Policing efforts in the first American cities were directed towards maintaining social order and protecting property.
In the late 1700s and early 1800s, as cities in the United States began to grow, there was a growing concern among city officials about the increasing levels of crime and disorder. To address these issues, many cities established a professional police force, with the goal of maintaining law and order and protecting citizens and their property.
The first American police forces were often small, with only a handful of officers, and were tasked with a wide range of duties, including patrolling the streets, investigating crimes, and enforcing laws and regulations. They were also expected to maintain the peace and prevent public disorder, such as riots, protests, and other forms of social unrest.
In addition to their traditional law enforcement duties, early police officers were also responsible for ensuring that city residents followed regulations regarding health and safety, fire prevention, and other civic concerns. They also worked with other city officials, such as health inspectors and fire marshals, to ensure that the city was a safe and healthy place to live.
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To be effective, a code of conduct must stipulate penalties.true or false
It is highly appropriate and precisely correct to be mentioning that the code of conduct must be stipulated with penalties in order to be effective. Therefore, the statement holds true.
A code of conduct is like a rule book that mentions the general way in which a professional must conduct while being involved in the environment. In order to maintain the effectiveness of the codes of conduct, those who do not follow them must be heavily penalized. This motivates the professionals to behave and present themselves in a conventional way.
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Reforming the Criminal Justice System, specifically Policing is a very current and
relevant topic. Explain what you think should be done to reform' the police by
identifying one specific area for reform as a starting point.
Special laws and fast-track courts could replace particular offences under the Indian Penal Code in order to reduce the backlog of cases at each police station.
What changes has the criminal justice system undergone?The governmental organisations entrusted with maintaining the law, adjudicating criminal cases, and punishing offenders are referred to as the "criminal justice system." It functions essentially as a social control mechanism. One of the three subcategories of criminal justice system reforms—judicial, prison, or police—is frequently the focus of such changes .Special laws and fast-track courts could replace particular offences under the Indian Penal Code in order to reduce the backlog of cases at each police station. Investigations and court cases might move more rapidly if
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What rights are specifically protected under the Ninth Amendment most basic?
Individual privacy rights, such as the right to get married, have kids, or have control over one's own body, are frequently protected by the Ninth Amendment.
What is the ninth amendment?The Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, include the Ninth Amendment. It was incorporated into the Constitution in 1791 and acts as a safeguard for personal freedoms that aren't expressly stated there. According to the amendment, "The enumeration of some rights in the Constitution shall not be construed to exclude or denigrate other rights retained by the people." The purpose of this amendment is to prevent the government from violating unrecognised rights including the right to privacy, the right to marry, and the right to regulate one's own body, among others. The Ninth Amendment is frequently viewed as a safeguard against the government abusing its authority and violating people's rights that aren't specifically stated in the Constitution.
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The U.S. Marshals Service is responsible for which of the following?
Answer:
he U.S. Marshals Service is responsible for the following:
Protecting the federal judiciary and its witnesses
Apprehending federal fugitives
Managing and selling seized and forfeited assets
Providing security for the U.S. Supreme Court
Transporting federal prisoners
Ensuring the effective operation of the U.S. courts.
Explanation:
why did the officer presume the guilt of 14-year-old santiago ventura?
The officer presume the guilt of 14-year-old santiago ventura because Ventura simply answered “yes” to all of the officer's questions.
Whay did the presumption took place?The context of the case is because of Ventura's poor grasp of Spanish, the officer assumed culpability because Ventura simply answered "yes" to all of his questions. After a trial in which Ventura's lawyer refused to let him speak because of his language challenges, the defendant was found guilty of murder and given a 10-to-life sentence.
Two-way communication always includes feedback from the recipient to the sender, which tells the sender if the message was successfully understood. The conditions of the exchange are negotiated in two-way conversation.
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why did the supreme court allow the death penalty to continue in 1976 after halting all executions in 1972?
The death penalty was allowed by the Supreme Court to continue in 1976 even after halting the executions in the year 1972 in order to serve the social purposes of retribution.
The death penalty is referred to or considered as one of the harshest punishments sentenced to the criminals for performing any punishable offenses. There were many forces that tried to stop the allowance of death penalty, it was however, allowed by the Supreme Court in order to serve the social purposes related to the aspects like vengeance as well as the deterrence.
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the supreme court has no role in constitutional revision. (T/F)
This statement is false: the supreme court has no role in constitutional revision.
