The rank according to their reactivity toward electrophilic substitution:
A) Benzene > Chlorobenzene > o-dichlorobenzene
B) Phenol Nitrobenzene > p-bromo > nitrobenzene
C) o-xylene > fluorobenzene > benzaldehyde
D) p-methoxybenzonitrile > p-methyl benzonitrile > benzonitrile
What is electrophilic substitution?A chemical process in which an electrophile replaces a functional group on a molecule (an electron-deficient species). Typically, a hydrogen atom is the one that is replaced.
Two types of electrophilic substitution exist:
Electrophilic substitution for aromaElectrophilic substitution of an aliphaticElectrophilic substitution for aromaAromatic electrophilic substitution occurs when an electrophile swaps out an atom that is connected to the aromatic ring. In this, an electrophile takes the place of a hydrogen atom that was previously attached to a benzene ring. Examples include the Friedel Craft reaction, aromatic sulphonation, and aromatic nitration.
Alkylation using electrophiles
In an aliphatic electrophilic substitution process, the functional group from the aliphatic molecule is replaced by an electrophile. Examples include diazonium coupling, halogenation of ketones, nitrosation, and keto-enol tautomerism.
The reactivity of aromatic or aliphatic compounds towards electrophilic substitution varies depending on the kind of the electron-withdrawing group linked to the component.
Step 2: Prioritizing electrophilic substitution for chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, and benzene
One Cl atom is joined to the benzene ring in chlorobenzene. Since Cl is a deactivating or electron-withdrawing group, it increases the likelihood that an electrophile may attack chlorobenzene as opposed to the unsubstituted benzene nucleus, where there is no electron-withdrawing group.
Now, two Cl groups (electron-withdrawing groups) are present in o-dichlorobenzene, which results in a greater reduction in the electron density on the ring than was the case with just one Cl in chlorobenzene. Therefore, the more a group's capacity is attached,
Benzene > Chlorobenzene > o-dichlorobenzene
Step 3: P-bromonitrobenzene, nitrobenzene, and phenol are ranked in order of preference for electrophilic substitution
In phenol, the benzene ring has a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to it. This -OH group raises the electron density on the ring (the activating group) due to the mesomeric effect, making it more nucleophilic and susceptible to attack by an electrophile.
In contrast, nitrobenzene has an electron-withdrawing group linked to the nitro group, which lowers the electron density at the benzene nucleus, increasing its electrophilicity and decreasing its susceptibility to attack by an electrophile.
Two deactivating groups are present in p-bromonitrobenzene, which reduces the nucleophilicity of the benzene nucleus more than a single nitro group did in nitrobenzene.
Summarizing all of this, the final ranking is as follows:
P-bromo nitrobenzene, or phenol nitrobenzene
P-bromonitrobenzene has two deactivating groups, reducing the nucleophilicity of the benzene nucleus more than nitrobenzene's single nitro group did.
In conclusion, the following is the final ranking:
Phenol Nitrobenzene > p-bromo > nitrobenzene
Step 4: Prioritizing electrophilic substitution for fluorobenzene, benzaldehyde, and o-xylene
O-xylene contains two methyl groups.
are present at positions 1, 2, and 3. As a result of the +Inductive effect (electron releasing group), methyl groups enhance the electron density at the aromatic ring, making it more nucleophilic and susceptible to assault by an electrophile.
The F, however, reduces the electron density on the benzene nucleus by the -I effect, but the -CHO group reduces via both the -Inductive effect and the mesomeric effect (prominent). Therefore, -CHO reduces the electron density at the benzene nucleus by a significantly greater amount than does F.
Consequently, the following rating will be in order:
O-xylene > Fluorobenzene > Benzaldehyde
Step 5: Prioritizing electrophilic substitution for benzonitrile, p-methylbenzonitrile, and p-methoxybenzonitrile
All of the compounds listed contain the nitrile group, which reduces the electron density on the benzene nucleus through the mesomeric and inductive effects, making the benzene less nucleophilic and more resistant to electrophile assault.
In addition to the nitrile group, p-methyl benzonitrile also contains a methyl group at the para position, which increases the electron density at benzonitrile by +Inductive effect, making it more nucleophilic.
