Some proteins need numerous amino acid chains to interact and fold properly. The quaternary structure is what we refer to as.
What is an amino acid?
Functional groups of amino acids and carboxylic acids are found in organic compounds called amino acids. Of the many different amino acids found in nature, alpha-amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, are by far the most important. There are only 22 alpha amino acids in the genetic code. Many tertiary structures are distributed in space to form a quaternary structure. Some proteins contain two or more subunits of the polypeptide chain as building blocks. The spatial arrangement of these elements in relation to one another is called the quaternary structure.
So the correct answer is the quaternary structure.
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though science fiction hsa produced stories like the blob, we do not see many large, single celled organism. which is a reason for limitation to cell size
The rates of protein production, the folding speeds of its slowest proteins, and—for big cells—the rates of protein diffusion all serve as growth constraints on cells.
What are the constraints of cell size measurement?The surface-area-to-volume ratio of cells prevents cells from growing to an extent that their surface area is insufficient to absorb nutrients and expel waste.
Prokaryotic cells do not fit the criteria for the cell hypothesis since they lack a distinct nucleus. Every known living thing is made up of one or more cells. All living cells grow from pre-existing cells through division. The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit in all living things.
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What characteristics do the lamprey and tuna have in common
Fish species like lamprey and tuna may be found in enormous bodies of water like rivers and seas.
Due to their high levels of migration, they both traverse large distances in search of food and spawning opportunities. They can swim quickly across the water thanks to their comparable elongated and streamlined body shapes.
They can also draw oxygen from the water through their gills and have a highly developed sense of smell. They both consume smaller fish, crabs, and other aquatic creatures as food.
The last method of reproduction for both species is external fertilization, in which the eggs and sperm are dispersed into the sea.
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are the genes that cause vestigial wings and the quiver phenotype linked? do a chi-square test of independence to determine whether the genes have assorted independently.
If the percentage of recombinants in a cross between a homozygous and heterozygous test is less than 50%, the genes are said to be linked. Both genes are linked in the above scenario.
The ratio of phenotypes would be 1:1:1:1 for independent assortment.
Observed Expected O-E (O-E)²
230 162.5 67.5 4556.25
224 162.5 61.5 3782.25
97 162.5 -65.5 4290.25
99 162.5 -63.5 4032.25
The chi-square value is 102.5, which is completely outside the range, and the degrees of freedom are 4-1 = 3. The hypothesis is thrown out. The genes do not assort independently.
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(complete question)
are the genes that cause vestigial wings and the quiver phenotype linked? do a chi-square test of independence to determine whether the genes have assorted independently.
vg+ sps+ 230
vg sps 230
vg sps+ 230
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total 650
The average annual rainfall in Florida is 55 inches. Is this an example of weather or climate
Answer:
Weather
Explanation:
The difference between weather and climate is a measure of time. Weather is what conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time, and climate is how the atmosphere "behaves" over relatively long periods of time.
When we talk about climate change, we talk about changes in long-term averages of daily weather. Today, children always hear stories from their parents and grandparents about how snow was always piled up to their waists as they trudged off to school. Children today in most areas of the country haven't experienced those kinds of dreadful snow-packed winters, except for the Northeastern U.S. in January 2005. The change in recent winter snows indicate that the climate has changed since their parents were young.
If summers seem hotter lately, then the recent climate may have changed. In various parts of the world, some people have even noticed that springtime comes earlier now than it did 30 years ago. An earlier springtime is indicative of a possible change in the climate.
In addition to long-term climate change, there are shorter term climate variations. This so-called climate variability can be represented by periodic or intermittent changes related to El Niño, La Niña, volcanic eruptions, or other changes in the Earth system
What cycle is most directly affected by the combustion of fossil fuels?
a scientist claims that an individual could carry the allele for huntington's disease, yet show none of its symptoms. which feature of huntington's disease supports this claim?
Feature of Huntington's disease that supports the claim is presence of One gamete that is formed abnormally as the pair of homologous chromosomes are not separated properly .
