A decrease in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of a system over the course of a chemical reaction indicates that the reaction is spontaneous, meaning that it will proceed without any external intervention.
This is because a spontaneous process is one in which the free energy of the system decreases, becoming more stable and releasing energy into the surrounding environment.
The Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic quantity that takes into account both the enthalpy (ΔH) of a system, which is a measure of the heat transfer that occurs during a reaction and the entropy (ΔS) of the system, which is a measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in the system. The Gibbs free energy equation is given by ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, where T is the temperature in Kelvin.
A decrease in Gibbs free energy indicates that the enthalpy of the system has decreased or the entropy of the system has increased, or both. When ΔG is negative, the reaction is spontaneous and will proceed in the direction that releases energy, which is generally in the form of heat or light.
Therefore, a decrease in Gibbs free energy over the course of a chemical reaction is an indication that the reaction is spontaneous and will proceed without external intervention.
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whether an allele is dominant or recessive depends on
The specifics of the proteins for which an allele codes determine whether it is dominant or recessive. The words might also be subjective, adding to the ambiguity.
Depending on how you look at it, the same allele might be either dominant or recessive. The sickle-cell allele, which is discussed further below, is a prime example.
The key aspect to remember is that there is no common mechanism by which dominant and recessive alleles function. Recessive alleles are not physically "dominant" or "repressed" by dominant alleles.
Dominant and recessive inheritance are helpful ideas for forecasting the likelihood of an individual getting specific characteristics, particularly genetic illnesses.
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Arrange the following in order of decreasing temperature.
1- 273K
2-133 degrees F
3- 351 K
4- 25 degree C
5- 95 degree F
6- 58 degree F
7- 146 degree C
273 K
133 degrees F = 329 K
351 K
25 degree C = 298 K
95 degree F = 308 K
58 degree F = 287 K
146 degree C = 419 K
419 K > 351 K > 329 K > 308 K > 298 K > 287 K > 273 K
What is temperature ?The concept of temperature is used to convey quantitatively how hot and cold something is. Using a thermometer, one can gauge temperature. Thermometers are calibrated using different temperature scales that traditionally relied on different reference points and thermometric materials for definition.
Temperature is measured in Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K), Fahrenheit (°F), or Rankine and refers to the average molecular kinetic energy within a substance or system (R). It is a quantifiable physical attribute of an object, also referred to as a state variable.
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which of the following samples should be used as the background blank to calibrate the spectrometer
DI water should be used as the background blank to calibrate the spectrometer.
A spectrophotometer is a device used to measure the intensity of light as a function of its wavelength. In order to ensure accurate results, it is necessary to calibrate the spectrophotometer using a background blank. The background blank is used to account for any background interference that may affect the measurement. DI water, or deionized water, is a common choice for the background blank because it is pure and has a neutral pH, making it a good choice to ensure accuracy. Iron(III) nitrate and potassium thiocyanate solutions contain ions that may affect the measurement, so they are not suitable for use as a background blank. Iron(III) thiocyanate complex ion stock solution is a more specialized solution and is not typically used as a background blank for spectrophotometry.
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Complete question:
Which of the following samples should be used as the background blank to calibrate the spectrophotometer? Choose the single best answer.
A. Iron(III) nitrate solution
B. Iron(III) thiocyanate complex ion stock solution
C. DI water
D. Potassium thiocyanate solution.
how does the law of conservation of mass affect balanced chemical equations?
The law of conservation of mass is a fundamental principle in chemistry that states that the total mass of a system remains constant, regardless of the chemical changes that occur within it.
This law affects balanced chemical equations in the following ways:
The number of atoms of each element in the reactants must equal the number of atoms of that element in the products.To balance the equation, coefficients are added in front of the formulas of the reactants and products to indicate the correct ratio of atoms.Balancing the equation ensures that the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products, which satisfies the law of conservation of mass.If the equation is not balanced, the law of conservation of mass would be violated, indicating that the equation is incorrect or incomplete.Learn more about the law of conservation of mass here:
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what happens if the solvent line reaches the top of your tlc plate?
When the solvent has reached top of plate, the plate is removed from the developing chamber, dried, and the separated components of the mixture are visualized. If the compounds are colored, visualization is straightforward. Usually compounds are not colored, so a UV lamp is used to visualize plates.