In contrast, p-methoxybenzonitrile also contains a methoxy group at the para position, which increases benzonitrile's electron density by mesomeric effect (more prominent than inductive effect), making it the most susceptible to electro. So, the order as follows:
p-methoxybenzonitrile > p-methyl benzonitrile > benzonitrile
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how do you understand equivalence point and find the equivalence point from the two titration curves? you may remember endpoint from your previous acid-base titration experiment. do you have an endpoint in this titration? how do you distinguish endpoint and equivalence point?
In acid-base titration, the equivalence point is the point at which the acid and base are stoichiometrically balanced and neutralize each other.
At this point, the moles of acid are equivalent to the moles of base, and the solution is neither acidic nor basic. The equivalence point is often identified by a sudden and sharp change in pH.
Unlike the endpoint, which is determined using indicators, the equivalence point is calculated mathematically based on the stoichiometry of the reaction. However, the two points may not always coincide due to the nature of the indicators or the presence of impurities in the sample.
To find the equivalence point, one can plot the titration curve by plotting the pH of the solution against the volume of titrant added. The equivalence point is the midpoint of the steepest part of the curve, where the pH changes most rapidly. It is essential to distinguish between the endpoint and the equivalence point as they mark different stages in the titration process and can affect the accuracy of the results.
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What is the name of the organic compound ch3 ch2 ch2 ch3?
The name of the organic compound CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃ is butane.
Butane is an alkane with four carbon atoms and a straight chain. The prefix "but-" indicates four carbon atoms, and the suffix "-ane" indicates that the molecule is an alkane with all single bonds between the carbon atoms.
The molecular formula for butane is C₄H₁₀. Butane is a highly flammable gas at room temperature and pressure, and it is commonly used as a fuel for lighters, camping stoves, and other portable heaters. It is also used as a refrigerant, propellant, and solvent in various industrial applications.
It is a member of the homologous series of alkanes, which have the general formula CnH₂n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
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What are the electron and molecular geometry of BrF5 ?
The electron geometry of BrF₅ is octahedral and the molecular geometry is square pyramidal.
To determine the electron and molecular geometry of BrF₅ , we can use the VSEPR theory. The VSEPR theory predicts the arrangement of electron pairs around a central atom and the resulting molecular geometry.
1. Determine the number of valence electrons for BrF5. Br has 7 valence electrons and each F has 7 valence electrons, so the total number of valence electrons is 7 + (5 x 7) = 42.
2. Draw the Lewis structure for BrF₅ . Place the Br atom in the center and the F atoms around it. Each F atom will form a single bond with the Br atom, using 2 electrons for each bond. This leaves 22 valence electrons, which will be used to form lone pairs around the F atoms.
3. Determine the electron geometry. The Br atom is surrounded by 5 bonding electron pairs and 1 lone pair, giving a total of 6 electron pairs. The electron geometry for 6 electron pairs is octahedral.
4. Determine the molecular geometry. The Br atom is surrounded by 5 bonding electron pairs and 1 lone pair, giving a total of 6 electron pairs. The molecular geometry for 5 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair is square pyramidal.
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Which best describes the conditions in the intertidal zone?
A.few predators, low light, and temperature
B. high water pressure and limitedsunlight
C.brackish water and high amounts of nutrients
D.an increase in the percolation of water above the aquifer
What is an example of a mixture of elements?
The examples of the mixture of the elements is the Brass, it is the example of a mixture of the two elements that is the copper and the zinc.
The Brass is the example of the mixture of the two elements the one is copper and the other is zinc. The brass can contain the little as the 10%, or as much as the 45%, zinc. The difference in between the compounds and the mixtures of the elements are the ease that with which the elements will be separated.
The mixture of the elements are consists of the two or the more different elements and the compounds that physically intermingled.
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You find a mineral sample that is yellow, has a white streak, and has a
hardness of 2.5., The sample is most likely which mineral?
Mineral
Gold
Color
Streak
Golden yellow Yellow
Yellowish gray
to gray
Black
Reacts with Hardness
hydrochloric
acid
No
No
2.5-3
6-6.5
A. Pyrite
B. Calcite
C. Sulfur
D. Gold
You find a mineral sample that is yellow, has a white streak, and has a hardness of 2.5 therefore the sample is most likely a mineral known as calcite and is therefore denoted as option B.
What is a Calcite?This is referred to as a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate. It is a very common mineral, particularly as a component of limestone.
It has a hardness in the region of 3 and is yellow, has a white streak in terms of the color and appearance and is therefore the reason why it was chosen as the correct choice.
