Mr. Shoup's opportunity cost if he moves from point E to point A is 96 muffins. The correct option is a.
What is the calculation and what is opportunity cost?Mr. Shoup is making goods for charity Bake Sale.
He decides to start at Point E making = 120 scones
24 muffins until someone tells him that muffins are more popular.
Thus, Mr Shoup opportunity cost= 96
Opportunity costs refers to the potential benefits that an individual, investor, or business misses out on when choosing one alternative over another. Because opportunity costs are unseen by definition, they can be easily overlooked.
Understanding the potential missed opportunities when a business or individual chooses one investment over another allows for better decision making.
Learn more about opportunity, here:
https://brainly.com/question/29341508
#SPJ1
Do you agree or disagree with its limits on free speech of "clear and present danger" test
Answer:
agree
Explanation:
Would Representative Parrish or Representative London support nativist, pro-American policies?
Answer:
Representative Parrish would support Nativist
Explanation:
Which of the following arguments did suffragists use to advocate for giving women the right to vote? [Choose all that apply.]
-Giving women the right to vote would expand the white vote and maintain white supremacy in the South.
-The influence of women in government would make the nation less likely to enter wars.
-Women were morally superior to men and would bring greater virtue to government.
-Women were already active in political and cultural reform movements.
Argument which suffragists use to advocate for giving women the right to vote is c)Women were morally superior to men and would bring greater virtue to government.So,correct option is c.
Ladies' testimonial is the right of women to cast a vote in elections. Starting in the beginning of the eighteenth 100 years, certain individuals looked to change casting a ballot regulations to permit ladies to cast a ballot. Liberal ideological groups would proceed to concede ladies the option to cast a ballot, expanding the quantity of those gatherings' possible voting demographics. Public and worldwide associations shaped to organize endeavors towards ladies casting a ballot, particularly the Global Lady Testimonial Partnership (established in 1904 in Berlin, Germany).
Many examples happened in late hundreds of years where ladies were specifically given, then deprived of, the option to cast a vote. The primary spot on the planet to grant and keep up with ladies' testimonial was New Jersey in 1776 (however in 1807 this was returned so that main white men could cast a ballot)
To know more about right to vote,visit here:
https://brainly.com/question/20360240
#SPJ4
(Complete question) is:
Which of the following arguments did suffragists use to advocate for giving women the right to vote? [Choose all that apply.]
a)Giving women the right to vote would expand the white vote and maintain white supremacy in the South.
b)The influence of women in government would make the nation less likely to enter wars.
c)Women were morally superior to men and would bring greater virtue to government.
d)Women were already active in political and cultural reform movements.
The break up of Yugoslavia resulted in genocide because?
The break up of Yugoslavia resulted in genocide because of long-standing tensions between ethnic groups in the region.
What happened in Yugoslavia ?The break-up of Yugoslavia in the 1990s led to a number of conflicts and instances of mass violence, including the genocidal massacre of Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) in Srebrenica in 1995. This event is widely considered to be the worst act of genocide in Europe since the Holocaust.
The conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was one of the six constituent republics of Yugoslavia, was particularly brutal and characterized by widespread human rights abuses, including ethnic cleansing and mass r-a-p-e.
Find out more on Yugoslavia at https://brainly.com/question/756850
#SPJ1
The prominent political movements between the end of Reconstruction and World War I ignored which of the following goals?answer choicesLimiting the power of big businessAmeliorating povertyPromoting social justiceBringing full equality toblacks
The prominent political movements between the end of Reconstruction and World War I ignored the following goals is Bringing full equality to blacks. option (D) is correct.
This was a time of boundless victimization African Americans, wherein the social liberties development still couldn't seem to arise. During this period, Jim Crow regulations, which implemented racial isolation and denied African Americans essential freedoms, were organized.
The most conspicuous political developments during this time span zeroed in on monetary issues, for example, taxes, work issues, and the development of corporate power. The Split the difference of 1876 successfully finished the Recreation period. Southern liberals' vows to safeguard the common and political freedoms of Individuals of color were not kept.