Do not allow the solvent front to reach the top of plate. That may cause erroneous Rf values and may cause spots that are close together to run into each other. Take plate out with tweezers and mark the solvent front line with pencil as soon as possible
With the solvent above sample spot, it will be submerged and therefore it will not travel up the plate by capillary action in the mobile phase and as result, no observation will be made as no spots will be on developed plate.
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a 0.50 mole sample of co2g at 2.0 atm occupies 11.2 liters
The temperature of the sample is 3527.8 K, or approximately 3254.6°C.
What is ideal gas law?Ideal gas law is the equation of state of hypothetical ideal gas.
As, PV = n RT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant (8.31 J/mol*K), and T is temperature in Kelvin.
2 atm * 11.2 L = 0.50 mol * 8.31 J/mol*K * T
Converting atm to pascals:
2 atm * 101325 Pa/atm = 202650 Pa
202650 Pa * 11.2 L = 0.50 mol * 8.31 J/mol*K * T
T = (202650 * 11.2) / (0.50 * 8.31)
T = 3527.8 K or 3254.6°C.
Therefore, the temperature of the sample is 3527.8 K, or approximately 3254.6°C.
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Note: The question given on the portal is incomplete. Here is the complete question.
Question: A 0.50 mole sample of CO2(g) at 2 atm occupies 11.2 liters. What is the temperature of the sample?
give the systematic name for the following formula: [cr(en)3](clo4)3.
Typically, coordination complexes consist of a central atom and one or more ligands. Coordination complexes are oxidized according to the same criteria as atomic, molecular, and ionic species in a generic formula.
With an example, what is coordination complex?A coordination entity is a chemical complex with a core ion or atom that is linked to a certain number of other atoms, molecules, or ions. [CoCl3(NH3)3] and [Fe(CN)6]4- are a few of instances of these coordination entities.
What does the phrase coordination complicated mean?The end result of a Lewis acid-base reaction, in which neutral molecules or anions (referred to as ligands) form coordinate covalent bonds with a central metal atom (or ion), is a coordination complex. Ligands are Lewis bases because they have at least one set of electrons that they can give to a metal atom or ion.
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how does the rate of disappearance of methane relate to the rate of reaction?
The rate of disappearance of methane is directly proportional to the rate of the reaction.
The rate of a chemical reaction is a measure of how quickly the reactants are consumed and the products are produced. In the case of methane, the rate of its disappearance can provide important information about the reaction that is occurring.
If the rate of disappearance of methane is directly proportional to the rate of the reaction, this means that as the rate of the reaction increases, the rate at which methane is consumed will also increase. Conversely, if the rate of the reaction decreases, the rate of methane disappearance will decrease as well.
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the constant of proportionality in a rate expression is called the?
The constant of the proportionality in a rate expression is called the rate constant.
The constant can be defines as the the relationship between the molar concentration of reactants and the rate of chemical reaction is called as the rate constant. The rate constant symbol is k. The Rate constant is the dependent on the temperature.
For the zero-order reaction, the rate constant's unit is mol L⁻¹s⁻¹.
For the first-order reaction, the rate constant's unit is s⁻¹.
For the second-order reaction, the rate constant's unit is mol L s⁻¹.
Thus, the rate constant is the constant of proportionality in a rate expression .
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Slicing an average loaf of bread gives 13 medium thickness slices. Each slice of bread is to be coated with 0. 050 oz of mayonnaise. Each sandwich of two bread slices contains one slice of ham and one slice of cheese. Half of the sandwiches need to contain a sliced olive, while the other half have no olive.
36 loaves of bread and 23.1 ounces of mayonnaise are needed to make all of the sandwiches.
A sandwich is a type of food typically composed of two slices of bread with various fillings in between, such as meat, cheese, vegetables, and condiments. Sandwiches are a popular food item for lunch or a quick and convenient meal, as they are portable and easy to eat with one's hands.
The fillings can vary widely, ranging from simple combinations like peanut butter and jelly to more elaborate mixtures like grilled chicken with cheese, lettuce, and mayonnaise.