Huntington's disease occurred due to a single dominant allele. This is a lethal disease, but this is found commonly in the human population. Huntington's disease represents its symptoms during the course in midlife, when people with this disease already had their offspring.
Huntington's disease is generated by a mutation in the gene for a protein called huntingtin. This mutation also causes defect in the building blocks of DNA called cytosine, adenine, and guanine (CAG) and they are repeated many number of times than they normally occurs.
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How do rainforest ecosystems differ from other forest ecosystems?
They have less biodiversity and less light that reaches the forest floor than other forest ecosystems.
They receive more rainfall and have warmer average temperatures than other forest ecosystems.
They have warmer average summers and milder average winters than other forest ecosystems.
They have more limited areas along coastal areas than other forest ecosystems.
three criteria used for classification of the atmosphere are question 73 options: structure, origin, evolution. composition, origin, evolution. structure, origin, temperature. composition, temperature, and function.
b. Composition, temperature and function. Through insulation from incoming ultraviolet (UV) radiation, protection from extremes in daytime and nighttime temperatures, and protection from incoming UV radiation.
The atmosphere safeguards life on earth. The convection that results from the sun's heating of the atmosphere's layers, which drives air flow and weather patterns all across the planet. Nitrogen, oxygen, and argon are the three main gases that make up the Earth's atmosphere. About 0.25% of the mass of the atmosphere is made up of water vapour. As the Earth cooled, gases emitted by volcanoes mostly made up the atmosphere. It had up to 200 times as much carbon dioxide as the atmosphere we have today, along with methane, hydrogen sulphide, and hydrogen. the earth's axis is rotating.
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Three criteria used for classification of the atmosphere explained in the text are A) composition, origin, evolution. B) composition, temperature, and function. C) structure, origin, temperature. D) structure, origin, evolution.
many crustaceans (for example, lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish) use their tails to swim, but crabs have reduced tails that curl under their shells and are not used in swimming. this is an example of .
Crabs have decreased tails that coil beneath their shells and are not utilized for swimming, unlike many other crustaceans (such as lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish). A vestige trait would be something like this.
Crustaceans, which include crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, barnacles, brine shrimp, copepods, ostracods, and mantis shrimp, are an extremely diverse group of arthropods. In contrast to other arthropods, crustaceans are often aquatic and have two pairs of appendages (antennules and antennae) in front of the mouth as well as paired appendages that serve as jaws close to the mouth.
The biological evolution via natural selection theory was put out by British biologist Charles Darwin. Darwin referred to the concept of species change as "descent with modification" in his definition of evolution.
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Which of the following is true about the de novo synthesis of nucleotides?
A. Deoxyribonucleotides are precursors of ribonucleotides. B. Pyrimidines are precursors of
purines.
C. Purines are synthesized then
attached to ribose or
deoxyribose.
D. Amino acids are precursors of nucleotides.
The de novo synthesis of nucleotides is a complex process that involves the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides separately and their subsequent combination with ribose or deoxyribose to form the final nucleotides. Therefore, option C is the correct statement about de novo synthesis of nucleotides.
Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA, which are essential for genetic information storage and transmission. De novo synthesis of nucleotides refers to the process of synthesizing nucleotides from simple precursor molecules rather than using pre-existing nucleotides. In this process, purine and pyrimidine nucleotides are synthesized separately and then joined together to form nucleotides.
The correct statement about de novo synthesis of nucleotides is option C - purines are synthesized and then attached to ribose or deoxyribose. Purines are synthesized from small molecules like amino acids, carbon dioxide, and formate, in a complex process involving multiple enzymatic steps. The final product, inosine monophosphate (IMP), is then converted to AMP and GMP, the two purine nucleotides. These nucleotides are then combined with ribose or deoxyribose to form the final purine nucleotides, adenosine and guanosine.
