The marginal product of labor (MPL) per hour from adding the third worker can be calculated by finding the change in output, In this case, the change in output is $180 per hour - $120 per hour = $60 per hour.
The marginal product of labor (MPL) is a concept in economics that measures the increase in output as a result of adding one more unit of labor (worker). It provides an estimate of the additional amount of output that can be produced by adding one more worker to the production process. In the case of the campus coffee shop, the marginal product of labor can be calculated by finding the change in output (i.e. the difference in output) per hour as a result of adding one more worker. The coffee shop's output increased from $120 per hour to $180 per hour when a third worker was hired. So, the change in output is $180 per hour - $120 per hour = $60 per hour. Therefore, the MPL per hour from adding the third worker is $60 per hour. This means that each additional worker adds $60 worth of output to the coffee shop per hour. MPL is an important concept for businesses and policymakers to understand as it can help inform decisions about the optimal level of labor to hire, and how to allocate resources efficiently to maximize output.
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analyzing data and presenting the findings are the two parts of which step in the marketing research approach?
Analyzing data and presenting the findings are the two parts of which step of develop findings.
What is the marketing research?Analyzing data and presenting the findings are two parts of the "Data Analysis and Report Generation" step in the marketing research approach.
Therefore, In this step, the collected data is processed and analyzed to uncover insights and draw conclusions. This involves cleaning and organizing the data, running statistical tests and creating visual representations such as charts and graphs. The goal is to identify patterns and relationships within the data that can inform marketing decisions.
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u.s. treasury bills are considered the safest of all money market instruments because there is a low probability of desertion. defeat. default. demarcation.
The Government of India issues Treasury Bills, which are money market instruments in the form of promissory notes that are guaranteed to be repaid at a later time.
The money raised through such measures is often utilized to fund the government's immediate needs, hence lowering the overall fiscal deficit of the nation.
A short-term treasury bill aids in the government's ability to raise money in order to pay well beyond, which exceed its annual revenue collection.
The goal is to reduce the overall fiscal imbalance in an economy and control the total amount of money in circulation at any given time.
Since they are completely guaranteed by the U.S. government, Treasury bonds are regarded as low-risk investments that are typically risk-free when held to maturity.
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calculate four periods moving average forecast from the last six periods period/demand 1-38 2-40 3-42 4-40 5-44 6-38
The formula for the moving average of four periods is as follows:
[tex]\frac{D_{1}+D_{2} +D_{3} +D_{4} }{4}[/tex]
Assigning values
[tex]\frac{42+40+44+38}{4}[/tex]
The 4-period moving average = 41.
Therefore, option b.) 41 is correct.
A moving average can be used as a technical indicator by market analysts and investors to determine the direction of a trend. The financial security data points are totaled over a specified time period and divided by the total to determine an average.
Because it is regularly updated using the most recent pricing information, it is known as a moving average. Analysts can determine support and resistance by examining price changes for an item and using the moving average. The historical price movement or action of the security is represented by a moving average.
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The complete question is:
Calculate four periods moving average forecast from the last six periods
Period/Demand
1-38
2-40
3-42
4-40
5-44
6-38
a.) 40
b.) 41
c.) 42
d.) 43
the tax that the united states imposes on imported carbon steel products is called a tariff. true false
It is true that tax that the United States imposes on the imported carbon steel products is called tariff.
What is tariff?A tariff is a tax imposed by a government on imported or exported goods. Tariffs are typically imposed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition and to increase government revenue. The tax is levied on specific products or groups of products and can vary depending on the type of product, the country of origin, and the size of the shipment. Tariffs can also be used as a means of political leverage in trade negotiations between countries. Tariffs can have both positive and negative effects on the economy. They can increase the price of imported goods, making them less competitive with domestic products and increase government revenue. However, they can also lead to inflation and decreased demand for imported goods, which can harm consumers and lead to decreased economic growth. In general, tariffs are a controversial topic, with opinions on their usefulness varying widely.
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On january 1, 2016, bravo industries purchased $900,000 of 8% bonds from rl enterprises. Bravo paid $937,422 for the bonds, which will mature january 1, 2021. Interest on the bonds is payable each july 1 and january 1. Effective interest rate on the bonds is 7%. Using the effective interest method, bravo recorded amortized premium of $3,186 in july 2016 and $3,294 in december 2016. On february 1, 2017, bravo sold the bonds for $927,000
As per the details given in the question, Bravo Industries should report a $3,375 gain on the sale of the bonds.
