Synaptic potentials that do not depolarize membrane potential enough to reach threshold are known as ______.
Answers
Synaptic potentials that do not depolarize membrane potential enough to reach threshold are known as hyperpolarization.
Electrical signals that travel from one region of the nervous system to another define it. The signal must move along an axon, regardless of how close together or how far apart those locations are. The carefully regulated ion distribution across the membrane forms the foundation of the electrical signal. In a resting state, the membrane has stable Na+ and K+ concentrations on each side.
A stimulus will cause the membrane to depolarize, and voltage-gated channels will cause the membrane to depolarize even more before repolarizing. Action potentials finish with a slight overshoot of hyperpolarization.
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Related Questions
Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of substances across cell membranes
Answers
Answer:
Please present the options given so we can assist you better
Explanation:
Water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen are among the few simple molecules that can cross the cell membrane by diffusion (or a type of diffusion known as osmosis ). Diffusion is one principle method of movement of substances within cells, as well as the method for essential small molecules to cross the cell membrane.
Which neurotransmitter is considered the major excitatory neurotransmitter?
Answers
Glutamate is considered the major excitatory neurotransmitter.
Mechanism of action:
The neurons use neurotransmitters to interact with one other and their target tissues during the synaptic transmission process (neurotransmission). Nerve endings synthesise neurotransmitters, which are then released from them into the synaptic cleft. From there, receptor proteins in the cellular membrane of the target tissue bind to neurotransmitters. As a result, the target tissue is stimulated, blocked, or otherwise functionally altered.
More than 40 neurotransmitters found in the human neurological system, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, serotonin, and histamine are some of the most significant.
Major excitatory neurotransmitter are
Acetylcholine and Glutamate (ACh) Histamine Dopamine (DA) Noradrenaline (NAd), also known as norepinephrine (NE), Adrenaline (Ad), also known as (Epi)To know more about neurotransmitter click here
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As a result of the Ordovician Mass Extinction, many reef building organisms went extinct, but reefs recovered in only a few hundred thousand years.
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This given statement, as a result of the Ordovician Mass Extinction, that many reef-building organisms went extinct, but reefs recovered in only a few hundred thousand years is false.
What happened in the Ordovician mass extinction?
The Ordovician-Silurian extinction, which occurred 443 million years ago, resulted in the destruction of 85% of all species on Earth. The many marine species living in warm, shallow coastal waters were severely harmed, most likely as a result of global cooling and declining sea levels. There were many different types of animals affected by this extinction, including brachiopods, corals, trilobites, echinoderms, and mollusks. Species that were unique to the eastern United States were particularly vulnerable.
The Late Ordovician glacier, which quickly extended over Gondwana at the beginning of the Hirnantian and changed the Earth's temperature from a greenhouse to an icehouse, is widely blamed for this extinction pulse.
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To protect against termites and to provide for ventilation, a ________________ is built beneath the home.
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Crawl space
To protect against termites and to provide ventilation, a crawl space is built beneath the home.
What is the purpose of a crawl space?
Similar to a basement, a crawl space has vents that let outside air in. There are some crawl spaces that are full height, like a basement, while there are others that are only two feet tall or less, requiring you to crawl on your belly.
The ability to more readily access the systems, such as the wiring, plumbing, gas hookups, and ventilation, is the main advantage of a crawl space over a concrete slab foundation.
At the top of the foundation wall, there are many air vents for ventilated crawl areas. In order to allow unrestricted movement of outside air throughout the room, the vents are positioned across from one another.
Crawl spaces are also the preferred type of foundation in regions where termites or excessive moisture damage the earth.
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Explain how the larger growth of algae adversely affect the life of aquatic animals.
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Answer:
Harmful algal blooms sometimes create toxins that are detrimental to fish and other animals. After being consumed by small fish and shellfish, these toxins move up the food chain and can impact larger animals like sea lions, turtles, dolphins, birds and manatees.
Explanation:
Why must the formulas of hydrates have the number of water molecules as whole number integers?
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The formula for hydrate indicates the number of water molecules that are attached to each formula unit of the compound. Forexample, nickel (II) sulfate hexahydrate is a green/blue solid that has six water molecules included in the crystal foreach Ni2+and each SO42-ion.Many common minerals are
What is a hydrate ?Any compound containing water in the form of H2O molecules, usually, but not always, with a definite content of water by weight.