On the other hand, pyrimidines are synthesized from smaller molecules like aspartate, carbamoyl phosphate, and bicarbonate. The end product of pyrimidine synthesis is uridine monophosphate (UMP), which is then converted to the other pyrimidine nucleotides, cytidine and thymidine.
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Step 7: Determine the Sizes of the Flocks in the Third Generation
The size of the third generation flocks can be obtained by data collection and analysis.
How do you determine the Sizes of the Flocks in the Third Generation?The size of the flocks in the third generation can be determined by collecting data and analyzing it. Here are some steps that could be followed to determine the size of the flocks:
Count the number of individuals in each flock: This can be done by visually observing the flocks and counting the number of individuals in each one.
Record the data: Write down the number of individuals in each flock in a table or spreadsheet.
Analyze the data: Once the data has been recorded, it can be analyzed to determine the size of the flocks in the third generation. This could involve calculating the mean, median, mode, and range of the data, as well as creating graphs or charts to visualize the data.
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Answer the question.
(1) What arrangement is not seen in rod-shaped cells? Coccus shaped cells?
(2) What is the reasoning why acidic dyes stain only the background and not the cells?
Acidic dyes are negatively charged and are attracted to the positively charged background of a microscope slide. Cells, on the other hand, are neutral and therefore do not attract the acidic dye.
What is microscope slide?A microscope slide is a thin flat piece of glass, plastic, or resin that is used to hold samples for viewing under a microscope. The slide has a depression in the middle of one side, into which a sample is placed. The sample is then covered with a coverslip, which is a second thin piece of glass, plastic, or resin that is placed directly above the sample to protect it from damage. Microscope slides are commonly used in laboratories, classrooms, and medical settings to examine and analyze the structure and composition of cells, bacteria, and other microscopic organisms.
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write the number of chromosomes and amount of dna ( ng ) present per cell at the end of telophase i of meiosis (after cytokinesis).
The two new groups of chromosomes are surrounded by membranes in the concluding phase, called telophase, and the mitotic spindles that gave these groups their strength are broken down.
The cell has two 46-chromosome groups when mitosis is finished, each encased in its own nuclear membrane. There are 23 chromosomes at the telophase-II stage and 46 chromosomes in the human genome. The stage of telophase-II is when the nuclear envelope surrounds the collection of chromosomes at each spindle pole. Each cell will have 10 unreplicated chromosomes, the same number as the progenitor cell. There is only one DNA molecule per unreplicated chromosome. Therefore, each cell will contain 10 DNA molecules at the conclusion of telophase/cytokinesis.
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you want to perform a colony counting experiment. what would likely happen if you plated undiluted bacteria culture onto a plate?
The colonies would be too close for counting if you plated undiluted bacteria culture onto a plate.
In order to make the bacterial colonies countable a series of serial dilutions is performed to create decreasing concentrations of the original sample. these dilutions are then are then plated for making the plate countable with a low but enough number of bacteria that can be easily counted in the individual colonies.
Hence , diluting the sample, is necessary to plate different concentrations of the sample and to obtain an bacterial plate with an easily countable number of bacterial colonies .
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Some vitamins act as ___________, helping to preserve the health of cells.
Some vitamins act as antioxidants, helping to preserve the health of cells.
Vitamins are organic nutrients needed by the body because they are not synthesized by the body and function as biochemicals. Vitamins can be obtained from fruits, vegetables or supplements. When a person is deficient in vitamin intake, he can experience, for example, thrush due to a lack of vitamin C.
Antioxidants are natural or man-made substances that can prevent or delay certain types of cell damage due to the oxidation process. Some of the vitamins that act as antioxidants are vitamins A, C, E, folic acid, and beta carotene, each of which has its own benefits. Vitamins can act as antioxidants because vitamins can be oxidized so that they can protect other compounds from oxidation.
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the sugars associated with glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes is?
The sugars associated with glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes is function as indicators to separate one cell from another.