A gain is a general expansion in the worth of a resource or property. An increase emerges in the event that the ongoing cost of something is higher than the first price tag. For bookkeeping and duty purposes, gains might be ordered in more ways than one, like net versus net gains or acknowledged versus hidden (paper) gains. Capital increases may moreover be named momentary versus long haul in nature.
A gain can be stood out from a misfortune, which happens when property or resources held lose esteem contrasted with their price tag. A misfortune can hence be interpreted as a negative increase.
To determine the gain or loss on the sale of the bonds, we need to compare the carrying value of the bonds at the time of the sale to the sale price.
The carrying value of the bonds at the time of the sale, February 1, 2017, was $930,375. The sale price was $927,000. So, the gain or loss on the sale of the bonds would be:
$930,375 - $927,000 = $3,375 gain
Therefore, Bravo Industries should report a $3,375 gain on the sale of the bonds.
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Complete Question -
On January 1, 2016, Bravo Industries purchased $900,000 of 8% bonds from RL Enterprises. Bravo paid $937,422 for the bonds, which will mature January 1, 2021. Interest on the bonds is payable each July 1 and January 1. Effective interest rate on the bonds is 7%. Using the effective interest method, Bravo recorded amortized premium of $3,186 in July 2016 and $3,294 in December 2016. On February 1, 2017, Bravo sold the bonds for $927,000. If the bonds had a carrying value of $930,375 at this time, how much gain or loss should Alpha report on the bonds?
choose the option that will increase the net present value (other things equal)? group of answer choices a decrease in the discount rate a decrease in the number of cash inflows a decrease in the size of the cash inflows an increase in the initial cost of the project
A lower discount rate which will result in a higher net present value. (other things equal).
The NPV of the project is increased by front loaded bidding approach. However, there may be significant drawbacks to using a front-loaded bidding approach. The NPV decreases when the rate increases and vice versa. This is due to the fact that greater rates of discount result in future cash flows having less value. Consequently, a lower rate always is preferred. A given current value should be increased by increasing the discount rate. The rate rises whenever the depreciation is modified to account for risk. Lower present values are the result of higher discount rates. This is due to the fact that a larger discount rate predicts that the value of money will increase more quickly over time.
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when evaluating a make-or-buy decision, managers should consider blank . multiple select question. all variable production costs opportunity costs all fixed production costs
When evaluating a make-or-buy decision, managers should consider
qualitative factorsopportunity costsall variable production costsWhat is the make-or-buy decision?The make-or-buy decision refers to decision-making that takes place by the manufacturer in which he decides whether he has to manufacture a product or buy it from an outside source by determining all the factors.
Using price analysis to make a strategic decision is known as a make-or-buy decision. This is based on manufacturing costs as well as research and specialized knowledge of the provider that the buyer lacks.
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if you deposit $10,000 at 1.85% simple interest, compounded continuously, what would your ending balance be after 3 years? brainly
After depositing $10,000 at 1.85% simple interest, compounded continuously, the ending balance after 3 years would be $10,555.
One way to figure out the interest on an amount is to use the simple interest formula. First, it's crucial to keep in mind what interest is and how to calculate it. When you borrow money from a bank, there is also an additional sum that must be paid. Interest is the term for the additional cost that you incur.
Given:
The principal amount (P) is $10,000.
Interest rate (R) equals 1.85%
Time (T) equals three years.
Simple interest is calculated as (PXRXT)/100.
Therefore,
Simple interest is equal to 100 x (10000 * 3 * 1.85) =$555
When the principal amount is increased by simple interest,
Simple interest is 10,000 plus 555.
Interest is equal to 10,555.
Therefore, after three years, the remaining balance will be $10,555.
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which of the following is a consumer protection law? a. lanham act b. sherman antitrust act c. digital millennium copyright act d. celler-kefauver act e. nutritional labeling and education act
e. Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) is a consumer protection law is a consumer protection law.
The NLEA, passed in 1990, amended the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to require that certain food labeling information be presented in a standard format and that certain health claims for foods be reviewed and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The act aims to protect consumers by providing them with accurate and useful information about the nutritional content of foods, which helps them make informed choices about their diets.