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Which of the following is an advantage of visible light space-telescopes have over ground-based telescopes?
Group of answer choices
They are cheaper
They have a larger telescope diameter
They are easier to repair
They don't have to deal with the Earth's atmosphere
Answer:
They don't have to deal with the Earth's atmosphere
Explanation:
Space telescopes have the advantage of being above the blurring effects of the Earth's atmosphere
Calculate the mass in grams of the solute ( sulfuric acid ) in 2. 00 ml of 18. 5 m h2so4, concentrated sulfuric acid.
The mass of sulfuric acid in 2.00 mL of 18.5 M [tex]H_{2} SO_{4}[/tex] is 37.0 mg. Sulfuric acid has a molar mass of 98 g/mol.
To calculate the mass of sulfuric acid in 2.00 mL of 18.5 M [tex]H_{2} SO_{4}[/tex], we need to first convert the volume from milliliters to liters and then multiply that by the concentration in moles/liter. Then, we can multiply the number of moles by the molar mass to get the mass in grams. The mass of 2.00 mL of 18.5 M [tex]H_{2} SO_{4}[/tex] is:
(2 x [tex]10^{-6}[/tex] L) x (18.5 mol/L) x (98 g/mol) = 37.0 mg.Learn more about concentrated sulfuric acid:
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What is the ph of a solution that contains 11.7g of nacl for every 200 ml of solution?
A solution with [H+] 107 or a pH higher than 7 would be basic because it lacks H+ ions. Diluted solutions have a pH range of 0 (extremely acidic; 1 mole ( H+ ions per litre) to 14. (very alkaline).
How acidic is 100% vinegar?The finest vinegar for cleaning homes is white distilled vinegar, which normally has a pH of 2.5. Anything sugar, such as fruit, can be used to make vinegar, which is referred to as "sour wine" in French.
What does pH stand for?pH stands for "Potential of Hydrogen" in its full form. The negatives logarithm of the concentration of H+ ions is known as pH. As a result, the meaning of pH is defined as the strength or power of hydrogen.
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What is the generic name of gabapentin?
The generic name of the gabapentin is the Neurontin. The Gabapentin is used to treat the epilepsy.
The generic name of the gabapentin and It is also taken for the nerve pain, and which can be caused by the different conditions, it also diabetes and the shingles. The Nerve pain can also be happen after the injury. The Gabapentin is generally used to treat the some types of the nerve pain but it is also classified as the anticonvulsant medicine, but it is not used as the opioid or the painkiller.
Thus, the Neurontin is the generic name of the gabapentin.
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What is Transmission of light?
Answer:
When light hits an object that is transparent or translucent and light can penetrate the material to travel all the way through.
Explanation:
when light transmission happens it can be scattered or refracted. Scattering happens when light hits an atom and is sent in all directions.
What is the term used to describe breaks in earth'crust by which rokes moves or slide past one another
The term used to describe breaks in the Earth's crust by which rocks move or slide past one another is "fault." Faults can be caused by tectonic plate movement.
Faults generates stress on the Earth's crust. When the stress becomes too great, the rocks along the fault plane can break and move, resulting in an earthquake. There are different types of faults, including normal faults, reverse faults, and strike-slip faults, depending on the direction of movement between the rocks.
Faults are essential in shaping the Earth's surface, and studying them can help geologists better understand the past and future movements of tectonic plates.
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how many members of the house of representatives are up for re-election each election cycle?
All 435 members of the United States House of Representatives are up for re-election in each election cycle, which occurs every two years.
This means that every seat in the House of Representatives is up for grabs in the regular congressional elections that are held in November of even-numbered years. Each state is divided into congressional districts based on population, and each district elects one representative to serve in the House.
The terms of representatives are two years long, so all representatives must run for re-election every two years if they wish to continue serving in the House.
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How many liters of glycerin should be added to 12 liters of an 8% glycerin solution so that the resulting solution contains 16% glycerin? round the answer to the nearest hundredth if necessary. Original (l)added (l)new (l)amount of glycerin0. 96x0. 96 + xamount of solution12x12 + x0. 18 liter1. 14 liters1. 92 liters2. 10 liters.
A total of 0.96 liters of glycerin should be added to 12 liters of an 8% glycerin solution to result in a solution containing 16% glycerin.
