Electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in the lab to separate charged molecules, like DNA, according to size.
Gel electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charged molecules like DNA?, RNA? and proteins? according to their size.
Charged molecules move through a gel when an electric current is passed across it.
An electric current is applied across the gel so that one end of the gel has a positive charge and the other end has a negative charge.
The movement of charged molecules is called migration. Molecules migrate towards the opposite charge. A molecule with a negative charge will therefore be pulled towards the positive end (opposites attract!).
The gel consists of a permeable matrix, a bit like a sieve, through which molecules can travel when an electric current is passed across it.
Smaller molecules migrate through the gel more quickly and therefore travel further than larger fragments that migrate more slowly and therefore will travel a shorter distance. As a result the molecules are separated by size.
Gel electrophoresis and DNA
Electrophoresis enables you to distinguish DNA fragments of different lengths.
DNA is negatively charged, therefore, when an electric current is applied to the gel, DNA will migrate towards the positively charged electrode.
Shorter strands of DNA move more quickly through the gel than longer strands resulting in the fragments being arranged in order of size.
The use of dyes, fluorescent? tags or radioactive? labels enables the DNA on the gel to be seen after they have been separated. They will appear as bands on the gel.
A DNA marker with fragments of known lengths is usually run through the gel at the same time as the samples.
By comparing the bands of the DNA samples with those from the DNA marker, you can work out the approximate length of the DNA fragments in the samples.
How is gel electrophoresis carried out?
Preparing the gel
Agarose gels? are typically used to visualise fragments of DNA. The concentration of agarose used to make the gel depends on the size of the DNA fragments you are working with.
The higher the agarose concentration, the denser the matrix and vice versa. Smaller fragments of DNA are separated on higher concentrations of agarose whilst larger molecules require a lower concentration of agarose.
To make a gel, agarose powder is mixed with an electrophoresis buffer and heated to a high temperature until all of the agarose powder has melted.
The molten gel is then poured into a gel casting tray and a “comb” is placed at one end to make wells for the sample to be pipetted into.
Once the gel has cooled and solidified (it will now be opaque rather than clear) the comb is removed.
Many people now use pre-made gels.
The gel is then placed into an electrophoresis tank and electrophoresis buffer is poured into the tank until the surface of the gel is covered. The buffer conducts the electric current. The type of buffer used depends on the approximate size of the DNA fragments in the sample.
Preparing the DNA for electrophoresis
A dye is added to the sample of DNA prior to electrophoresis to increase the viscosity of the sample which will prevent it from floating out of the wells and so that the migration of the sample through the gel can be seen.
A DNA marker (also known as a size standard or a DNA ladder) is loaded into the first well of the gel. The fragments in the marker are of a known length so can be used to help approximate the size of the fragments in the samples.
The prepared DNA samples are then pipetted into the remaining wells of the gel.
When this is done the lid is placed on the electrophoresis tank making sure that the orientation of the gel and positive and negative electrodes is correct (we want the DNA to migrate across the gel to the positive end).
Separating the fragments
The electrical current is then turned on so that the negatively charged DNA moves through the gel towards the positive side of the gel.
Shorter lengths of DNA move faster than longer lengths so move further in the time the current is run.
The distance the DNA has migrated in the gel can be judged visually by monitoring the migration of the loading buffer dye.
The electrical current is left on long enough to ensure that the DNA fragments move far enough across the gel to separate them, but not so long that they run off the end of the gel.
Illustration of DNA electrophoresis equipment used to separate DNA fragments by size. A gel sits within a tank of buffer. The DNA samples are placed in wells at one end of the gel and an electrical current passed across the gel. The negatively-charged DNA moves towards the postive electrode. Image credit: Genome Research Limited
tank.
When does osteogenesis begin?
Answer:
a. When a fetus is 13-15 weeks old
Explanation: is correct
Mention the voidable condition of pregnancy termination
Answer:
Several drugs can also be prescribed alone or in combination to terminate early pregnancy. This is called medical abortion, and uses the hormones prostaglandins and/or mifepristone (an antiprogesterone often called RU486), and/or methotrexate
Explanation:
Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components?.
sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving __________.