Learn more about World War I:
https://brainly.com/question/446364
#SPJ4
This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
The prominent political movements between the end of Reconstruction and World War I ignored which of the following goals? answer choices
(A) Limiting the power of big business
(B) Ameliorating poverty
(C) Promoting social justice
(D) Bringing full equality to blacks
What does this tell you about Roman society
Answer:
based on heredity, property, wealth, citizenship and freedom.
Explanation:
Which weapon do you think was most important to a legionary? Explain.
1Points
Please write your responses in complete sentences. You can use this sentence starter:
I think ______ was the most important because...
The personal weapons of the legionary were two javelins, a sword, and a dagger. The sword was crucial. Soldiers could use it for swift stabbing because it was light and short (no longer than 50 cm).
What gear did a legionary carry?The weapons that were most crucial to a legionary were entrenching tools, torso armor, shields, helmets, limb armour, clothing, and Sarcina.
What does a legionary do?Legionaries were supposed to combat, but they also contributed significantly to the construction of the Roman Empire's infrastructure and worked as a police force in the outlying areas. Large-scale public works initiatives like fortifications, bridges, and roads were constructed by them. The last five years of the legionary's service were spent on lighter tasks.
To know more about weapons visit:
https://brainly.com/question/3320791
#SPJ1
true or false : the ritual los voladores is done in honor of the god of spring and agriculture xipe by the totonac indians in huehuetla puebla who created it. there is no evidence that the aztec indians performed this ritual.
The given statement "The ritual Los Voladores is done in honor of the god of spring and agriculture Xipe by the Totonac Indians in Huehuetla Puebla who created it. There is no evidence that the Aztec Indians performed this ritual " is False.
The rite entails dancing and ascending a 30-meter (98-feet-5-in) pole, from which four of the five participants launch themselves while being bound to ropes and fall to the earth. The fifth continues to dance and perform while banging on a drum and a flute.
The word "kiva" is an Indian term for a ceremonial temple or lodge room that is below ground and serves as a holding area for snakes. Red and yellow clay is used to cover the walls. They start by setting up three upright cottonwood poles towards the middle, arranged in the shape of a tripod with the higher end ending in a fork.
To know more about Agriculture, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/12568494
#SPJ4
In your opinion, which form of industrialization was more successful/effective: state-sponsored (as in Japan, Ottoman Empire, Russia) or privately developed (as in the UK, USA)? A mix? Explain your answer
Four contemporary American warships entered Tokyo Bay, Japan's main harbour, in 1853.
Which form of industrialization was more successful?A display of power was made. Commodore Matthew Perry hoped that it would compel Japan to alter its trading practises and permit the sale of American imports.
The Japanese had kept their national economy mostly closed to outside trade for the past two centuries. However, American companies perceived the enormous population of Japan as a huge potential market for the pots, clothes, and other products they were now mass-producing for distribution.
The abrupt presence of warships was undoubtedly unpopular, even if it wasn't an act of war.
Learn more about industrialization here
https://brainly.com/question/20725487
#SPJ9
Giving brainliest to whoever answers correctly.
Pretend you are a member of the Third Estate. Write a journal entry describing a day in your life.
TWO PARAGRAPHS REQUIRED - 10-15 sentences
if it’s not two paragraphs and 10-15 sentences I’m not giving you brainliest
The sample journal about a day in my life is given below:
The Journal EntryFebruary 9th, 2023
Today was another typical day for me as a member of the Third Estate. I started my day at dawn, tending to my small plot of land that I farm to feed my family. The soil was hard and unyielding, but I knew that with enough hard work and determination, I would be able to harvest a bountiful crop. After a long morning of tilling the earth and planting seeds, I took a brief rest to eat a simple lunch of bread and cheese.
In the afternoon, I made my way into town to sell my wares at the local market. The competition was fierce, and I had to haggle with merchants to get a fair price for my goods. Despite the challenges, I was able to make a modest profit, which would help me provide for my family for another week. After finishing my business at the market, I made a brief stop at the local tavern to catch up with friends and hear the latest news. As always, the talk was of the ongoing conflict between the Third Estate and the privileged nobles who ruled over us. Despite the weight of these troubles, I was grateful for the camaraderie and support of my fellow members of the Third Estate.
