The underlying biological tenet of RNA acting as a simple carrier was challenged by the finding, made nearly thirty years ago, that RNA may with abilities that are comparable to those of protein enzymes.
How do enzymes function and what are they?
Proteins are folded into intricate forms to form enzymes, which are found throughout the body. Enzymes perform tasks necessary for our metabolism, the chemical processes that keep us alive. Enzymes accelerate (catalyze) biochemical processes; in some instances, they can speed up a reaction hundreds of times more quickly than it otherwise would.
Where can you find enzymes in a cell?
The distribution of enzymes within a cell is not always uniform; frequently, they are sequestered in the nuclear, on the cellular membranes, or in subcellular organelles. Estrogen, neurosecretions, and other substances that alter the internal milieu of the cell also affect the rates of enzyme produced and activity.;
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select all of the following that correctly describe archaean cells. A. Lack nuclei and organelles B. Most have cell walls. C. Arise before Bacteria
The following that correctly describe Archaean cells are:
Lack nuclei and organellesMost have cell wallsCan have flagellaThe characteristics of archaeal cells set them apart from the bacteria and eukaryote in the other two domains. There are numerous recognised phyla that divide archaea further. Since most haven't been isolated in a lab and have only been found in environmental samples by their gene sequences, classification is challenging. The ability of them to create endospores is uncertain.
Although some archaea, like the flat, square cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi, have quite diverse shapes, in general, bacteria and archaea are comparable in size and shape. Despite sharing a similar morphology with bacteria, archaea have genes and some metabolic pathways that are more similar to those of eukaryotes, particularly for the transcription and translational enzymes.
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Which of these is a disadvantage of deriving power from nuclear energy?
A. The use of a lot of fuel to produce very little electricity
B. The production of hazardous wastes that must be stored for many
years
C. The production of large amounts of greenhouse gases
D. The use of large amounts of water for cooling reactors
The disadvantage of deriving power from nuclear energy is the production of hazardous waste that must be stored for many years; this is option B, as nuclear energy is produced by nuclear reactions.
What is the significance of nuclear energy?This nuclear energy produces a significant amount of radioactive waste, which is hazardous to human health and the environment because it can cause cancer and other diseases so, the waste must be stored and allowed to decay to safe levels.
Hence, the disadvantage of deriving power from nuclear energy is the production of hazardous waste that must be stored for many years; this is option B, as nuclear energy is produced by nuclear reactions.
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What axon of cells form the optic nerve?
The axons of retinal ganglion cells form the optic nerve.
What is an axon?An axon is a long, thin, and specialized extension of a nerve cell, also known as a neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body. The axon is responsible for transmitting signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. It acts as the communication highway between neurons, transmitting information from one part of the nervous system to another.
The retinal ganglion cells receive visual information from the photoreceptor cells in the retina, and their axons exit the eye at the optic disc and come together to form the optic nerve, which carries the visual information from the eye to the brain for processing.
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The long, thin fiber that extends from the body of one neuron to other neurons, muscles, or glands is known as the
The long, thin fiber that extends from the body of one neuron to other neurons, muscles, or glands is known as an axon.
Axons are one of the two main types of extensions that protrude from a neuron cell body, the other being dendrites. Unlike dendrites, which are highly branched and receive signals from other neurons, the axon is typically a long and slender projection that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body and towards other cells.
The axon is responsible for transmitting the electrical signals generated by the neuron to other cells. These signals, also known as action potentials, travel down the axon and can trigger the release of chemical neurotransmitters at the axon terminals, which can then bind to receptors on other cells and propagate the signal further.
The length and thickness of the axon can vary greatly depending on the type of neuron and its location in the nervous system.
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In 1990, the US government and international partners launched the Human Genome Project. The goal of the project was to map the DNA sequence of the entire human genome. The genome is the complete set of genetic information an organism carries in its DNA. In 2003, the Human Genome Project was declared a success. The cost of the first completed genome was extremely expensive. Since then, the price to map a person’s genome has decreased quickly. By 2017, a person could pay just a few thousand dollars for a map of his or her genes.