To determine the amount of glycerin that should be added to 12 liters of an 8% glycerin solution to result in a solution containing 16% glycerin, we can use the formula for dilution:
C1V1 = C2V2, where C is the concentration, and V is the volume.In this case, C1 is the original concentration of glycerin (8%), V1 is the original volume of the solution (12 liters), C2 is the desired concentration of glycerin (16%), and V2 is the final volume of the solution.
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Given that syn addition of H2H2 occurs from both sides of a trigonal planar double bond, draw allstereoisomers formed when each alkene is treated with Hâ2Hâ2.
When an alkene is treated with H2H2, the addition can occur from either face of the double bond, resulting in two different stereoisomers.
This is known as syn addition because the two hydrogen atoms are added to the same face of the alkene. The stereoisomers that result from the addition of H2 to an alkene will depend on the specific alkene and the arrangement of its substituents.
For example, when 1,2-dimethylcyclohexene is treated with H2H2, two stereoisomers are formed: (1R,2S) and (1S,2R). These stereoisomers can be differentiated by their molecular configurations, which are determined by the arrangement of the substituents on the cyclohexene ring and the position of the hydrogen atoms on the double bond.
Similarly, other alkenes will give rise to different stereoisomers upon syn addition of H2, depending on the specific alkene and its substituents.
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You make a solution of a nonvolatile solute with a liquid solvent. Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. (a) The freezing point of the solution is higher than that of the pure solvent. (b) The freezing point of the solution is lower than that of the pure solvent. (C) The boiling point of the solution is higher than that of pure solvent. (d) The boiling point of the solution is lower than that of the pure solvent.
The solution's freezing point is higher than the solvent's pure freezing point. The solution has a boiling point that is greater than a pure solvent.
What happens when you add a nonvolatile solute to a liquid?The boiling point of a solvent increases and the vapour pressure decreases when a nonvolatile solute is added. A substance that does not readily evaporate is referred to as a nonvolatile solute.
When non-volatile substances are added to a solvent, the vapour pressure is reduced, and the solute particles have an impact on how pure solvent crystals form. According to numerous studies, the amount of solutes dissolved in the solvent directly correlates to the drop in freezing point. The vapour pressure of a non-volatile solute drops when it is dissolved in a volatile solvent.
Therefore, the correct answer is option
(a) The freezing point of the solution is higher than that of the pure solvent.
(C) The boiling point of the solution is higher than that of pure solvent.
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What is the percent composition of hydrogen In hydrosulfuric acid? [also the rest of the questions if you’re up for the challenge]
Why is the Diels Alder reaction reversible at high temperatures?
As starting materials have a higher entropy than products, all Diels-Alder processes may be reverted to initial diene and dienophile at sufficiently high temperatures.
Cycloaddition reversibility is one of the factors that contribute to endo-selectivity loss. Cycloreversion reactions are particularly common in aromatic dienes (such as furan and anthracene). Retro-Diels-Alder reactions can be utilised to create reactive olefins or other -bonds utilising flash vacuum pyrolysis.
For this purpose, anthracene, 9,10-dimethylanthracene, cyclopentadiene, and dimethylfulvene seem to be particularly suitable. If heated enough, the product of a Diels-Alder reaction can undergo a reverse reaction that recharges the initial konnect and generates a set (which both happen to be cyclopentadiene in this case). The backward (or "retro") reaction seems to be the Diels-Alder reaction.
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Select the correct answer. Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions?
A) The products have more total energy than the reactants.
B) The reactions proceed with a net release of free energy.
C) The reactions are always rapid.
D) The reactions only occur in certain organelles called exergonomes.
Exergonic reactions are reactions that release energy, typically in the form of heat, and have a negative Gibbs free energy change (ΔG). Option B) (The reactions proceed with a net release of free energy) is the right answer.
This means that the free energy of the products is lower than the free energy of the reactants, and the difference is released as usable energy. The net release of free energy makes exergonic reactions spontaneous and capable of doing work, such as driving endergonic reactions or powering cellular processes.
Option A is incorrect because the products of exergonic reactions have less total energy than the reactants. Option C is incorrect because the rate of exergonic reactions varies and can be slow or fast depending on the reaction. Option D is incorrect because there is no such thing as an "exergame."
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Why is carbon not a metal or nonmetal?
Carbon is a non-metal because, in its elemental state, it cannot form a metallic bond and conduct electricity.
