starch, cellulose, glycogen, and polypeptides are all made from chains of many subunits, or building blocks. what is the name given to a chain composed of many subunits?

Prokaryotes are inherently "unicellular," despite the fact that some of their cells may cling to one another inside a matrix or form filaments.

Prokaryotes are simple, single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are among the earliest forms of life on Earth and are characterized by their small size and simple structure.

Prokaryotic cells are capable of performing all cellular functions on their own and do not depend on specialized organelles to carry out these functions. They are also capable of reproducing asexually, making identical copies of themselves.

In some instances, prokaryotic cells may form clusters or chains, but they are still considered unicellular organisms. This is because each individual cell is able to carry out all the functions necessary for survival and reproduction independently, without relying on other cells within the group.

The formation of these clusters or chains may be a response to environmental conditions, such as changes in nutrient availability or exposure to stress, but the individual cells remain autonomous.

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The strategy of combining two complementary plant protein sources permits the amino acids in one food to make up for those lacking in the other food.​ Thus, option C is the right choice.

Protein complementation makes sure you get all nine amino acids in your diet by combining two or more sources of protein instead of just one. Our bodies receive the complementary proteins they need as long as they are taken throughout the day, not all at once. As a result, the technique of combining two plant protein sources that complement one another allows the amino acids in one diet to make up for those that are deficient in the other food.

Combining different vegetarian protein sources will guarantee that you consume all 9 essential amino acids. It's not necessary to complement proteins at the same meal. You may make up for the methionine you missed out on at lunch if you ate beans for lunch and later had some raw almonds as a snack. If properly planned, a vegetarian diet can give you all the vitamins, minerals, and amino acids your body requires.

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Complete question is:

The strategy of combining two _____ plant protein sources permits the amino acids in one food to make up for those lacking in the other food.​

A. ​complete

B. ​whole-grain

C. ​complementary

D. ​indigestible

E. ​high-tryptophan

High levels of unsaturated fatty acyl tails within the lipid bilayer. However, at low temperatures, cholesterol has the opposite effect:

Cholesterol prevents membranes from freezing and maintains membrane fluidity by interfering with interactions between fatty acid chains. Phospholipids are membrane constituents; when they are compressed during membrane function, they form kinks, which results in the formation of space between phospholipid molecules and aids in fluidity maintenance.

. A phospholipid bilayer, composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules, is a component of the cell membrane. Other macromolecules found in the cell membrane include membrane proteins and carbohydrates. As a result, we can say that the cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer, but it is not the only one.

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Answer:

are composed of cells

make up organs

Explanation:

as a summary you can keep in mind that

Groups of cells combine to form tissues , tissues combine to form organ, organs combine to form organ systems.

The one-directional flow of blood in the circulatory system is due to the presence of specialized valves, which are present throughout the heart and veins. These valves prevent backflow of blood and ensure that blood flows in only one direction, thereby contributing to the efficient and effective delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues.

The one-directional flow of blood in the circulatory system is an essential feature that ensures efficient and effective delivery of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. This process is primarily due to the presence of specialized valves located throughout the heart and veins, known as "valves of the heart" and "venous valves."

Valves of the heart are flap-like structures located in the chambers of the heart, which ensure that blood flows in only one direction. The heart has four chambers: the right and left atria, and the right and left ventricles. The atrioventricular valves (AV valves) separate the atria and ventricles and prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and ventricle, while the mitral valve is located between the left atrium and ventricle. The semilunar valves, on the other hand, are located between the ventricles and the pulmonary artery and aorta, respectively. These valves prevent the backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation.

Venous valves, on the other hand, are present in the veins of the body and ensure that blood flows in only one direction towards the heart. The venous system returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. These valves prevent backflow of blood as it flows through the veins, which can occur due to the effect of gravity or changes in pressure. They are particularly important in the lower extremities, where blood flow against gravity is more challenging.

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Answer:

The advantages of using garden peas as a model organism for studying inheritance are:

Easily Cultivated: Garden peas are easy to grow and can be grown in large quantities, making them readily available for study.

Short Generation Time: Peas have a short generation time of one season, allowing for several generations to be studied in a single year.

Clear-Cut Characteristics: Peas exhibit a wide range of easily observable physical characteristics, such as seed color, seed shape, and flower color, which made it easier for Gregor Mendel to study inheritance patterns.

Self-Fertilization: Peas can self-fertilize, which eliminates the need for cross-fertilization and reduces the number of variables to be considered in a study.

True-Breeding Varieties: Peas have true-breeding varieties, meaning that offspring produced from self-fertilization will exhibit the same characteristics as the parent, making it easier to identify patterns of inheritance.