Tay-Sachs disease is a recessive genetic condition that damages the brain and causes early death. Miriam had an uncle who died of the disease at age 2. Miriam is considering having a child. She wants to have her DNA tested for the Tay-Sachs gene.
How can genome sequencing help Miriam decide whether to have a child?
A. Genome sequencing will tell Miriam whether she is a carrier of the Tay-Sachs gene.
B. Genome sequencing will tell Miriam that her children will have Tay-Sachs disease.
C. Genome sequencing will allow Miriam's children to get gene therapy for Tay-Sachs disease.
D. Genome sequencing will tell Miriam how closely-related she will be to her children.
Genome sequencing will tell Miriam whether she is a carrier of the Tay-Sachs gene.
What is genome sequencing?
Since its introduction to clinics in 2014, whole genome sequencing has primarily been employed as a research tool. Whole genome sequence data may be a crucial tool in the future of personalised medicine to direct therapeutic action. In order to improve the knowledge available to researchers interested in evolutionary biology, gene sequencing at the SNP level is also used to identify functional variants from association studies. This work may lay the groundwork for predicting disease susceptibility and drug response.Whole genome sequencing should not ever be confused with DNA profiling, the origin of the genetic material, or a person's susceptibility to particular diseases.To know more about genome sequencing, click the link given below:
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What is 47562 laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
47562 is a Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code used to describe a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which is a surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder.
The gallbladder is a small organ located near the liver that stores and releases bile, a fluid that helps digest fats.
During a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the surgeon makes several small incisions in the abdomen and inserts a laparoscope, which is a thin, flexible tube with a camera attached to the end. The surgeon uses the laparoscope to visualize the inside of the abdomen and to guide the surgical instruments. The gallbladder is then carefully dissected and removed through one of the incisions.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a minimally invasive procedure that offers several advantages over traditional open cholecystectomy, such as smaller incisions, less postoperative pain, and a shorter recovery time. It is typically performed under general anesthesia and is considered a safe and effective treatment for conditions such as gallstones, gallbladder inflammation, and other gallbladder diseases.
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Cyanide binds and impairs one of the molecules involved in the production of ATP. Which organelle does cyanide act upon?
Cyanide binds and impairs one of the molecules involved in the production of ATP., thereby the organelle on which the cyanide act upon are mitochondria.
What is the relative role of mitochondria in ATP production?The relative role of mitochondria in ATP production is associated with the generation of this energy coin of the cell by the process of cellular respiration which is fundamental in the cell.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the relative role of mitochondria in ATP production is to carry out chemical reactions for the process of cellular respiration.
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In this activity, you will be asked to examine the illustration above and determine whether each of a series of statements correctly describes the process.Sort the statements into the appropriate bin depending on whether they correctly or incorrectly describe some aspect of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.A To regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis.B. Allosteric inhibition can be irreversible. Allosteric inhibition can be reversed. The allosteric inhibitor binds to a site distinct from the active site resulting in decreased affinity of the enzyme for the substrate.C. Eating food provides fuel and building blocks for your body.Eating food provides fuel and building blocks for your body. After food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transported to cells via the circulatory system.Fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle).Fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle).ATP is produced with the help of the electron transport chain.ATP is produced with the help of the electron transport chain.After food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transported to cells via the circulatory system. SubmitD. Correct statements:The final electron acceptor is O2. The pH of the intermembrane space in mitochondria would be lower than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix in an actively metabolizing cell. A chemical that inactivates cytochrome c so that it can't pass electrons on to cytochrome a would block electron transport and ATP synthesis. A toxin that causes a leak to form in the inner mitochondrial membrane such that protons could bypass the ATP synthase would prevent oxidative phosphorylation.Incorrect statements:ATP serves as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain. Electrons moving from the FMN to Q to cytochrome b are gaining energy. The electrons carried by FADH2 have more potential energy than those carried by NADH. A toxin that causes a leak to form in the inner mitochondrial membrane such that protons could bypass the ATP synthase would disrupt the flow of electrons to O2.