Carbon is a non-metal since it lacks characteristics of metals including ductility, lustre, malleability, electrical conductivity, etc. Moreover, it creates covalent bonds. Carbon is a non-metallic, solid element. Diamond and graphite are two extremely distinct types of pure carbon that may occur.
A metal is a substance that has a shiny look when freshly processed, polished, or shattered, and conducts electricity and heat rather effectively. Carbon lacks the malleability and ductility that are generally seen in metals, which may be hammered into thin sheets or dragged into wires.
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How do you write the electron configuration for CA?
The electronic configuration of the calcium, Ca is as :
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² .
The atomic number of the calcium is 20. The total number of the protons are 20 , the number of the electrons are 20, and the number of the neutrons are 40. The electronic configuration of the calcium is as follows :
The electronic configuration of calcium, Ca = 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s²
The Calcium is the mineral most often it is associated with the healthy bones and the teeth. It is belongs to the group 2 that is the metal, it is also known as the alkaline earth metal, and it had no populated d-orbital electrons.
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does freezing involve the creation of a crystal structure
The majority of liquids freeze through crystallisation, which is the development of crystalline solid from the homogeneous liquid.
Does freezing create a crystal structure?Because the oxygen atom draws a greater proportion of electrons, the water molecule is slightly positive on one side and slightly negative on the other. The hexagonal crystal lattice is formed when bipolar molecules in water freeze and are drawn near one another.
When a liquid's molecules slow down enough to attract one another and organise themselves into stable places as a solid, freezing happens. Salt water is cooled to create pure ice crystals during the freezing process, also known as crystallisation.
When atoms, molecules, or ions are grouped in a highly ordered microscopic structure, the result is a substance known as a crystal. Chemical bonds such as metallic bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, van der Waals bonds, and others serve as the interatomic forces that hold these components together.
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what is the boiling point of h2?
The boiling point of the H₂ is the 20 K 0r the –423 ºF; or the –253 ºC .
The boiling point is defined as the temperature of the liquid at which its vapor pressure will be equal to the pressure of the gas or the above it. The normal boiling point of the liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the one atmosphere or the 760 torr. The boiling point of the substance is the temperature when the vapor pressure of the liquid is equals to the pressure of the surrounding the liquid and the liquid will changes into the vapor.
Thus in the kelvin the boiling point of the H₂ is the 20 K.
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What is Ammonium phosphate molar mass?
The molar mass of Ammonium phosphate is 149.08674 g/mol.
Ammonium phosphate is a chemical compound with the formula (NH₄)₃PO₄. It is made up of three ammonium ions (NH⁴⁺) and one phosphate ion (PO⁴⁻).
To find the molar mass of Ammonium phosphate, we need to add the molar masses of all the atoms in the compound. The molar mass of an atom is the mass of one mole of that atom.
The molar mass of Ammonium phosphate is:
3 x (molar mass of NH⁴⁺) + (molar mass of PO⁴⁻)
= 3 x (14.007 + 4 x 1.008) + (30.974 + 4 x 15.999)
= 3 x 18.039 + 94.971
= 54.117 + 94.971
= 149.08674 g/mol
Therefore, the molar mass of Ammonium phosphate is 149.08674 g/mol.
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A chemical reaction is carried out in a closed container. The energy absorbed by the chemical reaction is 200 kJ.
How much thermal energy moves inward from the air or the walls of the container?
75 kJ
100 kJ
150 kJ
200 kJ
The energy absorbed by the chemical reaction is 200 kJ. 200 kJ is the thermal energy that moves inward from the air or the walls of the container. Therefore, the correct option is option D.
What is thermal energy?Thermal energy is a sort of kinetic energy since it is generated by particle movement. Kinetic energy refers to the energy that an item possesses as a result of its motion. The more the form of heat of a body, the faster its atoms, molecules, or atoms travel.
A chemical reaction is carried out in a closed container. The energy absorbed by the chemical reaction is 200 kJ. 200 kJ is the thermal energy that moves inward from the air or the walls of the container.
Therefore, the correct option is option D.
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How many grams of NaOH are required to produce 9.23 moles of NaCl?
Step-by-step please
Answer:
369.20 grams of NaOH are required to produce 9.23 moles of NaCl.
Explanation:
To answer this question, we need to know the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between NaOH and HCl, assuming that the reaction takes place in an aqueous solution:
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
According to this equation, 1 mole of NaOH reacts with 1 mole of HCl to produce 1 mole of NaCl and 1 mole of water.