Read more about journal entries here:
https://brainly.com/question/14279491
#SPJ1
How did corporate leaders hope to maintain the essence of trusts
Employees that have confidence in their leaders are confident in speaking openly with them and anticipate that their leaders will treat them favorably with open communication.
What is the essence of trust?When two individuals involve in any contract or any type of relationship based on economic profit, they require essence of trust by building loyalty with each other in order to respect their thoughts.
The essential component that ties leaders to their followers and creates the potential for successful leadership and organizational endeavors is trust. A leader can readily influence his followers if he earns their trust.
Learn more about the essence of trust, here:
https://brainly.com/question/28213922
#SPJ9
What was a result of the Munich Conference in 1938
Answer:
Hitler promised no further aggression by Germany.
Explanation:
One of the major results of the Munich conference of 1938 was the permition granted to Germany for the annexation of the Sudetenland, in western Czechoslovakia. The Munich conference of 1938 was an agreement reached between Germany, Great Britain, Italy and France in which Hitler and Germany were permitted to annex Sudetenland located in western Cechoslovakia. This was the condition Hitler demanded in other to guarantee no further Aggression by Germany.
The Munich Conference was a critical event in world history, as this can be seen as the beginning of Hitler's expansionist policies. At this 1938 conference, a deal was struck that allowed Nazi Germany to annex parts of Czechoslovakia. This new land that belonged to the Germans would be called Sudetenland. From a historical perspective, this policy is known seen as a means of appeasement, in which the countries that negotiated this deal allowed Hitler's aggression to spread. This is one of the many countries Nazi Germany is going to have influence over during the 1930's and 1940's.
Hope it helped! :)
How are Hinduism and Buddhism similar and different?
PLEASE HURRY
the largest and most destructive tsunamis in human history have been associated with which of the following?
The largest and most destructive tsunamis in human history have been associated with volcanic eruptions and subduction zones, as seen in the case of the Krakatoa eruption in 1883.
Volcanic eruptions and subduction zones are both capable of generating tsunamis due to the displacement of large amounts of water. The eruption of Krakatoa in 1883, for example, triggered a massive tsunami that affected the surrounding coastlines and resulted in over 36,000 deaths.
Subduction zones, which are areas where tectonic plates collide and one plate is forced underneath another, can also cause devastating tsunamis when the ocean floor is suddenly uplifted or dropped. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which was caused by a massive earthquake in a subduction zone, considered one of the deadliest natural disasters in modern history.
Learn more about tsunami brainly.com/question/11687903
#SPJ4
true/false. one of the effects of american expansion to the west was additional displacement of native americans. provide your thoughts about and some examples of the social and political ramifications of this movement during the period from 1810 to 1850.
It is true to say that one of the effects of american expansion to the west was additional displacement of native americans.
Expansion of the US moved consistently toward the west from the late eighteenth to the mid nineteenth hundreds of years. This regional development uprooted the greater part of the Local American people groups who lived in those terrains for millennia before the appearance of European pilgrims.
American expansion especially west of the Mississippi Waterway, significantly affected American legislative issues. The Monroe Regulation put forward a strategy of Inevitable success that the US ought to stretch out from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast. This extension made various political emergencies that rotated around the development of subjection, dispossession of Local Americans and government landholdings in the West.
To know more about american expansion,visit here:
https://brainly.com/question/20478351
#SPJ4
When Julia Blackwelder studied the Battle of the Flowers event that occurred
during the Great Depression, she found that which group of women were still
able to purchase extravagant dresses for the parade?
O Cuban
Black
O Mexican
O Anglo
The answer is Anglo, she found that Anglo group of women were still able to purchase extravagant dresses for the parade.
What do you mean by battle?A battle is a conflict between two opposing military units of any size or number. Multiple battles typically make up a war. A battle is typically a military engagement that is clearly defined in terms of time, space, and force commitment.
What does the word "battle" signify in a war?The term "battle" refers to a military engagement involving two or more armed forces that is clearly defined in terms of time, space, and force commitment. A war is a protracted, heavily armed battle between governments and militaries that is marked by great brutality, aggression, destruction, and fatalities.