The following are correct statements: O2 is the last electron acceptor. The pH of the mitochondrial intermembrane gap would be lower than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix in a cell that was actively metabolizing substances.
Electron transport and ATP generation would be prevented by a substance that inactivates cytochrome c so that it cannot transfer electrons to cytochrome a. Oxidative phosphorylation would be prevented by a toxin that results in the inner mitochondrial membrane developing a leak that allows protons to bypass the ATP synthase. The following are incorrect statements: The electron transport chain includes ATP, which acts as an electron carrier. Energy is being added to the electrons as they go from the FMN to Q to cytochrome b. Comparing FADH2 with NADH electrons, FADH2's electrons have a higher potential energy. The transport of electrons to O2 would be disrupted if a poison led to the formation of a leak in the inner mitochondrial membrane that allowed protons to avoid the ATP synthase.
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iv. Describe how radon would most likely enter the house in the diagram.
Answer:
Radon is an odorless, invisible, radioactive gas naturally released from rocks, soil, and water. Radon can get into homes and buildings through small cracks or holes and build up in the air.
Explanation:
Polymers of polysaccharides, fats, and proteins are all synthesized from monomers by ionic bond of monomers.
It will be produced via a process we dubbed dehydration synthesis, a condensation reaction.That is the process of removing water from monomers results in the synthesis of polymers of polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins.
What holds the monomers of polysaccharides together?Long chains of monosaccharides connected by glycosidic linkages are known as polysaccharides. Glucose makes up starch, glycogen, and cellulose, three significant polysaccharides. In plants and animals, respectively, starch and glycogen serve as temporary energy reserves. Glycosidic linkages bind together the glucose monomers.
How are polysaccharide polymers created?Glycosyltransferases, which solely catalyse the creation of a glycosidic bond with the matching sugar nucleotides as substrates, are responsible for the biosynthesis of polysaccharides in living organisms.
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Classify each description as applying to either heterochromatin or euchromatin. Please explain how you get your answer!
The two types of chromatin are heterochromatin, which is severely packed and not often transcribed, and euchromatin, which is frequently transcribed and is the form of dna that is discussed.
What does heterochromatin do and why?Eukaryotic genomes include heterochromatin, which serves a variety of purposes including regulating gene expression and preventing Polymerase and repair. Heterochromatin in the nucleus physically separates from histones and is preferentially confined to the nuclear edge and region around the nucleolus.
Why is DNA heterochromatic?Heterochromatin, which is sometimes referred to as the gravitational waves of the chromosome because it effectively "silences" DNA sequences that can be damaging to cells, is a thick structure that contains some of the DNA in our cells.
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adapted to survive harsh cold conditions. all the material in the leaf is tightly packed to protect the central vein. large surface area provides large area for sunlight and shade for plant to minimize heating and reduce water loss. (true or false)
protists, plants, fungi, and animals are organisms in the domain ______.
The eukaryotic realm includes all living things, including plants, animals, protists, and fungus. These are the types of organisms that have DNA-containing nuclei in their cells. Prokaryotes, which lack a distinct nucleus to house their DNA, make up the other domain.
Taxonomy separates species into multicellular organisms like animals, plants, and fungi as well as unicellular microbes like protists, bacteria, and archaea. The ability to reproduce, grow and develop, maintain oneself, and partially respond to stimuli is shared by a number of different species of animals. Multicellular creatures that recognise specialised tissues and organs include beetles, squids, tetrapods, mushrooms, and vascular plants. A unicellular organism might be made up of prokaryotes or eukaryotes. The two distinct domains that make up prokaryotes are bacteria and archaea.
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Which elements are most important in biological molecules? Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus.
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus are all important elements in biological molecules. However, in terms of the frequency of their occurrence, the first four (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen) are the most important.