The other acts listed:
a. Lanham Act: a federal trademark law
b. Sherman Antitrust Act: a federal antitrust law
c. Digital Millennium Copyright Act: a federal copyright law
d. Celler -Kefauver Act: a federal antitrust law.
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is a customer list an example of tangilbe personal property or intangible personal property?
Answer: Intangible personal property
Explanation:
the temporary account used only for the closing process that contains a credit for total revenues and a debit for total expenses is the:
revenues and a debit for total expenses is the income summary account.
The account for the total income: Only utilized at closing, the income summary account functions as a transitional account. It includes every expense and revenue incurred by the business during the current accounting period.
An income statement, also known as a profit and loss account, is one of a company's financial statements and displays the company's receipts and outlays for a specific time period. It details the conversion of revenues into net income or net profit.
At the conclusion of each accounting period, all temporary accounts for a business are closed and transferred to the income summary account.
To put it another way, the value of each account on the income statement is debited from the temporary accounts and then credited as a single number.
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Full question:
The temporary account used only for the closing process that contains a credit for total revenues and a debit for total expenses is the:
A) Closing account
B) Contra account
C) Real account
D) Balance column account
E) Income summary account
The business-level strategies that managers choose to adopt have implications for every area of the organization. A manufacturing company has hired you as its new chief strategy officer because you have a deep understanding of how organizations implement business strategy. Answer the following questions. If the company uses Porter's cost leadership strategy, what should marketing and sales emphasize? a. The ability of the company's products to satisfy more than basic needs b. The prestige that the company's brand conveys c. The fact that the company's products are easily mass-produced d. The good value of the company's products
The option that marketing and sales should emphasize if the company uses Porter's cost leadership strategy is d) the good value of the company's products.
What is the business-level strategies?If the company uses Porter's cost leadership strategy, marketing and sales should emphasize the good value of the company's products. Cost leadership strategy is focused on reducing the costs of production and distribution as much as possible, to offer products at a lower price than competitors.
This means that the company should seek to be the low-cost producer in its industry.
Therefore, Marketing and sales efforts should focus on communicating this cost advantage to customers and emphasizing the fact that the company's products offer good value for the price.
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describe what the vikings teach us about organizing a vast, ocean-crossing international corporation
Coins and other precious items that were either traded for or stolen were reintroduced into the economy thanks to Viking commerce and raids. Trade or markets that the Vikings established for the sale of looted goods were two ways that such things were reintroduced into the economy.
Humans were compelled to learn more about their surroundings and develop economy new technologies in order to establish new, longer-distance trading routes. The usage of longboats by the Scandinavian Vikings for river and open-water transport is an illustration of this. Vikings established trading posts and homes at York, England, as well as Dublin, Ireland.
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items in an inventory are consecutively numbered using the binary number system. the last item in the current inventory is numbered as 1010 0011. what will the next item be numbered
If the last item in the current inventory is numbered as 1010 0011, then the number after it will be numbered 1010 0111.
The products and materials that a company keeps on hand with the intention of reselling, producing, such as using them are referred to as overstock or stock. The main focus of inventory control is determining the position and form of stocked objects. It is vital to go before the regular and scheduled course of manufacturing and stocking of materials at various places within a facility or at several sites of a supply network. Inventory in the context of a current manufacturing collect data in order to all work done, including raw materials, products that have been substantially finished, full products that have not yet been sold, and finished items that have left the manufacturing system. Inventory in the context of services refers to all work completed prior to sale, including information that has not yet been fully processed.
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which of the following is a subclassification of assets in the balance sheet? group of answer choices cash and cash equivalents revenue current assets disposable assets
Option c. Current assets is a subclassification of assets in the balance sheet.
What are current assets ?A corporation expects to use up or sell a current asset, also known as a liquid asset, within one fiscal year or operational cycle. On the other hand, non-current assets are long-term assets that are difficult to quickly turn into cash within a year.
Current assets are items that a corporation utilises, replaces, or turns into cash during a typical operating cycle. They are also known as short-term assets (typically less than 12 months). It sets them apart from long-term assets, or those that a company uses for longer than a year.