The best-known hydrates are crystalline solids that lose their fundamental structures upon removal of the bound water.Hydrates are formed when water and light end natural gases come into contact at certain temperature and pressure conditionsLearn more about Hydrates here:
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The process of combining two incomplete proteins to make a compete protein is called?
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Answer:
Mutual supplementation
Explanation:
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Cold-blooded animals, such as frogs, are able to deliver blood to their cells once their bodies
warm up. Predict what time of day you think frogs are likely to be most active.
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Answer:
Morning or night
Explanation:
Depending on what time of day is the coolest, cold-blooded animals will be more active during that time. So I know that where I live, it is coolest early morning or late at night but most likely they wouldn't be active during the middle of the day when it is the hottest.
The colinearity rule describes Group of answer choices The correlation between the timing and location of expression of homeotic genes. the long stretches of DNA between homeotic gene complexes. the spatial arrangement of alpha helices in proteins encoded by homeotic genes. the correlation between the spatial arrangement of homeotic genes along the chromosome with their expression. the parallel arrangement of homeotic genes between different chromosomes.
Answers
The colinearity rule describes the correlation between the spatial arrangement of homeotic genes along the chromosome with their expression.
There is a correlation between the gene sequence of the Hox cluster inside the chromosome (telomeric to centromeric end) and the sequential activation of these genes in the ontogenetic units that run along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo. This phenomenon is referred to as the Hox gene collinearity. Despite the fact that this collinearity property is strictly adhered to in bilaterians (such as vertebrates), it is disregarded in all other kinds of animals. The observation was made by E.B Lewis, nearly forty years ago.
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Assessment of genetic risk for distribution of total interstitial white matter neurons in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: role in schizophrenia
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Assessment of genetic risk for distribution of total interstitial white matter neurons in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: role in schizophrenia
It has been demonstrated that tissue engineering scaffolds with oxygen generating components can boost the amount of oxygen and cell viability under some circumstances. In this study, direct-write assembly (robocasting) was used to create biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffolds with a composition of 60% hydroxyapatite (HA) and 40% beta-tricalcium phosphate (-TCP), which have demonstrated a high potential for bone tissue engineering applications. The three-dimensional (3D) printed scaffolds were then dip-coated with various concentrations of calcium peroxide (CPO), an oxygen releasing agent, and employed for in situ oxygen synthesis in the implanted sites. CPO was contained within a polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix. Different methodologies were used to describe the created scaffolds' morphology, content, and structure.
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What are ribosomes? state their functions
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Answer:
Ribosomes, also called Palade granules, are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis.
Explanation:
Function: The ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.
Answer:
a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
Explanation:
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Durairajanayagam D, Agarwal A, Ong C. Causes, effects and molecular mechanisms of testicular heat stress. Reproductive biomedicine online. 2015 Jan 1;30(1):14-27.
Answers
Temperature affects spermatogenesis, which functions best at body temperatures just a little lower than those.
Abstract:To keep testicular temperatures below those of the body core, adequate thermoregulation is essential. The process of mammalian spermatogenesis and the resulting spermatozoa are negatively impacted by elevated testicular temperature. Therefore, sperm quality can be affected and the likelihood of infertility is increased by thermoregulatory dysfunction resulting in heat stress. This article reviews a variety of internal and external factors that may lead to testicular heat stress. We go into more detail on how heat stress affects the spermatogenesis process, the resulting epididymal spermatozoa, germ cells, and the alterations that result in the testis.
We also go over the chemical reactions of germ cells to heat exposure and potential processes, such as apoptosis, DNA damage, and autophagy, that could lead to heat-induced germ cell damage. Further explanation is provided for the intrinsic and extrinsic processes involved in the complex mechanism of germ cell death. These intricate apoptotic pathways ultimately result in the demise of germ cells.
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To be injured by an animal with poisonous spines, you must: Select one: Be within a radius of 3 m/10 ft, as most poisonous animals cannot shoot their spines farther than this. Be the aggressor and touch the animal first. Be bare-handed, as most spines cannot pass through gloves. None of the above.
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To be injured by an animal with poisonous spines, you must: be the aggressor and touch the animal first.