Carbon is the backbone of all organic molecules, and it is essential for the formation of macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Oxygen is important for its role in the formation of chemical bonds, particularly in the formation of water and in the oxidation of organic molecules to release energy. Hydrogen is important for its role in the formation of chemical bonds, particularly in the formation of covalent bonds with other elements such as carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. Nitrogen is important for its role in forming the backbone of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Phosphorus is also an important element in biological molecules, particularly in the form of phosphate groups. Phosphate groups are present in molecules such as ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary energy source for cells, and in nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, where they help to form the backbone of the molecule.
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the pairs of alleles present in a pure-bred organism are
the pairs of alleles present in a pure-bred organism are homozygous allele or both alleles are identical.
A homozygous allele is one in which there are two copies of the same allele in a purebred organism. The gene that determines flower colour, for instance, would have two identical alleles in a purebred plant with red flowers, which may be denoted as "RR" (if the gene is dominant) or "rr" (if the gene is recessive).
Because it possesses two identical copies of the gene controlling that trait, a purebred organism often has the same genotype for a certain trait in every generation. One copy of each allele from each of the two parent organisms will be present in the child when two purebred organisms with distinct genotypes for a given trait are crossed.
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The complete question is :
What are the pairs of alleles present in a pure-bred organism?
Which of the following would likely lose one or more electrons to become cations? (Select all that apply)
A.Nonmetals
B.Iron
C.Oxygen
D.potassium
E.metals
F.bromine
G.Anions
H.Calcium
The term that would likely lose one or more electrons to become cations are:
B.Iron
D.potassium
E.metals
H.Calcium
What does cation mean?An ion with positive charge is referred to as a cation because it has more protons than electrons (negatively-charged particles). When an atom loses one or more electrons, cations are created because the total charge of the atom becomes positive due to the loss of the negatively charged electron(s).
In general, non-metals tend to receive electrons and produce anions while metals often have a tendency to lose electrons and form cations.
Therefore, option B,D and H are correct.
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pressure at highest in arteries during ventricular contraction is called?
The pressure at its highest in arteries during ventricular contraction is called systolic blood pressure.
What is artery?An artery is a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues and organs. Arteries are a vital component of the circulatory system, which is responsible for transporting blood throughout the body. Arteries are thick-walled and have a muscular and elastic structure, allowing them to withstand the high pressure of blood pumped by the heart. As they branch out from the heart, they become smaller and eventually divide into smaller vessels called arterioles, which then lead to even smaller capillaries where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with the body's tissues.
Here,
Systolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts and pumps blood into the circulatory system. It is measured as the first number in a blood pressure reading and is typically around 120 mmHg in healthy adults. The normal range for systolic blood pressure is considered to be less than 120 mmHg.
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The appendicular skeleton is composed of ___ bones.
A. 120
B. 206
C. 150
D. 126
The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones. The correct answer is D. 126.
These bones include the bones of the arms and legs, as well as the bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton, which is composed of the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. The appendicular skeleton is important for movement and support of the body.
The human skeleton is the framework of the body that provides structure, support, and protection for the internal organs.
It is divided into two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the bones of the skull, spine, and ribcage, while the appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton.
The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones. This includes the bones of the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.
The arms consist of the humerus, radius, and ulna bones, while the legs include the femur, tibia, and fibula bones. The pelvis is made up of the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones, and the shoulder girdle includes the clavicle and scapula bones.
In summary, the appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones, including the bones of the arms and legs, and the bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton. These bones are important for movement and support of the body.
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excessive vagal stimulation of the heart will result in _______.
Lowering the heart rate and blood pressure: An overactive vagus nerve may prevent the heart from pumping adequate blood throughout the body. Excessive vagus nerve activity occasionally might result in unconsciousness and organ damage.