What is cell membrane function?Every cell has a cell membrane, often referred to as a cellular membranes, that separates the interior of the cell from the outside world. The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The cell membrane regulates the flow of substances through and through the cell.
Who created the cell membrane?A cell membrane, sometimes referred to as the plasma membrane, is the thin membrane that surrounds every live cell. Fatty acids are the primary building blocks of the lipids and different proteins cell membranes. Based on the characteristics of lipids, biological membranes develop, and all cell membranes have the same internal structure: bilayers of phospholipid bilayer with accompanying proteins.
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A scientist is attempting to date the age of a chosen rock layer. Which of the following is NOT necessary for being able to determine the age using radiometric dating?
a. The half-life of the daughter isotope
b. The half-life of the radioactive isotope
c. The identity and relative abundance of the daughter isotope
d. The relative abundance of radioactive isotope present in the sample
The statement which is not necessary for being able to determine the age using radiometric dating is the half-life of the daughter isotope. Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
What is Radiometric dating?Radiometric dating may be defined as a type of methodology that significantly calculates the age of geological material like rocks in years by measuring the presence of a short-life radioactive element.
The age of rocks is determined by radiometric dating, which looks at the proportion of two different isotopes in a sample. Radioactive isotopes break down in a predictable amount of time, enabling geologists to determine the age of a sample using equipment like this thermal ionization mass spectrometer.
Therefore, the statement which is not necessary for being able to determine the age using radiometric dating is the half-life of the daughter isotope. Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
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What or sensory neurons are those that convey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the brain and spinal cord?
The spinal cord is where information processing starts after afferent neurons in the dorsal roots convey impulses from the body's sense receptors.
The nerve fibers that transmit sensory data from the outside environment to the brain are known as afferent neurons, or sensory neurons. The sensation of touch, pain, and temperature are all examples of sensory information, along with other unique senses like vision, hearing, smell, or taste. Afferent neurons are frequently connected to specific sensory receptors that are divided into groups based on the stimuli to which they respond. Afferent neurons send information to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located all throughout the body.
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scientists compared fossil remains of a species that lived 5,000 years ago with members of the same species living today. scientists concluded that this species had changed very little over the entire time period. which statement best accounts for this lack of change? *
The most likely explanation for a lack of change in a species over a 5,000-year time period is that the species is well-adapted to its environment and experiences little pressure to evolve.
Evolution by natural selection occurs when certain traits that are advantageous in a particular environment become more common in a population over time. If a species is well-adapted to its environment, it may not experience much pressure to evolve, as the traits that are advantageous in its environment are already common in the population.
In this case, the species in question has likely been able to survive and reproduce effectively for thousands of years without undergoing significant changes, as it is well-adapted to its environment.
If a species experiences no significant environmental changes over a long period of time, it may not experience pressure to evolve and may remain relatively unchanged.
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which of the answer choices accurately describes one way the human x and y chromosomes differ from one another?
The X and Y chromosomes differ in size and function, with the X chromosome containing 1,500 genes and the Y chromosome containing 100. Both contain both autosomal and X-linked genes, while the Y chromosome contains only Y-linked genes.
What is the difference between X and Y chromosomes?The size of the human X and Y chromosomes is different from one another. With over 1,500 genes compared to the Y chromosome's 100, the X chromosome is significantly bigger than the Y chromosome. Many activities, including the control of gene expression, cell growth and development, reproduction, and several metabolic processes, are controlled by the X chromosome. On the other hand, the Y chromosome is principally in charge of defining male sex traits. Together with other genes involved in male fertility and typical male development, it also contains the gene that turns on the production of testosterone and other male hormones. Moreover, distinct kinds of genetic material make up the X and Y chromosomes. Both the autosomal and X chromosomes and X-linked gene, while the Y chromosome contains only Y-linked genes.
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The complete question is: What is one way the human X and Y chromosomes differ from one another?
Prepare a list of important scientific and technological knowledge in Aquaculture Engineering. It is the research methodology course.