What is the use of spines in animals?Spines are hard, needle-like anatomical structures found in both vertebrate and invertebrate species. The spines of most spiny mammals are modified hairs, with a spongy center covered in a thick, hard layer of keratin and a sharp tip.Spines on an animal’s body help defend it.They can be irritating or painful, or difficult to swallow. Spines are also important tools for communication, shock absorption, and rain protection.Animals like porcupine shoot their spines (quills) for defense. Some spines can also pass through gloves.To prevent attacked by an animal with poisonous spines you must remain calm and observe your surroundings.Learn about plant spines here:
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Why are urban areas more likely to flood after heavy precipitation than undeveloped areas?
Answers
Because of the lack of water absorption by structures and paved roads, runoff is substantially higher in urban areas.
What are the reasons for urban flooding?
Ineffective Sewage Systems:
Many of the sewer systems that are still in use today date from the immediate post-World War II period. The majority of these systems struggle even without the additional strain of intense rain or storms because their infrastructure is outdated and deteriorated at this time.
Insufficient Drainage:
Less green space is available in metropolitan areas due to rising urbanization and the constant construction of new buildings. Urbanization depletes the natural drainage systems that are supported by vegetation and soil.
Rapid Population Growth:
Urban population growth is accelerating, yet most cities' infrastructure cannot keep up. Populations have increased during the post-war era, outpacing the capacity of the sewage facilities put in place at that time. It stresses systems that are already vulnerable.
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_____ is a gene silencing technique that is based on the fact that RNA molecules can fold into short, double-stranded regions where the base sequence is complementary.
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RNAi is a gene silencing technique that is based on the fact that RNA molecules can fold into short, double-stranded regions where the base sequence is complementary.
What is the RNAi mechanism?A conserved biological response to double-stranded RNA, known as RNA interference (RNAi) or post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), promotes resistance to both endogenous parasites and exogenous harmful nucleic acids and controls the expression of protein-coding genes. Small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules are used as triggers by most eukaryotic cells' RNA interference (RNAi) regulatory mechanisms to direct homology-dependent control of gene activity.
In order to protect plants from molecular parasites like viruses, RNA silencing has evolved. In controlling gene expression for growth and development, it is also helpful. These pathways interact with one another and generate short RNAs to function.
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what is meant by a mutualistic type of symbiotic relationship
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The mutualistic type of symbiotic relationship is when two organisms benefit from one another. Details about mutualistic relationship is found below.
What is mutualism?Mutualism is any interaction between two species that benefits both species of organisms.
Mutualistic relationship typically involves the exchange of substances or services between the involved parties.
For example, the relationship where the egret feeds on the cattle to get rid of parasites is a mutualistic relationship.
Therefore, the mutualistic type of symbiotic relationship is when two organisms benefit from one another.
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The simple meaning of mutualistic type of a symbiotic relationship is that both organisms benefits from each other
What is symbiosis?Symbiosis can be defined as a special type of biological association which exist between two different organisms in which the two benefits from each other
In symbiosis, each organism is called a symbiont.
So therefore, te simple meaning of mutualistic type of a symbiotic relationship is that both organisms benefits from each other
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An X-linked gene is Group of answer choices a gene that is turned on (makes protein) only when the female hormone estrogen is present. a gene on the X chromosome that encodes traits seen only in females. a gene that encodes traits seen only in females. a gene on the X chromosome. a gene found on any chromosome; they are X-shaped when they are metaphase chromosomes.
Answers
An X-linked gene is a gene on the X chromosome.
When a gene is available on the X chromosome, not on the Y chromosome, it is supposed to be X-linked. X-linked genes have different inheritance designs than genes on non-sex chromosomes or can say on autosomes. That is on the grounds that these genes are available in various duplicate numbers in males and females.
These disorders are significantly more typical in men than they are in females because of their X-linked inheritance design.
Females who are heterozygous for disordered alleles are supposed to be carriers, and they ordinarily show no side effects themselves. Children of these females have a 50 percent chance of getting the disorder, yet girls have minimal possibility of getting the disorder (except if the dad likewise has it), and will rather have a 50 percent chance of being carriers.
The alleles for specific circumstances including a few types of color blindness, hemophilia, and muscle dystrophy are X-linked.