The medical procedure known as Excessive vagus nerve stimulation involves sending electrical impulses to the vagus nerve (VNS). For some forms of uncontrollable epilepsy and treatment-resistant depression, it is used as an adjunctive therapy. For individuals who are 4 years of age or older and have refractory focal onset seizures, VNS is recognised as an additional treatment in the US. Regardless of age, VNS is accepted in the European Union as an adjunctive treatment for people with generalised or focal onset seizures.
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What does L1 compression fracture mean?
The first vertebra of the lumbar spine and the bottom section of the thoracic spine (T11 and T12) are where compression fractures of the spine most frequently occur (L1).
The main cause of compression fractures of the spine is excessive pressure on the vertebral body. A lumbar compression fracture, whether brought on by osteoporosis or trauma, is a devastating injury. Neurological injury is a possibility, therefore surgery is advised in this situation even though neurological problems are rather rare.
The defining sign of lumbar compression fractures is midline back discomfort. With rest, the use of a brace, and painkillers, the majority of compression fractures resulting from injuries heal in 8 to 10 weeks. But, if surgery was performed, recuperation might take significantly longer.
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which is a way an insect can have a positive impact to human society
Insects can have a positive impact on human society by serving as pollinators, decomposers, and as a source of food.
Insects play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. For example, they help pollinate plants which are essential for the production of food crops. Bees are a well-known example of insects that are important pollinators for many food crops, including fruits, vegetables, and nuts.
Insects also play a vital role in the decomposition of organic matter and the recycling of nutrients back into the soil, which is essential for maintaining soil fertility. In addition, insects are a source of food for many cultures around the world and are a valuable source of protein and other nutrients.
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Is DNA the genetic material for bacteria as well as humans?
Both prokaryotic organisms and humans contain DNA as their genetic makeup. the archaea and the bacteria, which scientists think have distinct evolutionary lines
That which is prokaryotic?Cells without a nucleus or other organelles make up prokaryotes, which are types of organisms. Bacteria and archaea, two separate subgroups of prokaryotes with alleged independent evolutionary histories, are classified as separate prokaryotes. Small, single-celled creatures with a very straightforward structure make up the majority of prokaryotes.
DNA is present in prokaryotic cells?A free-floating chromosome, typically circular and not protected by a nuclear membrane, is a feature of prokaryotic organisms, such as bacteria. In place of that, the DNA merely resides in the nucleoid, a part of the cell.
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The purpose of a flower is sexual reproduction. Only flowering plants can bear fruits, which contain the seeds. The fruit's purpose is to protect and disperse the seeds.
The statement that, the purpose of a flower is sexual reproduction. Only flowering plants can bear fruits, which contain the seeds. The fruit's purpose is to protect and disperse the seeds, is True.
What is the purpose of flowers ?Flowers are the reproductive structures of flowering plants and play a crucial role in sexual reproduction. They produce both male and female gametes (pollen and eggs, respectively), which are required for fertilization to occur. Fertilization leads to the development of seeds, which are contained within the fruit.
The fruit not only protects and nourishes the seeds, but it also helps to disperse the seeds, increasing the chances of survival and colonization of new areas. The fruit's size, shape, and texture are adapted to attract animals, such as birds and mammals, that will eat the fruit and disperse the seeds in their droppings.
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Options for this question include:
True FalseWhat facts would you select to show the major significance of the element carbon in the human body? Check all that apply.
- Carbon has four valance electrons
- Carbon forms the backbone of all organic molecules
- Carbon can form bonds with four different atoms
- Carbon-containing molecules can form rings, branches, or coils
Carbon forms the backbone of all organic molecules and Carbon-containing molecules can form rings, branches, or coils. Here options B and D are the correct answer.
Carbon forms the backbone of all organic molecules. This is perhaps the most important fact, as it highlights the central role of carbon in the chemistry of life.
Organic molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids are all based on carbon, and the unique properties of carbon make it ideal for forming the complex, diverse molecules that are necessary for life.
Carbon-containing molecules can form rings, branches, or coils. This fact emphasizes the versatility of carbon and its ability to form a wide range of molecular structures. This property is important in the context of biological macromolecules such as proteins, which fold into complex shapes that are critical to their function.