These factors made garden peas an ideal model organism for studying genetics and allowed Mendel to lay the foundation for modern genetics.

An argument that one can deduce from the given information is that the atmosphere of mars is extremely lower than that of venus with respect to the surface area.  

An atmosphere may be defined as a type of layer that is significantly composed of numerous gases that surround any celestial body or planets like earth, mars, etc.

The atmosphere of Venus is very thick, dry, and hot, while the atmosphere of mars is very thin and cold. And yet the same processes are happening on both planets." Both Venus' and Mars' atmospheres are about 95% of carbon dioxide.

Both types of planets have beams of electrically charged particles flowing out of their atmospheres. The particles are being accelerated away by interactions with the solar wind, a constant stream of electrically charged particles released by the Sun.

Therefore, an argument that one can deduce from the given information is that the atmosphere of mars is extremely lower than that of venus with respect to the surface area.  

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Answer:

1, 2 and 4

Explanation:

I think they are right but im not sure, i hope it help

The cell wall in the bacteria is primarily composed of peptidoglycan.

Peptidoglycan is a complex polymer which is made up of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine as well as N-acetylmuramic acid, which is linked together by short peptides. The peptidoglycan layer provides mechanical stability as well as protection against osmotic pressure for the bacterium.

In some bacteria, such as Gram-negative bacteria, the peptidoglycan layer is surrounded by an outer membrane which is composed of lipopolysaccharides as well as phospholipids, which provides an additional barrier to protect the bacterium and helps to regulate the transport of the molecules in and out of the cell.

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Facilitated diffusion is the process by which substances cross the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, and it is driven by the concentration gradient.

This process is facilitated, or made easier, by specific transport proteins that are embedded in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.

These transport proteins, known as carrier proteins or permeases, are responsible for helping substances cross the cell membrane during facilitated diffusion. They do this by binding to the substrate molecule on one side of the membrane and then undergoing a conformational change that allows them to release the substrate on the other side of the membrane.

This process of facilitated diffusion is important because it allows cells to maintain a balance of ions and other small molecules, such as glucose and amino acids, that are necessary for normal cellular function.

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Rubriblast, prorubriblast, rubricyte, and metarubricye are the erythrocyte's four developmental phases. Last but not least, phases can also be called based on how the normoblast stage develops.

Pronormoblast, Early Normoblast, Intermediate Normoblast, Late Normoblast, and Polychromatic Cell are the stages that result from this. Production, maturation, and destruction are the three phases of the erythrocyte life cycle. A subprocess of hematopoiesis that takes place in the red bone marrow is the production of erythrocytes (erythropoiesis).

The earliest erythroid precursors are known as proerythroblasts, sometimes known as pronormoblasts. These are big cells with a basophilic, agranular cytoplasm, rounded nuclei, and high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios. It is slightly denser than the chromatin seen in myeloblasts, but the chromatin is equally distributed. You might see one or more nucleoli.

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Bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic flagella are all regarded as analogous structures because they all developed separately.

Typically, the nucleoid, a region of the cell called in Archaea and Bacteria the chromosome, is a single circular double-stranded DNA. Eukaryotes, on the other hand, flagella typically have a large number of linear chromosomes. Eukaryotes have microtubules and dynein in their flagella, which move via bending. The flagella of bacteria and archaea are rotational in motion and lack dynein or microtubules.

When compared to Eucarya cells, which have a more sophisticated structure with internal compartments defined by membranes, Bacteria and Archaea cells, with their simple cell architecture, differ fundamentally.

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Organisms that must be anaerobes lack antioxidant defenses like catalase and superoxide dismutase.

Anaerobes are basically creatures that do not need energy from oxygen for metabolism. As a result, they are distinct from other species (aerobes) that depend on oxygen for energy. Anaerobes, in contrast to aerobes, can use a variety of different substances during metabolism. Aerobes require oxygen to grow.

Anaerobic bacteria, like other anaerobic species, can breathe without oxygen. In this procedure, a variety of organic and even inorganic materials might be employed as electron acceptors. It's important to note that some anaerobes can tolerate oxygen and even utilize it for respiration in this situation. However, oxygen is toxic to bacteria and cannot be tolerated by some people.

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When a child is born with a faulty gene that causes a serious disease, it means that they have inherited a mutated gene from one or both parents. The mutated gene contains incorrect or incomplete instructions for making a protein, which can cause a variety of problems in the body. The severity of the disease depends on the specific gene that is affected and the degree to which it is mutated.