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assume abc corp. had $6,300,000 in revenues and the profit margin of 15%. if abc corp. also had $9,100,000 in total assets and had the debt ratio of 43%, what was abc corp's return on equity (roe)? group of answer choices 10.38% 15.81% 17.63% 18.22%
ABC Corp.'s return on equity (ROE) is 15.81%.
Determine net profit. A 15% profit margin means that $945,000 was made in net profit.
tally up all the equity. The sum of all assets minus all liabilities is the total equity. The debt ratio and total assets can be multiplied to find the total liabilities.
Total liabilities in this scenario would be $9,100,000 x 43%, or $3,903,000.
Thus, the total equity is equal to $9,100,000 - $3,903,000 = $5,197,000.
Calculate the return on equity (ROE). Net profit is divided by total equity to determine return on equity (ROE).
The ROE in this scenario is calculated as $945,000 / $5,197,000 = 15.81%.
Compare one response to the other. The computed ROE of 15.81% agrees with the 15.81% figure provided.
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amy, an hr professional, intends to ensure creation of the right fit between the job and the employee. which task should amy perform in this case?
One of the key tasks that Amy should perform is to create a detailed job description for the position. This involves outlining the roles, responsibilities, and qualifications required for the job, including any specific skills or experience that may be necessary. The job description should be clear and concise, and should accurately reflect the expectations of the position.
Another important task that Amy should undertake is to carefully review and screen potential candidates for the job. This involves assessing the candidate's education, work experience, and any relevant skills or certifications they may possess. She should also conduct an interview with the candidate to evaluate their fit for the job, as well as to assess their communication skills and overall suitability for the organization.
Once Amy has identified a suitable candidate, she should work with the hiring manager to ensure that the new employee is properly onboarded and trained for the position. This involves providing the necessary training and resources to help the employee become familiar with the job and the organization and to ensure that they are able to perform their duties effectively.
In summary, creating the right fit between the job and the employee involves a range of tasks that aim to match the skills, knowledge, and experience of a potential employee with the requirements of the job position.
These tasks may include creating a detailed job description, carefully reviewing and screening potential candidates, and ensuring that the new employee is properly onboarded and trained for the position.
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what is the name of the restaurant near the secure credit union performing arts center?
Restaurants near SAFE Credit Union Performing Arts Center. Sacramento, California. A hippie cafe. Coffee & Tea, Cafe Burger Town. Hamburgers, beer garden.
Restaurants near SAFE Credit Union Performing Arts Center Vines Cafe Dawson's Steakhouse Brasserie du Monde Capitol Garage Ella Dining Room and Bar. //aviewfrommyseat.com › Nearby Restaurants › SAFE...
A hippie cafe. Coffee & Tea, Cafe; Burger Town. Hamburgers, beer garden. Ramen House Ryujin. Ramen; Sawasdee Thai food; Thailand;T Coconut Hippie Restaurants Near Me. CA All "Hippie Restaurants" results are located in Sacramento, CA. ... Old soul 1.5 km. 902 reviews. ...Veg cafe. 1.2 km 604 reviews. ...Shady Lady Saloon. 1.7 kilos 1666 reviews. ...Swabia. 19.8 km... The Red Rabbit Kitchen and Bar. 1.0 km... flamingo house. 1.2 kg ...MIX downtown. 1.7 kilos
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the dividend pattern for a stock with supernormal dividend growth can be most correctly described as
The dividend pattern for a stock with supernormal dividend growth can be most correctly described as: a. experiencing a period of non-constant growth followed by constant growth forever
What is the dividend pattern for a stock?Experiencing a period of non-constant growth followed by constant growth forever refers to a situation where a stock's dividends initially grow at a rapid, non-constant rate and then level off and grow at a constant rate thereafter.
This pattern is often seen in companies that go through a period of rapid expansion and high profitability, during which they pay out increasing dividends. As the company matures and reaches a more stable financial position, the rate of growth of its dividends becomes more consistent and predictable.
Therefore the correct option is A.
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The complete question is:
The dividend pattern for a stock with supernormal dividend growth can be most correctly described as:
a. experiencing a period of non-constant growth followed by constant growth forever
b. experiencing a period of non-constant growth forever
c. having no discernible patter to its dividend growth
d. experiencing a period of constant growth followed by non-constant growth forever
a bond promises to pay $500 in one year and $10,500 in two years. what is the correct way to find the present value of this bond? 'r' represents the interest rate in decimal places, e.g. 0.03.