To know more about Battle visit:
https://brainly.com/question/18658277
#SPJ1
In Common Sense, Paine suggested that American independence from Britain was
• inevitable.
© impossible.
• uncertain.
•
illegal.
In Common Sense, Paine suggested that American independence from Britain was inevitable. Thus the correct option is A.
What is Common Sense?The pamphlet Common Sense, written by Thomas Paine and published in January 1776, succeeded in persuading many Americans to do the same. It is s regarded as the first literary work to explicitly advocate for American independence from the British.
It emphasizes how the British people were cautioned of the coming independence from them by a representative democracy that was the evaluation of the equality of the people. Trust your own instincts about what is right, it advises.
Therefore, option A is appropriate.
Learn more about Common Sense, here:
https://brainly.com/question/17569179
#SPJ9
How does the subject of this poem relate to Native American Traditions?
This is the song of the Friend,
Made by the Medicine Man
In the young dusk of the spring,
Moonless and tender,
At the hour when the balm-giving herbs
Begin to be musky and sweet along the creek borders,
When the smell of the sage is sharp in the trails of the cattle
And the ants run busily still
Up the poles of the pine trees;
The shuffle and beat of his feet
We heard in the dust by his doorway.
Out and aside from the hut
The pound of his feet and the roll of the ram's-horn rattle
Was more loud than the purr of the creek
Or the wings of the night hawk,
And the drone of his singing sweet
And the night desirous.
All night he sang till the young, thin moon came out,
And about the wolf hour of the morning
The earth by his hut was beaten to dust by his dancing,
And the eyes of the Medicine Man
Were pale as the sloughs before sun-dawn,
And the shadow of all his songs
Lay under them and in the cheek hollows
Like ash on the hearthstone;
And his voice was bitter and thick
As the dust stirred up by his dancing.
And still in my heart I hear the throb of his singing
When I go by the sweet-smelling trails
In the moonless evenings of April.
My pulse is full of the whisper and beat,
Over-full and aching with song,
When the smell of the campfire comes out by the creeks
And the nights are young and desirous.
Answers:
A: The politics of cultures and wars are viewed as more important than the natural world.
B: The simplicity of life among the natural world is portrayed in a positive light.
C: The poem favors the success of civilization in America to the trapping of nature.
D: The poem focuses of the strife Native Americans faced by European colonization.
The subject of this poem relates to Native American Traditions as The simplicity of life in the natural world is portrayed in a positive light.
What is the poem?Generally, The poem describes the song of a Medicine Man during the spring, surrounded by the natural world. '
The poem emphasizes the beauty and importance of nature, and the Medicine Man's song is described as being in harmony with the natural world.
This reflects the importance of nature in Native American traditions and beliefs.
Read more about poem
https://brainly.com/question/12155529
#SPJ1
How did the ideas of federalism and dual sovereignty discussed at the Constitutional Convention reflect the ideals of the Declaration of Independence?
All Men are made equivalent. People have a city obligation to safeguard these freedoms for themselves and others reflects the ideals of the Declaration of Independence
What is federalism?Federalism is an arrangement of government wherein the power is split between a focal power and different constituent units of the country. Typically, an organization has two degrees of government.
These thoughts are that all men are made equivalent and that administration depends on the assent of the administered. This turned into the establishment of the US political ideal of well-known sway: that the public authority exists to serve individuals, who choose agents to express their will.
Learn more about federalism, here:
https://brainly.com/question/8305583
#SPJ9
What was not an element of Abraham Lincoln's platform in 1860?
a) building a transcontinental railroad
b) passing a homestead act for western settlement
c) stopping the spread of slavery
d) reducing tariffs on foreign goods
Answer:
Explanation:
d) reducing tariffs on foreign goods was not an element of Abraham Lincoln's platform in 1860.
During the presidential campaign of 1860, Abraham Lincoln ran on a platform that included building a transcontinental railroad, passing a homestead act for western settlement, and stopping the spread of slavery. Lincoln believed that tariffs on foreign goods were necessary to protect American industry and jobs, and he supported high tariffs. Therefore, reducing tariffs on foreign goods was not a part of his platform.