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What cortical region is represented by the area at d?
Answers
Answer:
primary visual cortex
The principal area of the brain responsible for receiving, integrating, and processing visual information received from the retinas is known as the visual cortex. It is located in the most backward part of the brain, in the primary cerebral cortex's occipital lobe.
What is the primary visual cortex in the cortical region?The primary brain region for processing visual information is the occipital lobe. The eyes send visual data to the main visual cortex, also referred to as V1.
Both stationary and phase-encoded polar coordinate stimuli were used to define the retinotopy in each subject's V1 (also known as the primary visual cortex, striate cortex, or Brodmann's area 17).
Maps of the flattened cortical surface were used to illustrate data from V1 and surrounding retinotopic regions.
Therefore, Both cerebral hemispheres' occipital lobes contain the primary visual cortex.
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Rudolph the Reindeer has a red nose (n), which is a recessive trait. Betsy the Reindeer has a black nose (N), which is a dominant trait, and she does not carry the recessive allele. Assume the rules of human genetics also apply to reindeer. If Rudolph and Betsy have a calf, what will its genotype be?
Answers
According to the rules of human genetics, if Betsy and Rudolph have a calf it will have a black nose.
What are alleles?
The substance that is stably passed down, unchanged, from parent to offspring through the gametes, over successive generations is called as ‘factors’ now called as genes.Genes, therefore, are the units of inheritance. They contain the information that is required to express a particular trait in an organism. Genes which code for a pair of contrasting traits are known as alleles, i.e., they are slightly different forms of the same gene.Since Betsy has a dominant trait and doesn't carry any recessive gene and Rudolf has a recessive trait, their phenotypes will be NN and nn respectively. Mendel proposed that in a pair of dissimilar factors, one dominates the other and hence is called the dominant factor while the other factor is recessive. In this case N (for black nose) is dominant over n (for red nose), that is recessive. From the punnet square it is seen that the all the fertilisations lead to individuals having 'black nose' only and none of them will have 'red nose'. Within the genotypic pair Nn only one character N 'black nose' is expressed. Hence the character N or ‘black nose’ is said to dominate over the other allele n or ‘red nose’ character. It is thus due to this dominance of one character over the other that all the calf will have 'black nose' with Nn as the genotype.To learn more about punnet square:
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State the shortest number of days it takes an Earth observer to see the same phase of the Moon twice.
Answers
Answer:29.5 days
Explanation:
It takes 29.5 days for observers from earth to look at the moon phase twice.
What are the phases of the moon?The fact that the moon orbits the earth every 27.3 days and the phases cycle once every 29.5 days might be perplexing. The rotation of the Earth around the Sun is to blame for this.
Our Moon completes one full orbit of the Earth in 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes. The distance between our Moon and far-off "fixed" stars serves as the basis for measuring what is known as the sidereal month.
However, one cycle of phases on our Moon lasts for around 29.5 days (from the new Moon to the new Moon).
Therefore earth observer takes 29.5 days to see the same phase twice of the moon.
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If the two groups involved in an experiment are not equivalent, ________. it is impossible to conduct a replication it cannot be ascertained that the independent variable caused the results the experiment is said to have high internal validity the experimental result is likely to be affected by ethnocentrism
Answers
If the two groups involved in an experiment are not equivalent,
it cannot be ascertained that the independent variable caused the results.
The experimental group, also known as the treatment group, receives the treatment whose effect the researchers wish to study, while the control group does not. They should be identical in all other respects. We know that if we two groups participate in any kind of experiment, we know that the study of that experiment is not equivalent, nor that the experiment cannot be determined with certainty in which independent variable produces, arises, or causes results and outcomes. . Therefore, this option is true.
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2. When the plastic sheet is pulled down (inhalation), what happens to the pressure in the plastic bottle?
Answers
Answer: (i) Air pressure inside the bell jar increases.
(ii) The balloons inside the jar expand.
(iii)This is similar to the expansion of the lungs during inhalation.
(iv)This is similar to the contraction of the lungs during exhalation.
Explanation:
3. The table below shows factors that could be present in a population. Next to each factor,
write whether this would cause natural selection or not.
Answers
Answer:
1.) No
2.)Yes
3.)No
4.)Yes
5.)No
Explanation: Hope this helped!