Explanation:
Number of slices of ham = 231
Given that each sandwich has 1 slice of ham.
Then 231 slices of ham will be in 231 sandwiches
A single sandwich is made up of 2 bread slices, Then bread slices in 231 sandwiches will be: 2 x 231 = 462
Each bread slice is applied with 0.0500 ounces of mayonnaise.
Then 462 bread slices will have 462 x 0.050 oz = 23.1 oz
1 bread loaf = 13 bread slices
Then breads loaves in 462 bread slices: 462 / 13 ≈ 35.5 = 36
Therefore, 36 loaves of bread and 23.1 ounces of mayonnaise are needed to make all of the sandwiches.
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12
John Graham was charged in the bombing of United Airlines Flight 629 on November 1, 1955. What ultimately happened to him?
A.
B.
C.
D.
He died on the plane when it exploded.
He was found not guilty by reason of insanity.
He was convicted of murder and executed.
He escaped prison and was never captured.
Answer:C. He was convicted of murder and executed.
brianliest?
Explanation:
C. He was convicted of murder and executed.
what type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between br2 and ccl4? question 22 options: a) dispersion forces, ion-dipole, and dipole-dipole b) dispersion forces c) dispersion forces and ion-dipole d) dispersion forces and dipole-dipole e) none. since both are gases at room temperature, they do not interact with each other.
None. Since both are gases at room temperature, they do not interact with each other.
How does temperature affect the strength of intermolecular forces?
Temperature affects the electricity of intermolecular forces indirectly, by way of increasing the kinetic energy of molecules, inflicting them to move faster and lowering the time they spend in near proximity to every different, hence weakening the forces. As temperature increases, the molecules gain greater power, and the bonds between them turn out to be looser, reducing their attractive forces. This is why, generally, the electricity of intermolecular forces decreases with growing temperature.
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What products will result when HClO is added to water?
When HClO is added to water, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HClO) will be produced.
What is hydrochloric acid ?
Hydrochloric acid is a clear, strong, corrosive, and highly acidic solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) in water. It is an important component of gastric acid and is used in industrial settings for various processes such as metal cleaning, etching, and dyeing. It is also found in household cleaning products.
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What is the Lewis structure for HNO3?
The Lewis structure for HNO3 is mentioned below.
What is lewis strucure?
Diagrams that show the chemical bonds between the atoms of a molecule are known as Lewis dot structures, also known as electron dot structures. Additionally, they show the total number of lone pairs found in each of the atoms that make up the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis introduced the Lewis structure in his 1916 article The Atom and the Molecule, and it bears his name.
What is electron ?
It is possible for an atom to have an attached or detached electron, a negatively charged subatomic particle (not bound). The electron, along with protons and neutrons, is one of the three main particle types found inside an atom. Atomic nuclei are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
The nitrogen atom would form 1 double bond and 2 single bonds in HNO3 to conform to the octet rule. Three potential resonance topologies are desirable just based on the octet rule.
Therefore, Lewis structure for HNO3 is mentioned above.
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Write a 3-5 sentence summary explaining how a signal travels down a neuron, using the following terms: Action potential, neuron, Resting potential, Na+, Threshold, Repolarization, K+, Myelin Sheath, Hyperpolarization, Gated Channel, and Depolarization
The signal travels by depolarization and repolarization.
How does a signal travels down a neuron?A signal, also known as an action potential, travels down a neuron by the process of depolarization and repolarization. When an electrical signal reaches the axon hillock, it triggers the opening of ion channels, which causes an influx of positively charged ions into the cell.
This influx leads to a local depolarization, which then triggers more ion channels to open and continue the depolarization along the length of the axon.
At the same time, potassium ion channels open, allowing potassium ions to exit the cell, causing repolarization. This cycle of depolarization and repolarization propagates the signal down the axon until it reaches the axon terminal, where it triggers the release of neurotransmitters, transmitting the signal to the next neuron or effector cell.
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if the rate law for a chemical reaction is: rate = k(a). what are the units of the rate constant k?
Unit of rate constant (k) = L mol -1 s.
What is the rate constant?