Some faulty genes can cause diseases that are present from birth, while others may not cause symptoms until later in life. In some cases, a person may inherit a faulty gene but not develop the disease themselves, while still being a carrier of the gene and able to pass it on to their children.

Answer: a child born with faulty gene that causes a serious disease is result of "gene change or a mutation"

Explanation:

Gene change cane sometimes cause health conditions such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease. A gene change also can cause birth defects, like heart defects. A gene can change on its own or it can be passed from parents to children.

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Steroids, also known as corticosteroids, have a complex effect on the healing process. While they can have some benefits, they can also have some negative effects. Here option C is the correct answer.

Speeds up the primary union are partially true. Steroids have been shown to have a positive effect on the formation of a primary union, or the initial stage of healing, by reducing inflammation and swelling. This can help to reduce pain and increase mobility in the affected area.

Speeds-up healing is also partially true. Steroids can help to reduce inflammation and swelling, which can in turn speed up the overall healing process.

Inhibits healing is also partially true. While steroids can have some positive effects on the healing process in the short term, long-term use of steroids can have a negative effect on the healing process. Steroids can interfere with the production of new cells and tissues, which is necessary for the body to repair and heal itself.

Overall, the effect of steroids on the healing process is complex and depends on the duration and dose of the steroid treatment, as well as the underlying health of the individual. While steroids can have some positive effects in the short term, they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Complete question:

What effect do steroids have on the healing process? group of answer choices

A - speeds up primary union

B - speeds up healing

C - inhibits healing with no effect

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The categories of biogeochemical cycles include all of the following except green plant cycle

The correct answer is d. green plant cycle.

The categories of biogeochemical cycles include:

a. Hydrologic cycle: This cycle refers to the movement of water through the Earth's systems, including the atmosphere, land, and oceans. Water evaporates from the surface, rises into the atmosphere, condenses to form clouds, and then falls back to the surface as precipitation.

b. Carbon cycle: This cycle refers to the movement of carbon atoms through the Earth's systems, including the atmosphere, oceans, and land. Carbon dioxide is taken up by plants during photosynthesis, and then released back into the atmosphere through respiration, decay, and combustion of fossil fuels.

c. Nitrogen cycle: This cycle refers to the movement of nitrogen atoms through the Earth's systems, including the atmosphere, oceans, and land. Nitrogen is converted into usable forms by bacteria in the soil, and then taken up by plants and animals. After death and decay, nitrogen is returned to the soil where it can be used again.

The "green plant cycle" is not a recognized biogeochemical cycle. Biogeochemical cycles describe the movement of elements and compounds through the Earth's systems, not the processes associated with specific organisms, such as plants.

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Answer:

1)parent material—minerals forming the basis of soil. living organisms—influencing soil formation.

2)climate—affecting the rate of weathering and organic decomposition.

3)topography—grade of slope affecting drainage, erosion and deposition

Explanation:

The upper right abdominopelvic that located beside the epigastric region is hypochondriac region (option 4)

The two superolateral sections of the abdomen that are located on either side of the epigastric region are known as the hypochondriac regions. The word "chondriac" means cartilage and refers to the cartilage of the ribs. The prefix "hypo" means below or under. Consequently, the hypochondriac area is found below the ribs. Two upper, right and left, zones that cross the abdomen and are below the rib cartilage. the area above the stomach, or epigastric. Two middle, right and left sections of the back, close to the waist. region around the umbilicus or navel.

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The correct sequence of applying immersion oil is as follows:

b. Focus on the specimen using the 40x objective lens.

c. Tum the objectives to halfway between the 40x lens and the 100x lens.

a. Apply a drop of immersion oil directly onto the area Of the slide you were viewing.

d. Rotate the 100x lens over the microscope slide, and use the fine focus adjustment knob to sharpen the image

The 100x objective lens with oil immersion is the most powerful light microscope lens. Immersion oil is used because it has been formulated in such a way the same refractive index as glass. Thus light refraction does not occur when moving from glass to oil and vice versa.

Here is the rule of conduct on immersion oil:

1. Focus on the colored sample at low power.

2. Alternate the turret 40x, centering the desired section of the sample. Refocus very carefully to get the sample in focus as sharply as possible. Keep using this focus for the next steps.

3. IMPORTANT STEP

Alternate the turret partly, so that 40x and 100x objectives stand on both sides of the sample.

Carefully, put a small drop of oil on the slide in the center of the bright area.

Be sure to set a drop of oil straight over the area of the sample to be tested.

4. Spin the turret and let the 100x oil immersion objective touches the oil and clicks into place.

Find the right focus by moving the slide slightly left and right. Always work with fine focus. Observe the motion in the visual field, and aim attention at the object which moved.