Answer:
Digestion
Explanation:
The parasympathetic division handles things that stimulate digestion.
What are the three types of posttranscriptional processing? select the three types.
Answer:
5' capping, addition of the poly- A tail, and splicing.
Explanation:
I got it right on the test!! I hope this helps.
Explain hydrogen bonding in a water molecule
Answer:
Hydrogen bonding forms in liquid water as the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted towards the oxygen atom of a neighboring water molecule. ... The hydrogen atoms are not only covalently attached to their oxygen atoms but also attracted towards other nearby oxygen atoms.
Out in the distance you see
F. berry bush
this is ur ans !!
The G. rabbit is the only primary consumer seen.
Trophic Levels in Food ChainThe food chain is made up of three main groups of living beings:
ProducersConsumers and Decomposers.Each of them represents a trophic level of energy flow transmitted through food. The first trophic level is formed by the producers and the last one is the decomposers.
Primary ConsumersAre all organisms that feed directly on Producers. In this case, they are usually herbivorous or omnivorous animals, as they consume plants.
With this information, we can conclude that in the alternatives, g. rabbit is the only alternative corresponding to a primary consumer.
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If a DNA molecule has 40% Cytosine, what percent of it would be Adenine? Explain your reasoning.
Answer:
60%
Explanation:
Answer:
:)
Explanation:
The total amount inside of all nitrogenous bases equal to 100%, with cytosine equalling 40%, Adenine would equal 10%, and you also have to include Guanine which would be another 40% equalling 90% then you have Thymine which would be the other 10%
Which step of cellular respiration uses oxygen.
Answer:
The step of cellular respiration that uses oxygen is oxidative phosphorylation
Explanation:
Oxidative phosphorylation out of three other stages is the only one that uses oxygen directly, but the other two stages can't run without oxidative phosphorylation.
_________ is the study of the means by which living organisms both obtain and utilize the nutrients they need to grow and sustain life.
Which best describes the fossil record?
The fossil record cannot provide evidence of evolution
Answer:
A.The fossil record cannot provide evidence of evolution. The fossil record provides evidence of a common ancestor to many species.
Explanation:
What tissue is this
Answer:
smooth muscle tissue
Explanation:
im almost positive it is smooth muscle tissue
Answer:
smooth tissue agree with the other answer
Explanation:
Which genetic disorder is this karyotype for?
cystic fibrosis
Down syndrome
sickle cell anemia
hemophilia
Water and nutrients that are not cycled are stored in a what?
Answer:
Reservoir
Explanation:
what is genetic seeds
Answer:
seeds
Explanation:
seeds
Where does the CO2 produced during the Krebs Cycle come from
Answer:
Uhhh the answer is in the explanation
Explanation:
The citric acid cycle, shown in —also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) or the Krebs cycle—is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate—derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—into carbon dioxide.
Which law regulates pesticides and herbicides? a. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1947 b. Federal Investigation of Fungicide Act (FIFA) of 1947 c. Clean Environment Act of 1949 d. Regulatory Environment Act of 1948
The law that regulates pesticides and herbicides in the USA is the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1947. This law prohibits the use of certain compounds as pesticides.
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) law is a regulatory law that provides a suitable federal regulatory framework for the use, distribution and sale of pesticides.
This law (FIFRA) is aimed at protecting pesticide users, consumers, and the environment.
The pesticides used in the USA must be licensed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
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Scientists can study the human genome using DNA fingerprinting.
DNA fingerprinting allows scientists to
B. break the hydrogen bonds in a gene to allow DNA to replicate itself.
c. determine the location of an abnormal gene on an individual's
chromosome.
A. prevent a gene from matching complementary bases onto a strand of
RNA.
Answer:
your answer is C.
Explanation:
DNA fingerprinting allows researchers to determine the location of an abnormal gene in a person's chromosomes.