The rate constant can be calculated for elementary reactions using molecular dynamics simulations. One possible approach is to calculate the mean residence time of the molecule in the reactant state. Although feasible for small systems with short residence times, this approach is not widely applicable because reactions are often rare events at the molecular scale.To know more about rate constant, click the link given below:
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The units of the rate constant k depend on the units of the variable a. If the units of a are moles per liter, then the units of k would be liters per mole-time. If the units of a are moles per gram, then the units of k would be grams per mole-time.
What is variable?A variable is a symbolic name used to represent a value or set of values in a program. It is a way for a programmer to store data that can be used throughout the program. Variables can be used to store information such as numbers, strings, objects, and more. Variables can also be used to store user input, and they can be used to store the results of calculations and operations. Variables are essential for programmers to write efficient and effective code.
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g the density of liquid argon just above its melting point is 1.40 g/cm3 . calculate vv for liquid argon.
The molar volume of liquid argon (Vv) is the volume occupied by one mole of the substance. Since the density of liquid argon just above its melting point is 1.40 g/cm3, we can calculate the molar volume of liquid argon by solving the following equation:
Vv = (1 mol/1.4 g) x (1 cm3/1 g) = 0.714 cm3/mol
Therefore, the molar volume of liquid argon is 0.714 cm3/mol.
Liquid volume is a measure of the amount of liquid a container can hold. It is usually measured in liters, gallons, or milliliters. Liquid volume is important in many applications, such as cooking and baking, as well as in laboratory experiments and medicine.
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Sort the following into the proper waste container/area. 1. Solid Waste 2. Liquid Waste Container 3. Glass Waste Container 4. Trash 5. Sink Match : used filter paper, acetone rinse, broken waterless condenser, leftover water from ice bath, leftover starting material, reaction filtrate, melting point tube,
The institutional architecture that oversees the processes of receiving, source-separating, storing, transferring, processing, and disposing of solid waste.
An effective waste management plan ought to include solid waste disposal. The method of receiving, processing, recovering resources from solid waste, and finally disposing of it is known as integrated solid waste management. An waste management strategy's three main elements are source reductions, reduction, and disposal.
These three types of trash are all essential for the management of solid waste.
It may also include paper, polymer, tetra packages, plastic canisters, glass bottles, metal objects, wood fragments, aluminium foil, and a number of other substances. Food waste, which is categorised as wet rubbish, has the potential to present.
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Consider aqueous solutions of four compounds:
MgCl2,
Na2O, C12H22O11,
C2H5OH
Which two will conduct electricity?
A. MgCl2
and C12H22O11
B. Na2O and C2H5OH
C. MgCl2
and Na2O
D. C12H22O11
and C2H5OH
please answer asap thank you ! will give brainliest :)
Compound A is dissolved in the water and is employed for white washing. Compound B provides the walls a gleaming sheen. Compounds C is a compound used in monochrome photography. (1) AgCl, CaCO3, and Ca, respectively, are components C, A, and B. (OH) CaCO3, AgCl, and 2 (2) Ca (OH) (2) CaO, CaCO3, and AgBr (3) AgCl, CaO, and CaCO3 (4)
In two different beakers, aqueous solutions of the two compounds M-O-H and M'-O-H have been produced. If M, M', O, and H possess s electronegativities of 3.5, 1.72, 3.0, and 2.1, respectively, the solutions are: > Solutions containing of two co... In two distinct beakers, aqueous solutions of the two compounds M O H and M ′ O H have been produced.
Because it is composed of a powerful acid and a stronger base, sodium chloride in freshwater is a neutral molecule. Because a strong base and a weak acid were employed to produce the potassium carbonate aqueous phase, it is neutral.
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When 14. 00 ml of hcl of unknown concentration (but less than that of the base) are reacted with 13. 00 ml of 2. 15 m naoh, 1. 56 kj of heat are released. What is the molarity of the hcl solution?.
The molarity of the HCl solution is 1.99 M
For a variety of uses in chemistry, neutralizing reactions between acids and bases are utilized to create a neutral product (salt). As a result, since the HCl and NaOH reaction is the subject of this question, we can write:
HCl+NaOH ⇒NaCl +H₂O
How is molarity determined?The following formula can be used to determine a solution's molarity:
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂
Where;
M₁ is the acid's molarity.
M₂ is the base's molarity.