The Present value of a bond is the value of the future cash flows that the bond promises to pay, discounted back to the present $500 in one year and $10,500 in two years.
The formula to calculate the present value of a single cash flow at time t is: Present value = Future cash flow / (1 + r)^t
where r is the interest rate.
So, for the first cash flow ($500 in one year), the present value can be calculated as:
Present value of $500 = $500 / (1 + r)^1
For the second cash flow ($10,500 in two years), the present value can be calculated as:
Present value of $10,500 = $10,500 / (1 + r)^2
Finally, the present value of the bond is the sum of the present values of the two cash flows:
Present value of bond = Present value of $500 + Present value of $10,500
This calculation gives us the present value of the bond, which represents its value today given the expected future cash flows and the interest rate.
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explain how the competitive inhibitor stops trypsin working
Enzymes are essential proteins that facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms. Trypsin is one of the important enzymes in the digestive system that helps in breaking down proteins. However, sometimes, other molecules can interfere with the function of trypsin, preventing it from doing its job. Such molecules are called competitive inhibitors.
A competitive inhibitor is a molecule that is similar in shape to the substrate that the enzyme binds to. In the case of trypsin, the substrate is a protein that needs to be broken down into smaller pieces.
When a competitive inhibitor molecule enters the scene, it competes with the substrate for the active site on the trypsin enzyme. The active site is the specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds to and where the chemical reaction takes place.
Since the competitive inhibitor and the substrate have similar shapes, they both fit into the active site, but only one can be processed at a time. If the inhibitor molecule successfully binds to the active site, trypsin will not be able to bind to the substrate, and the chemical reaction cannot take place. Therefore, the presence of the competitive inhibitor stops trypsin from working efficiently.
It's important to note that the competitive inhibitor does not permanently damage trypsin. Once the inhibitor molecule leaves the active site, trypsin can resume its normal function. However, if there is a high concentration of competitive inhibitor molecules, trypsin may not be able to bind to enough substrate molecules to carry out its function, leading to a decrease in overall enzyme activity.
In summary, a competitive inhibitor is a molecule that competes with the substrate for the active site on an enzyme. When a competitive inhibitor binds to the active site of trypsin, it prevents the substrate from binding to trypsin, leading to a decrease in enzyme activity. This phenomenon demonstrates the importance of a balance between enzymes, substrates, and inhibitors in biological systems.
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2. explain why cpi is calculated using the same quantities as the base year instead of different quantities each year?
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the average change in prices over time for a basket of goods and services consumed by households.
The basket of goods and services is meant to represent the typical spending patterns of households, and it is used to calculate the cost of living.
Using the same basket of goods and services each year as a base allows for comparability of the price changes from one year to the next. If the basket were to change from one year to the next, it would be difficult to compare the changes in prices, as the basket would no longer be representative of the same set of goods and services.
In addition, using the same basket of goods and services each year helps to account for changes in consumer behavior over time.
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the broad term referring to the practical applications of science and knowledge to commercial and organizational activities is called blank . multiple choice question. technology social investment social networking shared value
A broad term referring to the practical applications of science and knowledge to commercial and organizational activities is called Technology. The correct option is A.
Technology is the use of knowledge to accomplish practical objectives in a repeatable manner. The term "technology" can also refer to the outcomes of such endeavours, encompassing both material tools—such as machinery or utensils and immaterial ones such as software. In research, engineering, and daily life, technology is essential.
Society has undergone substantial transformation as a result of technological breakthroughs. The earliest technology that has been identified is the stone tool, which was employed during prehistoric times. This was followed by the ability to regulate fire, which helped the human brain expand and language to emerge during the Ice Age. The development of the wheel during the Bronze Age facilitated greater travel and the development of more sophisticated machinery.
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under the periodic inventory system, village fabrics purchases navy plaid fabric used in its fabric-selling business in the following lots: june 5 - 4 yards at $2.50 per yard, june 12 - 7 yards at $3.00 per yard, june 17 - 8 yards at $3.50 per yard. what is the periodic average cost of the fabric per yard?
The periodic average cost of the fabric per yard under the periodic inventory system is $3.11 per yard.
What is a system of periodic inventories?