The constitution may be changed in a variety of ways. By using its judicial review authority to interpret the Constitution as it considers cases, the Supreme Court plays a significant role in constitutional revision.
Before the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted (1869), only the federal government was subject to the Bill of Rights' provisions. Following the passage of the Amendment, the Supreme Court started to rule that the majority of its provisions also applied to the states. As a result, the Court has the final say regarding whether or not a right is protected by the Constitution.
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country to hear cases and disputes involving the Constitution. The Court serves as the final arbiter of the law, the guardian of the Constitution, and the interpreter of the law. It is responsible for providing equal justice under the law.
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which aging empires suffered from the forces of nationalism?
The Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires are aging empires suffered from the forces of nationalism.
Nationalism: Rather than to a ruler, an ethnic group's loyalty should be to the people of the nation and their way of life.
There are three aging emires : The Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires
Russification is the process by which Russian culture is imposed on all other civilizations. (Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Georgians, Armenians, and Turks: *Backfires, intensifies ethnic, nationalistic feelings).The Ottoman Empire disintegrates in 1856, under the control of orthodox Muslim Turks. The British and French pressure the Ottomans to offer equal citizenship to all citizens, which inflames friction.Turkish action led to the 1915–1917 Armenian Genocide! - Over 1 million Armenians were killed or expelled - Executions were frequent - Caused by tensions between Armenians and the Ottomans, who ruled the country at the timeTo know more about nationalism:
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The infinitive is the third person verb form
the law of demand states that a higher price leads to a lower quantity demanded and that a lower price leads to a higher quantity demanded. (T/F)
The law of demand states that a higher price leads to a lower quantity demanded and that a lower price leads to a higher quantity demanded False.
What legal principle implies that, generally, a greater price results in a smaller amount demanded?Major points. According to the law of demand, a lower price results in a bigger amount demanded whereas a higher price results in a lower quantity demanded. Tools used to characterize the relationship between quantity desired and price are demand curves and demand schedules.
What exactly is the law of demand?According to the law of demand, quantity demanded for any good or service and other factors like consistent price are inversely connected to one another. A product's price increase causes a decrease in consumer demand for that same product.
What does the law of demand say as a good's price rises?According to the law of demand, there is an inverse relationship between a good's price and the number of people who want it. There will be less demand for a good when its price goes up, and vice versa, when its price goes down, there will be greater demand for that good.
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How did the FBI and forensic scientists identify the carpet company that manufactured the carpet in the Wayne Williams case?
The FBI and forensic scientists identify the carpet company that manufactured the carpet in the Wayne Williams case by: making use of a combination of microscopic hair and fiber analysis and carpet manufacturing records.
How the FBI and forensic scientists identify the carpet company ?The FBI and forensic scientists tend to identify the carpet company by making use of a combination of microscopic hair and fiber analysis to identify the carpet company that manufactured the carpet in the Wayne Williams case.
The carpet fibers found at crime scenes were compared to fibers from carpet samples collected from Wayne Williams' home and car, as well as carpet samples obtained from several carpet companies.
This analysis revealed that the carpet fibers were consistent with those used by a particular carpet company, who provided records of sales to Atlanta area customers.
Therefore they make use of microscopic hair and fiber analysis.
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The FBI and forensic scientists were able to identify the carpet company that manufactured the carpet in the Wayne Williams case by using a technique called "fiber analysis." This involved comparing the microscopic fibers found on the victims' clothing to fibers taken from carpet samples collected from various manufacturers.
What is forensic?The process involved carefully removing individual fibers from the victim's clothing and comparing them to fibers from the carpet samples. The fibers were examined under a microscope, and their color, texture, and other physical characteristics were studied and recorded. By comparing the fibers, forensic scientists were able to identify a match between the fibers on the victim's clothing and the carpet fibers from a specific manufacturer.
Therefore, This information was used as evidence in the trial of Wayne Williams, who was convicted of killing two adults and linked to the deaths of several other young people in the Atlanta area in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The fiber analysis helped to build a case against Williams and was seen as a major breakthrough in the use of forensic science in criminal investigations.
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The origin of the legal rules governing today’s hotel industry can be found in:
a.
The Greco-Roman Code.
b.
English Common Law.
c.
Early American Statutory Law.
d.
Decisions from the U.S. Supreme Court.