Here is a list of important significant and technological
knowledge in Aquaculture Engineering:
1. Biology of aquatic species: Understanding the existence cycle, development, propagation, and conduct of species utilized in hydroponics.
2.Water quality management: Information on water science, water trade rates, oxygenation, and filtration frameworks to keep up with ideal water conditions for hydroponics.
3.Feed formulation and nutrition: Grasping the dietary necessities of various species and the improvement of adjusted abstains from food for ideal development and wellbeing.
4.Recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS): Information on the plan, development, and activity of RAS, including water treatment, air circulation, and filtration frameworks.
5.Aquatic animal health management: Understanding the illnesses influencing oceanic species and the strategies for anticipation, analysis, and treatment.
6.Aquatic animal behavior and welfare: Understanding the way of behaving and government assistance of oceanic species in bondage and the variables that can affect their prosperity.
7.Aquatic plant cultivation: Information on the development, sustenance, and the executives of amphibian plants utilized in hydroponics frameworks.
8.Harvesting and post-harvest handling: Figuring out the strategies for gathering and taking care of oceanic species, including evaluating, pressing, and transportation.
9.Aquaculture systems design and construction: Information on the plan and development of hydroponics frameworks, including lakes, tanks, and RAS.
10.Environmental impact assessment: Understanding the possible natural effect of hydroponics tasks and the techniques for limiting and relieving these effects.
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the bacteria and archaea include microscopic prokaryotes that lack membrane-bound nuclei. what criteria have lead to the classification of these two groups as separate domains? select all that apply.
Different types of DNA and RNA polymerases have led to the classification of these two groups as separate domains.
Prokaryotes are small single-celled organisms that lack specialized organelles and a defined nucleus with a membrane. Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes.
It appears that prokaryote life began about over 4 billion years ago, surviving on the atmosphere's early levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, steam, nitrogen, hydrogen, and ammonia.
Archaea and bacteria are the two domains that makeup prokaryotes. Prokaryotes do not have distinct cellular compartments; rather, all of the internal water-soluble components, including proteins, DNA, and metabolites, are found together in the cytoplasm, which is surrounded by the cell membrane. The protein-based bacterial micro-compartments that bacteria have been hypothesized to function as early organelles encased in protein shells. Large colonies of some prokaryotes, including cyanobacteria, are possible. Some have multicellular stages in their life cycles, such as myxobacteria.
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what are the limitations of the body mass index as a measure of body size?
The limitations of the body mass index as a measure of body size is it cannot measure lean body mass.
BMI or body mass index is a calculation obtained by dividing body weight by height. This measurement serves to determine a person's ideal body weight and nutritional status. After doing BMI, we can find out whether we are overweight, normal, or underweight.
To calculate body mass index, you can use the formula: Body mass index (BMI) = body weight (kg) : height (m). Everyone's BMI results can be different depending on age, gender, ethnicity and others. Although it can determine a person's weight and nutritional status, BMI has limitations, namely it cannot measure lean body mass or how much fat is in the body.
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proteins are polymers formed of structural units calledgroup of answer choicesphosphate groups.nucleic acids.amino acids.fatty acids.
Proteins are polymers formed of structural units called c)amino acids.So,correct option is c.
Proteins are polymers, meaning they are enormous particles comprised of numerous more modest atoms. The little particles that make up proteins are called amino acids.Every amino corrosive contains a carbon particle, an amino gathering, a carboxyl gathering, and a side chain (otherwise called a R bunch).
The side chain is the main variable part of the amino corrosive. The kind of side chain distinguishes the sort of amino corrosive and furthermore decides its qualities (for example its size, pH, and extremity). There are around 20 distinct kinds of amino corrosive in the human body, however these can join to make roughly 20,000 extraordinary proteins.
Amino acids are consolidated by peptide bonds, which structure between the amino gathering of one particle and the carboxyl gathering of another. Two amino acids combined is known as a dipeptide; a chain made of different amino acids is known as a polypeptide.
Hence,correct option is c.