Complete question:
What facts would you select to show the major significance of the element carbon in the human body? Check all that apply.-
A - Carbon has four valance electrons
B - Carbon forms the backbone of all organic molecules
C - Carbon can form bonds with four different atoms
D - Carbon-containing molecules can form rings, branches, or coils
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What does Cyto mean in cytoplasm?
Cyto is a prefix derived from the Greek word for cell. It is used to refer to anything related to cells or cell components.
The semifluid liquid that fills the inside of cells and includes the organelles is known as cytoplasm. Water, inorganic salts, and organic molecules such as enzymes and proteins make up its composition. The cytoplasm is bordered by the plasma membrane, which divides the cell from its surroundings.
The cytoplasm is a living organism that continually exchanges material with its surroundings. Its purpose is to act as a conduit for the organelles to carry out their functions. It also serves as a conduit for organelles such as ribosomes to travel along the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton, a network of proteins responsible for the cell's form and mobility, is also found in the cytoplasm.
Several organelles are found in the cytoplasm, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and ribosomes.
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Does anyone know the answer
Thonks
In the picture yellow molecule shown during the translation process is a tRNA molecule, which brings amino acids for protein synthesis.
What is tRNA?A form of RNA molecule called transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) aids in the translation of a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein.
Transfer RNA, often known as tRNA, is a tiny RNA molecule that is essential for the production of proteins. Between the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule and the expanding chain of amino acids that make up a protein, transfer RNA acts as a link (or adapter).
Therefore, translation, which creates a protein from an mRNA molecule, uses tRNAs at particular locations on the ribosome.
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The given question is incomplete, so the most probable complete question is,
How does DNA make a protein?
31. When stimulated by a particular hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probablyA) a steroid.B) a peptide.C) testosterone.D) estrogen. E) aldosterone.
The action of G - protein in the membrane is markedly increased in response to a specific hormone. Most likely, the hormone is a peptide.
The G-protein is triggered when a hormone connects to the receptor and binds guanosine nucleotide, or GTP, instead of GDP. Following binding, the G-protein converts GTP into GDP, rendering it inactive. Adenylyl cyclase, a membrane-bound enzyme, is activated by the active G-protein. Many G protein-coupled receptors are liganded by peptide hormones. Growth, hunger and energy metabolism, heart function, stress, & reproductive physiology are all regulated by peptide hormones, which are released and act in an endocrine way.
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Which molecule did Carl Woese study to produce his tree of life? a) ribosomal RNA
b) DNA
c) Messenger RNA
d) Ribosome
Answer:
ribosomal RNA
Explanation:
Where is dense irregular connective tissue located predominantly?
a. papillary layer of the dermis
b. hypodermis
c. epidermis
d. reticular layer of the dermis
The solution is choice d. The reticular layer of the dermis is the solution. The lowest layer of the dermis is known as the reticular layer.
Elastic and collagen fibers are present, and it is made of dense connective tissue. Fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, and other cells are also present in the reticular layer. Its primary job is to bind the dermis to the underlying subcutaneous tissue and provide the skin strength and suppleness. Blood, nerve, and lymphatic vessels can all be found in the reticular layer, which gives the skin its nourishment and sensibility. A network of tiny tubes called lymphatic vessels carries white blood cells-containing lymph from the body's tissues to the veins.
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If a genetic mutation occurs in the phenotype of individual, what must be true for the new phenotype to be inherited by the offspring of the individual?.
The correct answer is the statement, that is, the mutation must take place in a gamete of the individual.
What phenotypic effects do mutations have on an individual?Mutations may have an impact on an organism by altering its phenotype, or they may have an impact on the way DNA codes its genetic information.When mutations take place, they may be completely fatal or they may result in the conclusion (death) of an organism.
What statement about genetic mutations is accurate?Answer and justification B is the proper response to this query.They always alter the genotype of the organism.A DNA sequence changes when it mutates, regardless of what caused the alteration.
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