Answer:
b. English Common Law.is right
This week we learned about the training function. It covered everything from the importance of training to different teaching and learning techniques. I would like to deviate from the textbook and talk about an incident that recently occurred. I have included two articles in this week's module. These articles concern the death of Tyre Nichols that stemmed from an interaction with Memphis, TN police on January 7, 2023. How could proper training have prevented this from happening? Is police recruit training in the United States lacking, and in need of an overhaul in regards to de-escalation techniques? I would like to see your opinions on the death of Tyre Nichols, and how you think it could have been prevented in terms of leadership and management within the Memphis, TN police department.
The death of Tyre Nichols is a shocking moment better management and conflict resolution can make the change in the current situation that occurs.
What was the reason for the death of Tyre Nichols?On the evening of January 7, Tyre Nichols, a 29-year-old Black male, was assaulted by Memphis police officers for around three minutes. Five ex-police officers from Memphis were expelled for their conduct.
Leadership refers to an individual who carries as the art of directing and influencing pople or groups of people in an organization with the pleasing efforts to gain their support and help them to grow by providing better direction.
If cops take the action calmly death can be avoided but the aggression lead to death which gives rise to racial discrimination issue. Effective training and management plays significant role in it.
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when does the irs start processing tax returns 2023
As per the reports of the year 2023, the IRS started processing the tax returns on January 23, 2023.
The IRS, or the Internal Revenue Service, is an official governing body that has been granted with the responsibility of collecting taxes on behalf of the government. The returns related to the tax liability of the individuals in the United States are acceptable at the end of the IRS on an annual basis. This year, the processing of the tax returns started on January 23 for the betterment of the individual taxpayers.
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1. The coding _____ for the ICD-10-CM are the general rules for use of the classification independent of the guidelines.
2. The ICD-10-CM Tabular List contains categories, ____, and codes.
1. The coding conventions for the ICD-10-CM are the general rules for use of the classification independent of the guidelines.
2. The ICD-10-CM Tabular List contains categories, subcategories, and codes
What is an ICD-10-CM?ICD-10-CM stands for International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification. It's a system for classifying diseases and health conditions for statistical and reporting purposes. It's widely used by healthcare providers in the United States to diagnose and report medical conditions, and is maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Therefore, the correct answers are as given above
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what are the exclusive powers of the supreme court
The exclusive powers of the Supreme Court include,
Interpretation of the law;Determination of a law's constitutionality;Application of laws to individual cases.The Supreme Court can be regarded as the judicial body that holds the highest level of authority in the judicial system of the United States. However, it is also to be taken into consideration that some powers of the law are only and only in the hands of the Supreme Court, thereby making these powers exclusive. These powers have already been aforementioned.
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trial courts are concerned with ______________________.
Explanation:
Trial courts are concerned with hearing and determining the facts and applying the law to those facts in order to reach a decision or verdict in a particular case. They are responsible for conducting trials, making findings of fact and conclusions of law, and imposing sentences or remedies in criminal, civil, and administrative cases.
Trial courts are primarily concerned with questions of fact ; that is , they determine exactly what events occurred that are relevant to questions of the defendants guilty or innocence.
A trial is an official hearing in a courtroom when a judge and jury consider the evidence and determine whether a defendant is guilty of a crime. TRYING ROOMS. An initial trial court, as opposed to an appeals court, is a court of law. Courts of appeals or courts, known as superior courts in various US states. a higher court; a court having extensive authority over lower courts. The Supreme Court of the United States serves as the final level of appeal in the federal court system and is the first level of appeal following the district courts, which serve as the trial court.
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Trial courts are primarily concerned with _______ __ _____; that is , they determine exactly what events occurred that are relevant to questions of the defendants guilty or innocence.
describe wilson and brown's typologies of police and explain how each might perceive the role of discretion.
Wilson and Brown's typologies of policing describe two different views of the role of police in society.
Wilson's "watchman" view emphasizes the importance of maintaining social order through low-key, minimal intervention, while Brown's "legalistic" view emphasizes strict adherence to the law and aggressive enforcement.
In terms of discretion, the watchman view may be more likely to allow for a wider use of discretion, allowing officers to use their own judgment in certain situations to maintain social order in a low-key manner.
On the other hand, the legalistic view may limit the use of discretion, requiring officers to strictly enforce the law without deviation.
This difference in perception of the role of discretion reflects a broader difference in the way each typology views the role of police in society and the balance between order maintenance and enforcement.
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is there a justification for the broad discretion vested in a prosecutor?