Hemophilia is a sex–linked disorder that is caused by a defective gene on the X chromosome. What will be the pattern of inheritance of the offspring of a hemophiliac father?
Answers
The oligocene deposits in the fayum of egypt contain many of the earliest-known ____ fossils.
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The oligocene deposits in the fayum of Egypt contain many of the earliest-known monkeys fossils.
Egypt is the most significant Oligocene location. The first signs of the developing old world monkeys have been found in the Fayum region of the Western Desert, specifically in the Qasr El Sagha and Jebel Qatrani formations. This paleoenvironment was home to the Oligocene higher primates Aegypto..pithecus, Proplio..pithecus, Para..pithecus, and Api..dium, both of which are known to have been arboreal based on their postcranial fossils.The first two are from the Sagha Formation, officially the latest Eocene in age, but the deposits are continuous, along with some other unknown affinities.
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The receptors for balance related to the semicircular canals are known as: ________
a) macula saculi
b) macula utriculi
c) crista ampularis
d) inner hair cells
Answers
Please be rightly informed that the receptor for balance which is related to the semicircular canals are known as crista ampularis
What are receptors?Receptors can be defined as those organs cells which have the ability to respond to light, heat, or other external stimulus and transmit a signal to a sensory nerve
So thetefore, the receptor for balance which is related to the semicircular canals are known as crista ampularis
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Because we view the world through a subjective lens influenced by a number of variables, perception is considered:________
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Because we view the world through a subjective lens influenced by a number of variables, perception is considered inaccurate.
What is perception?Perception is an outcome of a given stimuli, which is subjective because it depends on how an organism senses its surrounding environment.
Perception is also subjective because environmental inputs can influence the brain and senses in distinct modes according to how an individual relates to his/her physical world.
This phenomenon (perception) is also inaccurate because responses are different in distinct organisms for the same environmental input.
In conclusion, because we view the world through a subjective lens influenced by a number of variables, perception is considered inaccurate.
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What is the correct order for structures in the nervous system pathway for hearing? a. axons project to the auditory cortex. b. axons project to inferior colliculi.
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The correct order of structures in the nervous system pathway to hearing is that axons project to the auditory cortex.
A. Axons project to the auditory cortex.Inferior colliculus neurons send their axons to the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus, which in turn projects to the auditory cortex.
What is the route of the roads?
The cochlear nerve passes through the internal acoustic meatus in the temporal bone and enters the brainstem in the upper part of the medulla, at its junction with the pons, next to the facial nerve (VII), in the region of the cerebellopontine angle.
Which part of the brain controls hearing?Temporal Lobe: located near the ear, it is responsible for the perception of hearing, enabling the analysis of sounds. In addition, it functions as a processor of memory and emotions.
With this information, we can conclude that We hear when sound waves travel through the air to our eardrum and then through the middle ear to our inner ear and from there finally to the auditory centers of our brain. Our ears are always active, continually transporting sounds along this auditory pathway.
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05.01 LC) What forms white light? O Combination of all the wavelengths of ultraviolet light O Combination of all the wavelengths of visible light O Absorption of electromagnetic rays Absorption of infrared rays
Answers
Answer:
A.) Combination of all wavelengths of ultraviolet light
Explanation:
White light is formed when all infrared and visible light wavelengths are reflected. However, white light is also created when UV wavelengths are absorbed.
Foreign substances in the body that are too small to start an immune response by themselves are called
Answers
Foreign substances in the body that are too small to start an immune response by themselves are called hapten .
Antigens are compounds, typically proteins, found on the surface of bacteria, fungi, viruses, or cells. Antigens can also include nonliving things including poisons, chemicals, medications, and foreign objects (like a splinter). Antigen-containing compounds are recognized by the immune system, which then attempts to destroy them.
What is a hapten in immunology?
Hapten, also spelled haptene, small molecule that stimulates the production of antibody molecules only when conjugated to a larger molecule, called a carrier molecule. Related Topics: epitope antigen.
What is the difference between antigen and hapten?
An antigen is a complete molecule that can initiate an immune response on its own, whereas a hapten is an unfinished molecule that is incapable of initiating an immunological response on its own. Two forms of immunogens that can cause immunological reactions are antigen and hapten.Learn more about hapten
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