To calculate the amount of NaOH required to produce 9.23 moles of NaCl, we need to use the mole ratio between NaOH and NaCl from the balanced equation. Since the mole ratio is 1:1, we know that we need 9.23 moles of NaOH to produce 9.23 moles of NaCl.
The molar mass of NaOH is 40.00 g/mol, which means that 1 mole of NaOH weighs 40.00 grams. Therefore, 9.23 moles of NaOH weighs:
9.23 moles x 40.00 g/mol = 369.20 grams of NaOH
So, 369.20 grams of NaOH are required to produce 9.23 moles of NaCl.
the oxidation number of the manganese atom in mno₄⁻ is
The oxidation number of the manganese atom in MnO₄⁻ is 7.Oxidation number can be negative,zero or positive.
Oxidation number in basic terms can be depicted as the number that is distributed to components in a synthetic blend. The oxidation number is fundamentally the include of electrons that iotas in a particle can share, lose or acquire while framing substance securities with different molecules of an alternate component.
Oxidation number is likewise alluded to as oxidation state. Nonetheless, some of the time these terms can have an alternate importance relying upon regardless of whether we are thinking about the electronegativity of the atoms. The oxidation number term is utilized often in coordination science.
So,oxidation number of Mn in MnO₄⁻=x+(-2) ˣ 4 =-1
=>x-8=-1
=>x=-1+8
=>x=7
Hence,oxidation number of Mn in MnO₄⁻ is 7.
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Atoms can be "cooled" to incredibly low temperatures by letting them interact with a laser beam. Various novel quantum phenomena appear at these temperatures. What is the rms speed of cesium atoms that have been cooled to a temperature of 120 nKnK ? Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.
In light of this, the rms speed of cesium atoms at a temperature of 120 nK is roughly 107 m/s.
Why are atoms called?Because it was formerly believed that atoms were the smallest objects in the world and could not be separated, the word "atom" is derived from the Greek word for "indivisible." Chemistry's fundamental building block is an atom. It is the tiniest portion of matter within which charged particles could be released
How atoms are formed?Protons, neutrons, & electrons surround the central nucleus of an atom, which is what makes up an atom. The fission process, which divides uranium into smaller atoms, produces new atoms. The Big Bang and Supernova occurrences demonstrate the massive amount of atoms that were created. As the universe grew larger and cooled, events slowed down. It took 380,000 years for the first atoms to form after electrons were locked in orbits around nuclei. These mostly consisted of helium and hydrogen, which continue to be the universe's two most plentiful components.
The following formula can be used to determine the root mean square (rms) speed of cesium atoms that have been cooled to a temperature of 120 nK:
v = sqrt((3kT)/m)
where m is the mass of a cesium atom, T is the temperature in Kelvin, k is the Boltzmann constant, and v is the rms speed.
The mass of a cesium atom is approximately 132.91 atomic mass units (amu), which is equivalent to 2.2067 x 10^-25 kg.
When we change the values, we obtain:
v = sqrt((3 * 1.38 x 10^-23 J/K * 120 x 10^-9 K) / 2.2067 x 10^-25 kg)
v = 107 m/s
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rank the following compounds from weakest to strongest intermolecular force:
H2O, CHF3, Cl2, CCl4, HF, CH3F
Dipole-dipole interaction pales in comparison to the strength of the polar covalent bond. Whereas the latter is known as an intermolecular attraction.
What does a covalent bond's shared pair represent?
Equal shares of electrons from the two involved atoms result in the formation of a covalent bond. This sort of bonding's electron pair is known as the shared pair or binding pair.
Why is it called covalent?
See Covalent for other uses (disambiguation). A chemical bond known as a covalent bond entails the exchange of two electrons between atoms. When atoms share electrons, a stable equilibrium of the repellent and attractive forces between them is known as bond formation. These pairs of electrons are also known as pairs that are shared or bonding pairs.
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Which metal oxide will be reduced by heating with iron?
A calcium oxide
B lead oxide
C magnesium oxide
D zinc oxide
Answer:
calcium oxide
Explanation:
Correct option is A)
Magnesium metal is an alkaline earth metal. The tendency of these metals is to lose electron. They lose electron and form oxide. Now, they are stable hence it is very difficult for them to again gain that electron. Hence, they are not reduced by normal reducing agents.