5. Place a drop of oil on the second sample, and smooth along the slide laterally until it is in place if you work with more than one sample on a slide.

6. After you have applied oil to the specimen, don't turn to the 10x or 40x objectives again, or else oil can ruin the lower power objectives.

7. After finishing with your observation, clean everything up by wiping the 100x oil immersion objective carefully. Use lens paper to remove all oil. For the slide, clean the oil thoroughly with lens tissue. Cleanse stage also in case oil has spilled on it. Close the immersion oil container tightly again, and put it back in the drawer.

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Answer:

the allele P (purple) is dominant.

Explanation:

your welcome

Carbon-14 is the radioactive element which will be best suited for determining the age of the wooden tools which were used by the prehistoric humans during the last ice age.

Radiocarbon dating which is also referred as carbon dating or the carbon-14 dating is a method which is used for the determination of the age of a particular object which contains the organic material by utilizing the different properties of the radiocarbon which basically a radioactive isotope of carbon.

Over time this carbon-14 happens to decay in predictable ways. With the help of the radiocarbon dating researchers can use this decay like a clock which allows these scientist to look into the past and be able to determine the absolute dates of everything ranging from wood to food, poop, pollen, and even dead animals and humans.

Therefore, carbon-14 dating can be used for determining the age of the wooden tools which were used by the prehistoric humans during the last ice age.

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The name "corona" comes from the Latin word for "crown," and coronaviruses (CoVs) are positive-stranded RNA(+ssRNA) viruses that resemble a crown when viewed under an electron microscope.  

This is because the envelopes of these viruses include spike glycoproteins. SARS-CoV-2 virus-borne coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious illness. Most infected individuals may only experience mild to moderate respiratory symptoms and will recover without the need for special care.After replication and sub-genomic RNA synthesis, the structural proteins S, E, and M of the virus are translated and placed into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The secretory route transports these proteins to the ERGIC, or endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (135, 136).

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The autoimmune disease you are referring to is likely Vitiligo. It is a skin condition in which the skin loses its pigment, resulting in the appearance of white patches.

Nobody knows what causes autoimmune disorders. In most situations, a mix of variables is likely at work, such as genes, which may increase your risk of developing the condition. If you have the gene, the environment, such as a virus, can cause the disease (s). A strong immune system protects the body against sickness and infection. However, when the immune system fails, it assaults healthy cells, tissues, and organs. These attacks, known as autoimmune illness, can damage any region of the body, diminishing physical function and potentially becoming life-threatening.

Here,

The patches are surrounded by areas of normal pigmentation and can occur anywhere on the body. Vitiligo is caused by the destruction of melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing pigment in the skin.

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The new DNA strands are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction from their DNA templates because the synthesis required a free OH group which is present at the 3'-end of the primer.

DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is the major form of genetic material that encodes the information for all the traits of the living organism.  The structure of DNA is composed of two strands of anti-parallel polarity that are joined together by the hydrogen bonding.

Primers are the small segments of single stranded RNA. These are very essential for the initiation of DNA synthesis because they consist of free 2'-OH group at the 3'-end of the strand. They are about 10-20 bases long.

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Answer: homologus pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in Metaphase 1 of meiosis

Explanation:

i got it right

The second-generation phenotypes resulting from the cross of purebred monohybrid pollination will display a ratio of 3:1

The second-generation phenotypes resulting from a purebred monohybrid cross will display a 3:1 ratio. This ratio is determined by the Mendelian Law of Segregation, which states that for any gene, an organism has two alleles, one inherited from the mother and one inherited from the father. During meiosis, these alleles segregate independently, meaning that each offspring will have a unique combination of alleles. This results in a 3:1 ratio, with three of the offspring exhibiting the dominant trait and one exhibiting the recessive trait. This ratio can be used to predict the outcome of a cross between two purebreds, allowing breeders to plan accordingly when attempting to create a certain phenotype.

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Some amphibians and crayfish can withstand periods of dryness by burying themselves in mud in pond that has muddy or silty areas

Amphibians and crayfish that can survive periods of dryness by burying themselves in mud would likely survive best in a pond that has muddy or silty areas, where they can burrow into the sediment to escape from drying conditions.

In order for these animals to survive, the pond should have sufficient mud or silt deposits that are moist and provide protection from desiccation. Additionally, the pond should not be too deep, as amphibians and crayfish need to be able to reach the surface to breathe air. The water level in the pond should also be stable, so that the animals do not become exposed during periods of low water.

It's important to note that while these animals can withstand periods of dryness, they still require a source of water to survive and breed, so a pond with consistent water supply would be ideal for their survival.

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