The physical inventory count of goods is routinely scheduled under the periodic inventory system. Maintenance on physical inventories can be costly because it takes a lot of time and effort. As a result, many companies only occasionally conduct physical inventory counts. Periodic inventory systems are frequently used in place of perpetual inventory systems.
Every transaction in a periodic system is noted in the company's buy account, which keeps track of inventory by deducting the cost of goods sold (COGS). However, it does not account for returned items, damaged, lost, or destroyed items.
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| Personal Finance |
If you have to pay your car insurance deductible, which is the best place to get the money?
A) your emergency fund
B) your insurance company
C) your credit card
D) your family
If the individual have to pay your car insurance deductible, the best place to get money is your credit card. Thus, option C is correct.
What is deductible in insurance?The amount that you must pay before the insurer starts to pay the remainder of the claim amount is known as the "deductible" and is strongly related with insurance. How it functions If the deductible for your insurance policy is $50,000, you are responsible for covering all qualifying costs up to that amount.
When a disease or injury necessitates costly medical care, low deductibles are desirable. High-deductible insurance policies provide you access to HSAs and more reasonable premiums. HSAs can serve as a source of retirement income and provide three different tax advantages.
Your credit card is the finest source of funding if you have to pay your auto insurance deductible. Option C is correct as a result.
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what technological and economic factors combined to lead to the explosive growth of american cities during the urbanization period?
The explosive growth of American cities during the urbanization period was driven by a combination of technological and economic factors. The development of industrialization and the growth of railroads led to the emergence of large manufacturing industries in cities, such as steel production, textiles, and food processing.
These industries provided employment opportunities to a large number of people and created a demand for more goods and services, leading to increased urban population growth. Finally, the availability of credit, the emergence of large financial institutions and the development of efficient transport networks all played a key role in the economic development of cities.
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a production possibilities curve that is bowed out represents the case of group of answer choices external costs. constant costs. decreasing costs. increasing costs.
A production possibilities curve that is bowed out represents the case of increasing costs.
The curve bends outward due to the law of increasing opportunity cost, which states that the quantity of a commodity that must be sacrificed for each additional unit .
Option d is correct .
Law of Increasing Opportunity Cost, If you increase production of one good, the opportunity cost of producing an additional good increases. First, remember that opportunity cost is the value of the next best option when making a decision .
The line PPF represents the constant cost between two goods. For example, for every unit of X produced, one unit of Y is lost. Out-bent PPF represents increasing opportunity costs.
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what would happen to the equilibrium price and quantity of coffee if the wages of coffee-bean pickers fell and the price of tea, a substitute for coffee, rose?
If the wages of coffee-bean pickers fell the price of coffee will be lower thus the supply of coffee will increase and effect on quantity will be vague.
Tea and coffee are substitute products, meaning they can be used in place of one another. The demand for tea will rise or fall depending on whether coffee price go up or down, accordingly. If coffee bean pickers' pay dropped, coffee bean businesses would be able to employ more of them because they could. Supply rises as a result of increased labor productivity. This dilemma implies that tea is a suitable replacement for coffee. People would shift to tea if the cost of tea dropped while the cost of coffee remained the same in order to save a few dollars. As coffee sales decline, tea sales increase. A market-clearing price, often referred to as an equilibrium price, is the consumers cost associated with a good or service at which demand and supply are equal or nearly equal.
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what is the maximum change in output when government spending increases from $200 to $300, given the marginal propensity to save is 0.5? the output increases by $200. the output decreases by $200. the output increases by $600 the output increases by $100. the output increases to $400.
In the given scenario the output increases to $400.
The increase in spending = $200 to $300
The marginal propensity to save = 0.5
MPC monitors the percentage of extra income that is spent on the consumption of goods and services rather than conserving it, or we can say that it measures the proportion of rising consumption with rising income.
Using the formula to calculate propensity -
Y = (change in government expenditure / marginal propensity to consume
Where MPC can be used to get the maximum change in output (Y).
Calculating MPC -
MPC = 1 - 0.5
= 0.5
Therefore,
ΔY = 300 - 200 / 0.5
= 100/0.5
= 400
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Assume that you are the inventory officer at wholesale and Retail Ltd, you noticed that large amounts of some items are ordered while there is a zero balance for other items. List four reasons for controlling stock at the company.