V₁ = acid volume
V₂ is the base volume.
Where there is a 1:1 mole ratio between the acid and the base, allowing us to set up the following:
M acid Vacid =Mbase Vbase
Macid 14. 00 ml = 2. 15 M 13. 00 ml
M acid = 2.15 x 13 / 14
M acid = 1.99 M
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what is the answer to the following calculation: 71.262 4.5 - 6 x 101 5.24
The answer to the calculation 71.262 4.5 - 6 x 101 5.24 is -110.01.
To perform this calculation, it is important to follow the order of operations (PEMDAS), which stands for Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division (from left to right), and Addition and Subtraction (from left to right).
Starting with the first operation, the calculation inside the parentheses is 4.5 - 6 x 10, which becomes 4.5 - 60.
Next, we multiply 6 and 10 to get 60. Then, we subtract 60 from 4.5, which results in -55.5.
Now that the first set of parentheses is resolved, we can continue to evaluate the expression from left to right. The next two numbers are 71.262 and -55.5, so we add them to get 15.762. Finally, we subtract 5.24 from 15.762, resulting in 10.522.
Therefore, the answer to the calculation 71.262 4.5 - 6 x 101 5.24 is -110.01.
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or any of the following that can exist as isomers, state the type of isomerism. [zn(en)f2]
[zn(en)f2] - optical isomer, IZn(H2O)(NH3)FCl] - no isomerism , [Pd(CN)2(OH)2]2 - geometrical isomerism.
[zn(en)f2] - It will be a tetrahedral geometry. It exhibits optical isomerism as 'en' is a bidentate ligand so it will occupy 2 valencies on the same side. It will make a pair of optical isomer
IZn(H2O)(NH3)FCl] - Here we can see that all four ligands are different so it cannot exhibit isomerism. All the ligands are of different shapes, sizes electron densities and steric hindrance
[Pd(CN)2(OH)2]2- Here we have two different monodentate ligands so a particular ligand can be at 'cis' position or 'trans' position hence exhibiting geometrical isomerism
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For any of the following that can exist as isomers, state the type of isomerism and draw the structures: (a) [Zn(en)F2] (b) IZn(H2O)(NH3)FCl] (c) [Pd(CN)2(OH)2]2?
xef4 lewis structure
There are 36 valence electrons in total in the Lewis structure of XeF4. Each atom is examined to determine when it has an octet-full outer shell after the valence electrons have been added.
XeF4: Is it a tetrahedron?So, a square planar choice is the right response. The quantity of lone pairs ought to always be taken into account while sketching complex structures. Since xenon and this example both contain four fluorine atoms, it is possible to confuse the shapes of the tetrahedron with the square planar structure.
Is the Lewis structure of XeF4 nonpolar or polar?The chemical XeF4 is non-polar in terms of polarity. XeF4 is square planar due to its symmetrical geometrical nature. A zero is produced by the cancellation of the dipoles throughout the Xe-F bond.
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There are 36 valence electrons in total in the Lewis structure of XeF4. Each atom is examined to determine when it has an octet-full outer shell after the valence electrons have been added.
XeF4: Is it a tetrahedron?
So, a square planar choice is the right response. The quantity of lone pairs ought to always be taken into account while sketching complex structures. Since xenon and this example both contain four fluorine atoms, it is possible to confuse the shapes of the tetrahedron with the square planar structure.
Is the Lewis structure of XeF4 nonpolar or polar?
The chemical XeF4 is non-polar in terms of polarity. XeF4 is square planar due to its symmetrical geometrical nature. A zero is produced by the cancellation of the dipoles throughout the Xe-F bond.
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How many grams of KMnO4 would you need to make 1 L of a 2M solution? (Formula weight of 158.04 g/mol.)
According to the given statement, 1 L of a 2M solution would require 316.08 grammes of KMnO4.
What is KMnO4 used for?Additionally known uses for KMnO4 include printing on textiles and tanning leather. Even as a cleaning solution, insecticide, and antiseptic, this substance has many uses.
They are using the molar mass - KMnO4, which would be 158.04 grammes per mole, to compute this.
In order to create the solution, we should therefore need to mix 1800 ml of water with 316.08 grammes of KMnO4.