Yes, there is justification for the broad discretion vested in a prosecutor. Prosecutors play a critical role in the criminal justice system by deciding which cases to pursue, what charges to bring, and how to negotiate pleas. This discretion allows prosecutors to prioritize their limited resources, make strategic decisions, and adapt to changing circumstances.
Additionally, prosecutors often have access to more information than judges and juries, such as police reports and investigative findings, which allows them to make informed decisions about the strength of a case.
The broad discretion also gives prosecutors the flexibility to negotiate plea bargains, which can reduce the burden on the criminal justice system, spare victims from the trauma of a trial, and conserve resources.
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how long is a term for a person elected to the senate.
what is true about the interstate commerce act of 1887? course ero
The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 was the first federal legislation to regulate business practices. It was enacted to prevent unfair and discriminatory practices in certain types of transportation, including railroads, waterways, and other modes of transportation.
The act prohibited certain discriminatory practices, such as charging higher rates for goods carried to certain destinations, and also included provisions to ensure that railroads provided reasonable and equal rates for their services. It also established the Interstate Commerce Commission, which was given the power to investigate and police any violations of the act.
The act was a major step forward in regulating commerce and in creating a level playing field for businesses operating across state lines. It was the first of many laws that would eventually lead to the creation of the modern American regulatory system.
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what is the most accurate term for the rules and regulations expressed in the united nations’ declaration of human rights?
The most accurate term for the rules and regulations expressed in the United Nations' Declaration of Human Rights is "human rights norms."
The Declaration of Human Rights is a universal declaration that outlines the basic rights and freedoms that all human beings are entitled to, regardless of race, gender, or national origin.
These rights include the right to life, liberty, and security of person; the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion; and the right to freedom of expression, among others.
The declaration serves as a guide for governments, organizations, and individuals in their efforts to promote and protect human rights.
The term "human rights norms" is used to describe the principles and standards outlined in the declaration, which have become widely accepted and recognized as fundamental elements of a just and equitable society.
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which two techniques aid in decisions about where an organization wants to go?
The Business Analysis and the Portfolio Diversification Analysis are the two techniques that largely help in making the decision about where an organization wants to go.
An organization is always aware about the position that it is in, and this is possible only because of the constant analysis of the situations and predictions related to the future. The analysis such as Business Analysis and Portfolio Diversification are extremely important parts of the decisions that an organization makes during the course of its operations.
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While Reconstruction did not immediately provide for the full protection of economic opportunities or social equality for African Americans, it did leave behind a constitutional legacy that allowed for future civil rights achievements. T/F
Above statement is correct regarding Reconstruction leaving behind a constitutional legacy that allowed for future civil rights achievements.
What happened during Reconstruction?During this time, Congress passed three constitutional amendments that established birthright citizenship, provided due process and equal protection under the law, and granted the right to vote to all males by outlawing voter discrimination based on race, colour, or prior condition.
What were the 3 major issues of Reconstruction?Rebuilding the Union, changing southern society, and passing progressive laws in support of the rights of freed slaves were the three main goals of reconstruction.
How successful was Reconstruction in protecting the rights of African Americans?Because of the 14th and 15th Amendments, Reconstruction was successful. African Americans were able to fully realize their civil rights thanks to amendments in the 20th century. African Americans managed to establish some degree of independence within Southern society, despite the loss of ground that followed Reconstruction.
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Samuel Cassidy made a reservation online for a two-night stay at the Pacific Hotel. The hotel’s reservation policy, stated in the confirmation email sent to Mr. Cassidy, read: “Guests must notify Pacific Hotel of their intent to cancel any reservations prior to 8:00 a.m. on the day of the scheduled reservation. Failure to do so will result in a one-night charge for which the guest is responsible.” Mr. Cassidy had a last-minute change of plans and emailed Pacific’s reservation service at 11:30 a.m. the morning of his intended stay that he had to cancel. Pacific charged Mr. Cassidy’s credit card for a one-night stay. Mr. Cassidy claims he is entitled to a refund of that charge. Pacific disagrees.
a.
Pacific is correct because a confirmed reservation is a binding contract, and the cancellation policy was clearly spelled out
b.
Pacific is correct because it was entitled to punish Mr. Cassidy for his tardiness.
c.
Mr. Cassidy is correct because a contract between a guest and hotel is not formed until the guest arrives to sign the reservation documents at check-in.
d.
Mr. Cassidy is correct because the law does not permit hotels to charge guests who do not use a hotel room.
