Part 1. Gene Cloning

1) How is a gene inserted into a plasmid cloning vector? Be specific, but be brief. No more than 2 (non-run-on) sentences please, and do not exceed this space.






2) A geneticist has transformed a vector with an ampicillin resistance gene into E. coli cells and plated those cells on media containing ampicillin. She comes back 24 hours later and sees only blue colonies on the media.
a) How does she know that the cells growing on the media were successfully transformed with the vector?





b) What does it mean that the colonies are blue?

If a person vomits too often who sufferers of bulimia, it damages the digestive system enzymes that help in digestion are forced to be released from the stomach.

Thus, frequent vomiting in individuals with bulimia that can cause significant damage to the digestive system. When a person vomits, the stomach acid and enzymes that help in digestion are forced to be released from the stomach causing irritate and damage to the lining of the esophagus, throat, and mouth.

The gastric acid and enzymes of digestive system present in a stomach when they come in contact with the tissues of the esophagus and throat causes inflammation, erosion, and scarring of these tissues causing pain and an increased risk of infection.

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Brain size and structure has variations that are influenced by the lifestyle of the vertebrate and the dorsal hollow nerve cord is an older structure than the tripartite brain that led to evolution of the chordate brain and central nervous system. The correct options are B and E.

Thus, brain size and structure are correlated with phylogeny, but some of the variation both within and between phylogenetic lineages is explained by the lifestyle of the vertebrate. Brain size and structure are not only determined by evolutionary history. They are also influenced by the lifestyle of an organism.

Current evidence suggests that the dorsal hollow nerve cord is an older structure than the tripartite brain. The dorsal hollow nerve cord is a characteristic feature of all chordates and is an older structure than the tripartite brain that is a unique characteristic of vertebrates. The tripartite brain consists of hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain where each part performs different functions.

Thus, the ideal selection is option B and option E.

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The distance that an oxygen molecule would travel by diffusion through blood vessels depends on various factors such as the concentration gradient, temperature, and the surface area of the blood vessels. However, on average, it is estimated that the diffusion rate of oxygen in blood is approximately 0.2-0.3 millimeters per second. Therefore, it would take around 3,333 seconds or 55.5 minutes for an oxygen molecule to travel 1 meter by diffusion alone. This highlights the vital role that the circulatory system plays in efficiently transporting oxygen throughout the body.

Answer: Diffusion is the spread of particles from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated

Explanation: When particles(solute) move from their higher concentration to their lower concentration it is called diffusion.

Diffusion is a passive process hence it does not require energy. It only requires a concentration gradient of particles to be present as it occurs along the concentration gradient.

diffusion stabilizes the number, movement & energy of solution on all sides.

The F1, generation is the result of a dihybrid cross as the four offspring consist of both recessive gene and dominant gene expression. Therefore, option "C" is correct. A cross between two different organisms of the same species having two different heterogeneous traits is known as a dihybrid cross.

The heterogeneous traits here referred to the dominant and the recessive alleles of the same traits. The F1 generation here is referred to as filial generation 1 in which the offspring are produced from the cross between both types of alleles.

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Answer:

The outer/inner membranes of a chloroplast do not absorb photons for the photosynthesis process.

Explanation:

The main role of the outer membrane of a chloroplast is to act as a protective barrier, regulating the entry and exit of molecules into and out of the chloroplast. The inner membrane, on the other hand, plays a crucial role in regulating the transport of molecules between the cytosol and the stroma of the chloroplast.

Photosynthesis, which involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, takes place in the thylakoid membranes located inside the chloroplasts. These thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll pigments that absorb photons of light, initiating the process of photosynthesis.

Answer: parasitism can help shape biodiversity by exerting selective pressure on host populations and by contributing to the diversity of parasitic organisms themselves.

Explanation: Parasitism is a form of symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite, benefits while the other, the host, is harmed. Parasites can have a significant impact on the biodiversity of an ecosystem by selecting and shaping the characteristics of their host species.

Parasites have evolved to infect specific hosts, which means that their survival and reproduction are tied to the existence of their host. As a result, parasites can exert selective pressure on the host population, favoring certain traits and characteristics that make the hosts more resistant or susceptible to infection.

This selective pressure can lead to evolutionary changes in the host population, which can lead to increased genetic diversity. For example, if a parasite infects a population of fish and selects for fish that have more effective immune systems, then those fish will be more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits to their offspring. This can ultimately lead to the development of new species.

