for its massive stone sculptures, known as Moai, which have fascinated visitors for centuries. The Moai are large, monolithic statues that can reach up to 33 feet (10 meters) in height and are believed to have been carved between the 12th and 16th centuries.Deforestation: Easter Island was once covered in lush forests, but over time, the Rapa Nui deforested the island, likely due to the demands of a growing population and their need for wood to transport the Moai. This deforestation had a major impact on the island's ecosystem and contributed to its current state as a barren, windswept island.Learn more about Easter Island here;
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Define Mendel’s two laws and state their cellular basis and limitations
Mendel’s two laws are the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.
According to the law of segregation, two alleles for a particular trait separate during gamete creation, leaving only one allele for each gamete to inherit. During meiosis I, when each daughter cell receives one copy of each chromosome, homologous chromosomes are separated, forming the basis of this law. The fact that the law of segregation only applies to qualities controlled by a single gene and not ones influenced by several genes or environmental factors places restrictions on its use.
According to the law of independent assortment, various qualities are inherited independently of one another and are not affected by the distribution of one gene over another. Based on the random alignment of chromosomes during meiosis I, this law states that the separation of one pair of chromosomes has no bearing on the separation of another pair. The law of independent assortment is constrained since it only holds true for genes on different chromosomes and not for genes linked together or found on the same chromosome.
What are chromosomes?Chromosomes are components of a cell's nucleus that house the genes that convey the genetic material. DNA, proteins, and other components make them up. Each human cell contains 46 chromosomes that are divided into 23 pairs. Every chromosome is distinct and carries particular information that establishes a person's physical traits, attributes, and biological functions. A chromosome is a lengthy DNA molecule that contains all or a portion of an organism's genetic code. The very long, thin DNA fibers in most chromosomes are covered with packing proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the histones are the most significant of these proteins. DNA may be precisely duplicated during these cell divisions thanks to chromosomes.
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Why is gene transfer horizontal?
Horizontal gene transfer is considered as the transfer of genetic material happening between the organisms which are not considered as parent and offspring.
Horizontal gene transfer is known as horizontal transfer because the genetic material gets shifted and transferred between organisms that are not closely related phylogenetically , and the transfer takes place from one branch to another branches of the evolutionary tree, This is opposite to vertical gene transfer, that takes place within the single lineage.
Horizontal gene transfer can takes place from variety of mechanisms, like transformation, transduction, and conjugation, and this kind of transfer is capable of transferring genetic material such as plasmids, and even entire chromosomes between different organisms.
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Are the oca2 and gey genes genetically linked? why or why not?
The OCA2 and MC1R genes are not necessarily genetically linked, meaning that they are not located on the same chromosome and are not inherited together as a single unit.
However, both genes play a role in determining the color of a person's hair, skin, and eyes. The OCA2 gene is located on chromosome 15 and is responsible for the production of melanin pigment in the iris, hair, and skin.
Variations in this gene can lead to differences in the amount and type of melanin produced, which in turn affects hair, skin, and eye color. The MC1R gene, on the other hand, is located on chromosome 16 and is responsible for determining the type of melanin produced in the skin.
Variations in this gene can result in differences in skin color, as well as the type of melanin produced, which can affect hair and eye color. Both genes interact with each other and with other genes to produce a person's overall hair, skin, and eye color.
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Below, two daughter cells that resulted from a normal meiosis I are shown.
Drag the correct results of nondisjunction occurring in both daughter cells during meiosis II.
Non-disjunction occurs when chromosomes do not get to segregate independently from each other during meiosis I or II. In the exposed example, since non-disjunction occurs in both cells, there will be two gametes with two chromosomes (n+1) and two gametes with no chromosomes (n-1).
What is non-disjunction?Non-disjunction is the proper separation failure of chromosomes during anaphase I or II of the meiotic division.
This mistake in segregation results in the production of gametes containing a greater or lesser number of chromosomes than is found in a normal cell. Consequently, the individual may develop a trisomy or monosomy.
Non-disjunction is a cause of various abnormal medical conditions, including Down syndrome and Turner syndrome.
In the exposed example, non-disjunction occurs in both cells during meiosis II.
Two of the gametes will have two chromatids (n+1).The last two gametes will have no chromatid (n-1).The affected gametes result in trisomy and monosomy after fecundation.
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Amylose differs from amylopectin in that amylose ________.
Amylose differs from amylopectin in that amylose forms a helix and no branch points.
Starch is basically a colorless as well as an odorless polysaccharide which is found in the plants and is as stored carbohydrates. It is basically a polymer that is composed of a number of glucose monomers which are linked with each other in order to form a polysaccharide.
Starch is basically composed of two types of polysaccharide molecules which are amylose and amylopectin. Amylose differs from amylopectin in that amylose forms helix and has no branch points. Also, amylose is soluble in water whereas amylopectin is not soluble in water.
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asl100 what structure turns sound waves into mechanical waves? the ossicles. the external auditory meatus the tympanic membrane. the organ of corti.
Sound waves to enter the ear go through the external auditory canal before they strike the eardrum and cause it to vibrate. The malleus, one of the three small bones in the middle ear, is connected to the eardrum.
How is a mechanical wave produced?A disruption and vibration of matter, either solid, gas, liquid, and plasma, is what generates mechanical waves. A medium is described as material through which waves are propagating. Sound waves are created by vibrations inside a gas, while water waves are created by vibrations inside a liquid (air).
What use does the tympanic membrane serve?It divides the middle ear from the outer ear. The tympanic membrane vibrates as sound waves enter it. The middle ear's minuscule bones are thus exposed to the vibrations. The vibrating signals are then sent from the eardrum bones to the inner ear.
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the glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the cns is the ..a. astrocyteb. ependymal cellc. neurolemmocyted.microglial celle. oligodendrocyte
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the cns is the e. oligodendrocyte
In the central nervous system of jawed vertebrates, oligodendrocytes, also known as oligodendroglia (from the Greek meaning "cells with a few branches"), play a role similar to that of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system in supporting and insulating axons. To do this, oligodendrocytes produce the myelin sheath.
A single oligodendrocyte may extend its processes to 50 axons, encasing each axon in a myelin sheath that is around 1 m in diameter. Schwann cells, on the other hand, can only encircle one axon. For multiple nearby axons, each oligodendrocyte creates one length of myelin.
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Full Question: The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the cns is the ..
a. astrocyte
b. ependymal cell
c. neurolemmocyte
d.microglial cell
e. oligodendrocyte
the capillaries of the pulmonary circulatory system a. deposit carbon dioxide into the alveoli. b. receive oxygen from the alveoli. c. surround the alveoli. d. all of the above
The capillaries of the pulmonary circulatory system d. all of the above.
In general , the capillaries contains the blood that give off carbon dioxide through the capillary wall inside the alveoli and in exchange takes up oxygen from the air inside alveoli. Also , the walls of the alveoli share a membrane with the capillaries. This association helps easy oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion between the respiratory system and the bloodstream. They also Oxygen molecules attach to red blood cells, that travel back to the heart.
Also , Carbon dioxide travels from the capillaries and goes around the alveoli into the alveoli. Then carbon dioxide travels up the bronchioles to the bronchi, and from trachea they are exhaled. Hence pulmonary circulation involves all of the above mentioned options .
Hence , D is the correct option
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