Once the KMnO4 has been dissolved, the solution's volume should be increased to a maximum if 2000 ml (2.0 L).
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in phase two, the reduction stage, what molecule will donate electrons, and therefore is the source of the reducing power?
The 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, a low-energy acid, will accept electrons from NADPH during phase two's reduction cycle to create the three-carbon sugar G3P.
The second stage of photosynthesis uses the molecules ATP and NADPH, which are temporarily transferred the energy to. A variety of proteins and pigment compounds make up Photosystem II's reaction hub. A particular pair of chlorophyll molecules called p680, which donates an electron to the electron transport system, is at the centre of the reaction centre. The chloroplasts' thylakoid membranes are where the light reactions take place. Water splits during the light processes, acting as a source of electrons and H+ ions (protons).
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WHOEVER ANSWERS FIRST GETS THE BRAINLIST
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Hope this helps
Answer:
To transport water and food.
Explanation:
why calorimetry lab high percentage error
Several reasons can contribute to a high percentage inaccuracy in a calorimetry lab. Among the most prevalent reasons are:
Inadequate stirring: The heat transmission between the reaction mixture and the calorimeter is not homogeneous and constant, resulting in temperature change measurement inaccuracies.
Temperature measurement that is inaccurate: The temperature measuring instruments employed, such as thermometers or temperature probes, may have a high degree of measurement error or are not correctly calibrated.
Heat loss to the environment: If the calorimeter is not well-insulated, heat may be lost to the environment, resulting in mistakes in temperature change measurement.
Incomplete reaction: The heat of reaction may not be reliably evaluated if the reaction is not completed.
What is calorimetry?Calorimetry is the study or act of measuring changes in state variables of a body with the goal of determining the heat transfer associated with changes in its state caused by chemical reactions, physical changes, or phase transitions under defined limits in chemistry and thermodynamics. Calorimetry is the measurement of the quantity of heat transmitted to or from a material. To do this, heat is exchanged with a calibrated item (calorimeter). The quantity of heat transmitted by the process under investigation is calculated using the temperature change observed by the calorimeter.
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which of these compounds would be considered an acid? * a. hcl b. nacl c. naoh d. ch4
The compounds that would be considered an acid is the correct option is a. HCl ( hydrochloric acid).
The acids are the substance that produces the hydrogen ions when dissolves in the water. The bases are the substance that produces the hydroxide ions when dissolve in the water.
1) HCl is the hydrochloric acid , it is a strong acid as when it dissolve in the water it donate more hydrogen ions.
2) NaCl is the sodium chloride , it neither a base or nor the acid . It is a neutral salt.
3) NaOH is the sodium hydroxide , it is the base as it donates the hydroxide ions when dissolve in the water.
4) CH₄ is the methane and it is not the acid or the base. It is a neutral compound.
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the retrosynthetic arrow in the following scheme describes a reaction that would use which of the reagents below? br2, hυ etona kotbu hbr, roor hbr
The arrow of retrosynthesis. Indicates that the species on the left is a descendant of the species on the right.
Arrow of bond dipole. The arrow head is pointing to the more electronegative atom (the - atom), while the crossed end is above the more electropositive atom (the + atom).
This is a retrosynthetic arrow, which means that the species before the arrow (which is typically more complicated) is synthesized from the species after the arrow (normally less complicated).
One or more steps can be used to create the target molecule.
We use this type of arrow to plan forward syntheses of more complex molecules by strategically detaching the more complex molecule.
Example showing Retrosynthetic approach:
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Fluorine is the most electronegative element on the periodic table, which means that, in an ionic bond, fluorine will always (1 point).
Since fluorine is the most electronegative element in the periodic table, it will always attract electrons away from other elements in an ionic bond therefore, option c is the right choice.
When there is an electron exchange between the atoms that results in the development of ions, an ionic bond, also known as an electrovalent bond, is the sort of bond that is created between the two elements.
While the other atom acquires the electron and develops a negative charge and forms an ion known as the anion, the atom that loses an electron develops a positive charge and creates an ion known as the cation.
Due to the two atoms' opposing electric charges, they are drawn to one another and form an ionic connection.
Ionic compounds are brittle, rigid, and effective electrical conductors.
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