Furthermore, parasites themselves can be incredibly diverse. Studies have shown that parasites can account for a significant percentage of the total biodiversity in an ecosystem. By infecting different hosts and adapting to different environments, parasites can influence the evolution of their hosts and contribute to overall biodiversity.

Answer:

Parasitism, in common with competition, facilitation, and predation, could regulate BD-EF relationships. Parasitism affects host phenotypes, including changes to host morphology, behavior, and physiology, which might increase intra- and interspecific functional diversity.

Explanation:

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Acid rain is created by a chemical reaction that starts when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are discharged into the atmosphere.

Acid rain is particularly damaging to forests. Acid rain that seeps into the ground can dissolve nutrients needed for trees, such as magnesium and calcium. Aluminum is also released into the soil as a result of acid rain, making it difficult for trees to absorb water.

Acid rain kills insects and aquatic life, damages structures, and has serious consequences for human health. Acid rain also contaminates rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water.

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The tissue you are referring to is called the "protective tissue" or "protective layer", which is a type of plant tissue that is responsible for protecting the plant from various external factors such as injury, water loss, and infection.

There are different types of protective tissues found in different parts of the plant. For example, in roots, the protective tissue is the root cap, which covers the tip of the root and protects it as it grows through the soil. In stems and leaves, the protective tissue is the epidermis, which is a thin outer layer that provides a barrier against water loss and infection. The epidermis also often contains specialized cells such as trichomes or hairs that provide additional protection.

In flowers, fruits, and seeds, the protective tissue is often the outer layer of the structure, such as the skin of a fruit or the seed coat of a seed. These protective layers can help to prevent damage from physical impact, as well as protect the interior structures from dehydration and infection.

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Planting trees is the activity most likely to help a person decrease his or her carbon footprint.  The correct option is A

What is Planting trees ?

The act of purposely putting young trees or tree seedlings into the ground to create a forest or woodland is known as planting trees.

Therefore, During photosynthesis, trees take up carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air and transform it into oxygen. Individuals can reduce their own carbon emissions and the total level of atmospheric CO2 by planting trees. A person's carbon footprint is mostly influenced by their daily activities, which include using energy, burning gasoline, and eating food.

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Carrying capacity may be impacted by prey biomass.

The word "carrying capacity" refers to the most individuals of a species that can coexist for an extended period of time in a certain environment. The availability of prey biomass commonly impacts the carrying capacity of predators in predator-prey dynamics.

When prey biomass increases, there is frequently more food available for predators, which could lead to an increase in the number of predators. Thus, the carrying capacity of the blue whales are affected by biomass.

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The Six factors that can affect biodiversity and populations in an ecosystem are:

Non-native species can harm native species and ecosystem balance. Pollution: Toxins from human activity can harm organisms and ecosystems. Overexploitation and natural disasters can harm biodiversity.

Habitat destruction or fragmentation can negatively impact biodiversity in an ecosystem. Destruction refers to complete removal, while fragmentation divides habitats into smaller patches due to human activities like deforestation and urbanization. Habitat destruction & fragmentation can harm biodiversity, leading to loss of critical habitats for species.

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Based on scientific evidence, exposure to carcinogenic substances can have adverse health effects and governments should take necessary actions to regulate the use and disposal of known carcinogenic substances.

Thus, many countries have implemented regulations on carcinogenic substances based on the scientific evidence, such as asbestos, tobacco, etc. to be used in industrial processes which limit the use or sale of certain substances.

Regulation can play a critical role in protecting individuals from the harmful effects of carcinogenic substances. The regulations on carcinogen substances have potential economic impact on industries that use these substances. However, these regulations should be based on the scientific evidence and the potential risks associated with it.

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Through enticing headlines, a misunderstanding of a fake piece of information can be born about the Atlanta forest​.

Fake news is information that is incorrect or misleading and is presented as news. Fake news is frequently intended to harm a person's or entity's reputation or to profit from advertising income.

The Atlanta forest is made up of many forested zones that are currently being proposed as an official national park.

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The reciprocal cross would be the best type of cross in to determine if a particular trait is a sex linked trait

The correct option is option c.