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(Complete question) is:
proteins are polymers formed of structural units calledgroup of answer choices
a)phosphate groups.
b)nucleic acids.
c)amino acids.
d)fatty acids.
If Freed’s theory is confirmed, how might it be helpful outside of the New Madrid area?
If Freed's hypothesis is true, then there might be further flaws waiting in the wings to explode. The Midwest has been shaken by large earthquakes on various occasions throughout history.
Why would there be a higher danger of earthquakes in the New Madrid region?If more ancient organism are released, more earthquakes may occur in the New Madrid region. Other places might be experiencing similar trends. We are aware of numerous rifts beneath different river valleys across the nation, he claims. Many of the locations haven't recently been subject to earthquakes.
How will the Novo Madrid Fault affect things?Travel across southwest Missouri would be rendered impossible as thousands of bridges could crumble and railways will be wrecked. The state would sustain damages totaling close to $40 billion.
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Which description of proteins after translation is true?
Responses
They must go through the transcription process before they can be used.
They are immediately functional upon creation.
They are not completely finished and usable by the cell.
Most are malformed and discarded by the cell.
After translation, proteins are not immediately functional upon creation. They are not completely finished and usable by the cell, and must go through further modifications such as folding and processing before they can function properly. Therefore, the description "They are not completely finished and usable by the cell" is true.
The correct description of proteins after translation is that they are not completely finished and usable by the cell, which is the third option, as during the process of translation, they often require additional modifications.
What exactly is translation?During transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into an RNA molecule, which is then used as a template for translation, in the process of translation, the ribosome reads the RNA sequence and uses it to assemble a specific sequence of amino acids into a polypeptide chain, and the most important modification that proteins undergo after translation is folding, proteins must fold into specific three-dimensional shapes in order to function properly.
Hence, the correct description of proteins after translation is that they are not completely finished and usable by the cell, which is the third option.
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if 1 kilometer= 0.62mile, how many miles are in 50 kilometers?
Answer:
0.62 x 50 = 31 miles
How would pet owners do if there was no pets
Pet owners, especially dog owners who walk their dogs, are frequently more physically active and healthier. Had more ordered daily routines, better mental health, and a higher likelihood of discovering new interests.
What is a pet owner referred to as?But it appears that more pet owners are referring to each other as parents or guardians. The word "owner" for pets has been replaced with the term "guardian" in several places. But this would alter a lot of elements of pet ownership. Additionally, it can deny pet owners some rights.
Do pet owners count as parents?Point One: Those of us who refer to ourselves as the "caregivers" of animals are not joking around. They sincerely believe that what they are doing qualifies as parenting.
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Why is mitochondrial DNA inherited only from mothers and not fathers?
Because sperm contains few mitochondria, which are degraded after fertilization, an individual's mitochondrial genome is entirely derived from the mother.
Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that it is inherited only from the mother. The nucleus contains the majority of our cells' DNA. This DNA was inherited in equal parts from both of our parents. However, there is some DNA floating around inside another cell organelle, the mitochondria. Mitochondria are found in eggs but not in the heads of sperm cells, so mtDNA is only inherited from mothers. mtDNA does not recombine during meiosis.
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tracking down unidentified human pathogens falls within which field of microbiology? (identify the best fit answer.)
One of the most significant subfields of the medical and biological sciences is immunology, which is the study of the immune system.
Additionally, it is now understood that immune responses contribute to the emergence of a wide range of common diseases, including metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's, which were not previously linked to the immune system.
With continuous research in immunotherapy, autoimmune illnesses, and vaccines for newly emerging viruses like Ebola, immunological research continues to broaden the limits of our understanding of how to address serious health conditions. It has been made possible to find new diagnoses and therapies for a variety of diseases by improving our understanding of basic immunology, which is crucial for clinical and commercial use. In addition to the aforementioned, immunological research has given rise to vitally significant research methods and instruments like flow cytometry and antibody technology, along with the advancement of technology.
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