What are the steps in DNA fingerprinting?DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to determine the likely identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of a person's DNA that are unique to individuals.
DNA fingerprinting was used early in legal disputes, particularly in solving crimes and establishing paternity. It is also used to detect inherited genetic diseases and can be used to identify genetic matches between tissue donors and recipients.
In DNA fingerprinting, researchers collect DNA samples from various sources, such as hair from crime scenes and blood from victims and suspects. They then narrow down scattered sections of repetitive DNA in these samples.
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what are the 4 macromolecules found in a cell that you can get from food?
Which of the following help to break down fats?
Answer:
c. Bile and lipase
Explanation: is correct
what are the effects of pollution on the atmosphere?
Answer: This can kill crops or reduce their yield. It can kill young trees and other plants. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide particles in the air, can create acid rain when they mix with water and oxygen in the atmosphere.
Explanation:
Where does respiration take place?
Answer: respiratory system
Explanation:
The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide
Respiration happens in the cells of plants, animals and humans, mainly inside mitochondria, which are located in a cell's cytoplasm. The energy released during respiration is used by plants to make amino acids, and by animals and humans to contract their muscles to let them move.
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Uafunrhyry
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a dna segment has base order agc tta tcg. which copy exhibits a frameshift mutation through deletion?
Answer:
1. The sequence AGC TTT CG suffered a deletion of the Adenine (A) base at the second codon
Explanation:
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air from the nasal cavity enters the superior portion of the pharynx called the
Answer: Nasopharynx.
.......
Which food idem contains a lot of proceeded simple sugars?
Answer:
lactose
Explanation:
lactose is a carbohydrate formed by combining glactose and glucose monomers
If you help me I'll mark you as a brain list
Answer:
I donot know all the answers but I am trying my best to solve so I have given the answer below but I am not very much sure that my answers are correct or not
Explanation:
1 : superior vena cavae
2 : right auricle
3 : pulmonary valve (veins have valve that 's why I have written this answer but not very much sure about the answer
4 : not given
5 : tricuspid valve
6 : not given
7 : right ventricular myocardium ( it is similar that's why I have written
8 : left ventricular myocardium ( it is also similar that's why I have written
9 : not given
10 : chordae tendinenae of mitral valve ( it is similar to the given location that's why I have written)
11 : not given
12 : left auricle
13 : not given
14 : aortic arch
not sure about the answer I have written above plss check the answer and the numbers in which I have written (not given) I am not sure about the answers that's why I have written (not given) may be it is given and it is difficult also to give answer of this question you have asked I am only the 8 standard student
so please don't mindwhy do all of the planets orbit in the same direction?
Answer:
Due to retrograde orbit.
Explanation:
Retrograde orbit means that it's orbiting the opposite way of the parent body; In this case, the sun is rotating counterclockwise, and retrograde orbit reverses the direction, clockwise.
Which of the following steps is required to break down pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and heavy metals in wastewater?
Aeration open basins
Chlorination and ozonation
Biological nutrient removal
Grit and bar screening
In order to remove the listed substances from wastewater, processes such as Chlorination and ozonation are most often used.
Chlorination is a process used in the purification of wastewater in order to achieve clean water that may be used for consumption or other uses. The process of chlorination exposes the wastewater to chlorine in an attempt to eliminate bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful substances and organisms from the water.
Much like chlorination, ozonation is a similar process used to purify wastewater. In contrast to the previous method, however, ozonation exposes the water to ozone. Though ozonation is safer and much more effective, these processes are often used together to eliminate harder to tackle elements such as
pharmaceuticalspesticidesheavy metalsand more from wastewater, which may not be removed by just one process alone.
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identufy the sephers that are inteacting in the following senario a plant carbon dioxide
Answer:
Increased Production of Photosynthesis
Explanation:
Carbon dioxide make plants more productive because photosynthesis relies on using the sun's energy to synthesise sugar out of carbon dioxide and water so a Carbon interaction with any plant species would alternate in photosynthesis. Plants and ecosystems use the sugar both as an energy source and as the basic building block for growth.