Mr. Cassidy claims he is entitled to a refund of that charge. Pacific disagrees. a. Pacific is correct because a confirmed reservation is a binding contract, and the cancellation policy was clearly spelled out.
What is the cancellation policy about?In this case, Pacific Hotel charged Samuel Cassidy for one-night stay even after he canceled the reservation, as per the hotel's cancellation policy, if the guest fails to notify the hotel of their intent to cancel the reservation before 8:00 a.m. on the day of the scheduled reservation, they will be charged for one night's stay.
However, Mr. Cassidy claims he is entitled to a refund, as he believes the law does not permit hotels to charge guests who do not use a hotel room.
Therefore, The answer to the question is: Pacific is correct because a confirmed reservation is a binding contract, and the cancellation policy was clearly spelled out. When a customer makes a reservation, they enter into a contract with the hotel, and if they don't comply with the cancellation policy, they are responsible for paying the fee stated in the policy. In this case, Mr. Cassidy was aware of the cancellation policy and failed to comply with it, which resulted in the charge.
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4. Why we act morally?
Answer:
It provides us with a sense of what is appropriate and inappropriate behaviour in society, which is what makes society possible in the first place. There would be little chance for human civilization without morality because without it, people would just behave in their own best interests without taking into account the needs or rights of others.
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Explanation:
What trial and appellate courts are called within state and federal systems?
Explanation:
In state court systems, trial courts are typically called Superior Courts, Circuit Courts, or District Courts, depending on the state. The highest court in a state system is usually referred to as the Supreme Court or the Court of Appeals.
In the federal court system, trial courts are called United States District Courts. The intermediate appellate court is the United States Court of Appeals, and the highest court is the Supreme Court of the United States.
The 94 District Courts (trial courts), 13 Courts of Appeals (intermediate appellate courts), and the United States Supreme Court are the three main categories of federal courts within the federal system (the court of final review).
What is the name of the trial courts in the federal system?The 94 district or trial courts that make up the country are known as US District Courts. District courts settle disputes by gathering the relevant information and using legal standards to determine who is correct. Trial courts feature a district judge who conducts the trial and a jury who renders the verdict.
What is it known as when both state and federal courts have jurisdiction?tabs at the top. If all of the courts are authorized to hear the matter, two or more courts can hear it concurrently. The fact that federal courts and state courts in the United States share concurrent jurisdiction to hear various types of actions is particularly noteworthy.
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which two incas engaged in civil war just before the arrival of the spaniards?
Huáscar and Atahualpa are two incas engaged in civil war just before the arrival of the spaniards.
Half-brothers Huascar and Atahualpa, sons of Huayna Capac, engaged in the Inca Civil War, also known as the Inca Dynastic War, the Inca War of Succession, or, sporadically, the War of the Two Brothers, to determine who would lead the Inca Empire following Huayna Capac.
It began in 1529 and was completed in 1532. Huáscar instigated the fight after becoming king and asserting his right to the throne due to his pure Inca heritage in an effort to destroy Atahualpa's challenger. In terms of fighting tactics, Atahualpa was superior to both his brother and the strong Cuzco armies that their father had stationed in the northern part of the empire during the military campaign. [3] Every account from various sources has a different set of details. Following Atahualpa's victory, this region was attacked by Francisco Pizarro's Spanish forces. He eventually kidnapped and killed Atahualpa after paying a ransom that was meant to free him.
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five justices, representing a majority of the united states supreme court, must agree to hear a case before a writ of certiorari will be issued. T/F
True, A majority of the five justices on the US Supreme Court must consent to hear a case before a writ of certiorari may be granted.
The U.S. Constitution essentially gives Congress the authority to choose the number of justices to be appointed to the Supreme Court. Although it has fluctuated between 5 and 10, the current value is set at 9 since 1869. The Supreme Court typically does not undertake trials, despite the fact that it has the authority to hear appeals on any legal issue. The Court's job is to determine whether a law is applicable to a certain set of facts or how it should be interpreted, not to determine what it means in its entirety. The Supreme Court currently consists of nine justices: the Chief Justice, eight Associate Justices, and one Associate Justice.
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What type of political system is rule by the wealthy or a group of wealthy people who control or influence the government?
Plutocracy can be regarded as the type of political system that is ruled by a group of wealthy people, who continue to control their influence over the government.
The system of plutocracy can be taken into interpretation as a type of political system wherein the government is controlled by the wealthy people who are a part of the society. Usually, such political systems cannot have an influence over a whole country or a province, and often limit themselves to local or regional governments being formed.
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