Reciprocal cross is basically a technique which used in genetics in order to determine whether a trait is sex-linked or it is autosomal. In a reciprocal cross, two different crosses are performed. The first one with the male parent having the trait of interest and the female parent which is not having that trait. The second cross is done with the female parent having the desired trait and the male parent not having the trait.

If the trait is found to be autosomal, the results of the two crosses will be the same but if the desired  trait is sex-linked, the results will differ depending on which sex carries the trait.

Hence, the correct option is option c.

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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is

"Which of the following types of crosses would be best to determine if a trait is sex linked ?

a. Monohybrid cross

b. Dihybrid cross

c. Reciprocal cross

d. Test cross"--

Epidemiology is the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. Through targeted studies, epidemiologists have identified risk factors for various types of cancer, which has led to the development of screening programs and other public health interventions.

Breast, prostate, and colon cancer are among the most common types of cancer and have well-established screening programs in place. This is because these types of cancer have a relatively high incidence rate, and screening tests are effective in detecting early stages of the disease when treatment is most effective. In addition, there are well-established risk factors for these types of cancer, such as age, family history, and lifestyle factors like diet and physical activity.

In contrast, screening for other types of cancer, such as pancreatic, testicular, and bladder cancer, is not as systematic. This is because these types of cancer have a lower incidence rate, and screening tests are less effective in detecting early stages of the disease. For example, pancreatic cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage because symptoms do not appear until the disease has progressed. Testicular cancer is relatively rare, and self-examination is often effective in detecting early signs of the disease. Bladder cancer is often diagnosed after symptoms appear, but there is ongoing research into the effectiveness of screening tests for this type of cancer.

In addition to incidence rates and screening effectiveness, other factors that influence public health choices for cancer prevention and control include cost-effectiveness, access to healthcare, and potential harms associated with screening tests. For example, some types of cancer screening tests, such as mammography for breast cancer, can lead to false-positive results and unnecessary follow-up procedures, which can cause anxiety and additional costs.

In summary, epidemiology has played a crucial role in identifying risk factors for various types of cancer, which has led to the development of screening programs and other public health interventions. The choice to implement systematic screening for breast, prostate, and colon cancer is based on a combination of factors, including incidence rates, screening effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, access to healthcare, and potential harms associated with screening tests.

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A. Plant A, deprived of water for two weeks, will experience drought stress, leading to wilting, stunted growth, and potentially death.
B.  Plant B, receiving necessary conditions, will continue to grow healthily, benefiting from proper hydration, nutrient uptake, and overall vigor.

A. Plant A, when subjected to a two-week period without watering, will undergo significant stress due to drought conditions.

This stress will cause the plant to exhibit signs of wilting as its cells lose turgor pressure.

Its growth will likely be stunted, as the plant conserves water by reducing metabolic processes like photosynthesis.

Prolonged water deprivation may lead to the plant's inability to recover, ultimately resulting in death.

Additionally, the plant's reproductive potential may be compromised due to reduced energy investment in flower and seed production.

B. Plant B, provided with all necessary conditions like water and fertilizer, will continue to grow in a healthy manner. Adequate hydration will ensure that the plant can maintain optimal cell turgor pressure, leading to proper growth and development.

Access to essential nutrients through fertilizer will support vital metabolic processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrient uptake.

As a result, Plant B will display healthy foliage, vigorous growth, and a greater likelihood of successful reproduction through the production of flowers and seeds.

The overall health and viability of Plant B will be significantly better than Plant A.

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The probability for that one of their children will also be a carrier for the disorder is 50% probability to be a carrier. Option B is correct.

Correct Punnett square for this scenario is:

| | A | a |

---|---|---|---|

| A | AA| Aa|

| a | Aa| aa|

In this Punnett square, both parents are heterozygous carriers, which means they both have one copy of the normal allele (A) and one copy of the disease-causing allele (a). The probability of each child inheriting a copy of the disease-causing allele is 50%, and the probability of each child inheriting a copy of the normal allele is also 50%.

Therefore, the probability of one of their children being a carrier for the disorder is 50%. This means that the child will have one copy of the normal allele and one copy of the disease-causing allele, like the parents. However, the child will not have the disorder because they need two copies of the disease-causing allele (one from each parent) to express the disorder.

It is also important to note that this is a simplified model and that many genetic disorders are more complex than a simple dominant or recessive pattern of inheritance. Additionally, genetic testing and counseling may be necessary for couples who are carriers of genetic disorders to understand the risks of passing on the disorder to their children. Hence Option B is correct.

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A hurricane which is moving onshore is able to impact the ecosystem as it results in the movement of sand, deposition of the sediment, dispersal of seed etc.

When a hurricane happens to approach the land or the shore, it brings about tremendous amount damage to the coastal cities as well as towns  and greatly impacts the ecosystem of the area. They bring about changes in the natural environments present along a coast.

The ecological impacts of hurricanes approaching a shore include sediment deposition, defoliation, downed trees, as well as seed dispersal which are also sometimes necessary for a coastal ecosystems to persist.

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The tree metaphor represents evolution by illustrating branching patterns, depicting relationships and common ancestors among species over time.

The tree metaphor is a widely used representation of evolution, showcasing how species have evolved over time through branching patterns.

In this metaphor, the tree's trunk symbolizes the common ancestor of all living organisms, and as you move up the trunk, branches diverge, representing the speciation events.

The branches continue to divide, indicating further speciation and diversification of species.

The leaves on the branches represent modern-day species.

This metaphor helps us visualize the relationships between different species, highlighting the shared ancestry and the progressive changes that have occurred during the course of evolutionary history.

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The father of the Child is Fred

Blood group testing can provide some information about paternity, but it cannot definitively prove paternity. Blood type testing can only suggest possibilities in this regard; it cannot prove with certainty if a guy is or is not the biological father of a kid.

Blood group testing can determine a person's blood type based on the presence or absence of particular proteins on the surface of red blood cells as shown in the image.

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Answer: vestigial

Explanation: Vestigial structures are organs or anatomical structures that have been retained during evolution even though they have lost some of their ancestral functions.

Due to the global warming, the temperatures in the Arctic will continue to rise causing the ice sheets to melt and because of that polar bears and other animals might face extinction.

Global warming as well as other environmental changes in the Arctic are having a crucial impact on the stability of the fragile Arctic ecosystem.  As the Arctic continues to warm up, ice sheets will keep melting at an accelerating rate. This can possibly have a major impact on the ecosystem, as many of the species, including polar bears as well as the seals, depend on the ice for their survival.

As the Arctic continues to warm, the sea ice is melting at an accelerating rate. This can have a major impact on the ecosystem, as many species, depend on the ice for their survival.

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In a criminal case, the person can only be considered a match if their DNA profile matches the DNA evidence found at the crime scene.

Suspect 3 DNA was at the crime scene because the DNA profile matched the DNA evidence.

An individual's genetic parent, commonly known as their biological father, is identified through paternity testing. In order to determine whether a person is one of the child's genetic parents, this testing compares a child's genetic material, or DNA, to that person.

In a paternity case, you need to compare the possible dad's DNA to the and the half of the kids bands should be the same as mom and the DNA should be the same as dad.

Considering the gel, the child's father is Dad 2 because half his DNA matched that of the child.

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Answer:

global warming

Explanation:

it is increasing the temperature

Answer:

Lemurs, lorises, and bush babies are considered descendants of the earliest primates because they share several key characteristics with the earliest known primates that lived over 55 million years ago. These characteristics include:

1. Grasping hands and feet - These primates have opposable thumbs and big toes that enable them to grip branches and move through trees more easily.

2. Forward-facing eyes - This feature provides depth perception and better vision for hunting and avoiding predators.

3. Large brains - Compared to other mammals of similar size, primates have larger brain-to-body size ratios, which may have contributed to the development of complex social behaviors.

4. Nails instead of claws - Most primates have flat nails on their fingers and toes instead of curved claws to aid in gripping and manipulating objects.

5. Arboreal lifestyle - The earliest primates were tree-dwellers, and lemurs, lorises, and bush babies are all adapted to life in the trees, with long limbs and flexible joints that allow them to move quickly and efficiently through the branches.

For these reasons, scientists believe that lemurs, lorises, and bush babies share a common ancestor with the earliest primates and are often referred to as "prosimians," which means "before monkeys."

Answer:

controls what enters and leaves the cells

Answer:   Whitney's medication has a synergistic relationship with the toxin in the water.

Explanation: Synergistic means it works with more things, so when she was having the reaction with whatever. the lake water most likely had bacteria and other micro-organisms in it that caused her body to break out. but it could be the medication causing the rash, what if she didnt know she was allergic to the compounds of the medication? there is possibe answers to this but the one with synergistic is correct