In the 1350s, the human population experienced a significant downturn. Why? A. the black plague C. influenza B. cholera D. malaria
Answer:
Explanation:
In the 1350s, the human population experienced a significant downturn due to the Black Death or the bubonic plague. The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75-200 million people in Europe alone. It is estimated that the disease killed between 30-60% of Europe's population during that time. The cause of the Black Death is believed to have been the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was transmitted through the bite of infected fleas carried by rats.
Why didn't the king and queen
of Spain think that Columbus
had gone to India?
The reason the king and queen of Spain did not think that Columbushad gone to India is: Christopher Columbus never claimed that he had reached India during his voyages.
Why didn't the king and queen of Spain think that Columbus had gone to India?Christopher Columbus never claimed that he had reached India during his voyages. He actually believed that he had reached the Indies, which was the term used at the time to refer to the lands of southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. However, the geographical understanding of the time was limited, and Columbus' voyages led to the discovery of the Americas, which were previously unknown to Europe.
It's possible that the King and Queen of Spain did not initially realize that Columbus had discovered a new land because Columbus himself did not initially recognize that he had discovered a new continent. Instead, he believed that he had reached the East Indies, which was his original goal. It was only later, as more information became available and as other explorers made their way to the Americas, that it became clear that Columbus had discovered a new land.
Learn more about Columbus
https://brainly.com/question/10813507
#SPJ1
What reason listed below best explains the rapid rise in local employment beginning in the early 1980 s? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a the increasing use of block grants b the increasing use of matching grants c a decrease in funding from the federal government d an increase in the desire for local governance
Reason behind the rapid rise in local employment beginning in the early 1980 is a)the increasing use of block grants.So,correct option is a.
A block grants is a yearly amount of cash that is granted by the central government to a state or neighborhood government body to assist with financing a particular task or program. These became official in the U.S. starting in 1966.This type of government help is frequently connected with supporting social government assistance projects, like Medicaid, public lodging, schooling, and occupation preparing.
Block grants have been being used in some structure since the 1950s. Most have upheld social administrations, general wellbeing administrations, or local area advancement programs. Block grants were intended to give subsidizing to those administrations with generally couple of surprises, permitting neighborhood states to oversee and manage the projects.
Moreover, state and neighborhood legislatures might add their own rules and will in some cases convey a piece of the award to different associations, which in like manner have their own rules and rules in regards to how the cash is utilized and for what reason.
Hence,correct option is a.
To know more about block grants,visit here:
https://brainly.com/question/5818266
#SPJ4
Was New York always a capital of the us?
Answer:
New York was the capital of the US from 1785 until 1790, and has been the largest U.S. city since 1790.
Explanation:
New York City was the first capital of the United States once the Constitution was ratified. George Washington took the oath of office to become the first President of the United States from the balcony of the old City Hall.
>matching
It carried passengers, mail
and some cargo
Roads made of logs placed
side-by-side, perpendicular
to the direction of the road
and located in swampy, soft
and muddy low areas.
A type of road in which a
toll/fee is charged to use
the road.
The first highway built
using Federal funds. It
began in Cumberland,
Marvland in 1811 and
1. Early Railroad-
2. State Boat
3. Packet Boat
4. Freight Boat
The correct matching to the names to their historical achievements is given below:
Cumberland RoadPacket BoatState BoatFreight BoatWhat is the Cumberland Road?Cumberland Road - The Cumberland Road was the first highway built using Federal funds. It began in Cumberland, Maryland in 1811. It was a road made of logs placed side-by-side, perpendicular to the direction of the road and located in swampy, soft, and muddy low areas.
State Boat - This could refer to a government-owned boat used for various purposes, such as transporting passengers and goods.
Packet Boat - A packet boat was a type of boat used to carry passengers, mail, and some cargo. It was a type of road in which a toll/fee was charged to use the road.
Freight Boat - A freight boat is a type of boat used to transport goods, typically larger items and cargo that would not fit on a packet boat.
Read more about Packet Boat here:
https://brainly.com/question/26296950
#SPJ1
to americans the rise to modernity meant following the ideas of the enlightenment, which emphasized the free individual. on the one hand, the individual must be free from the tyranny of a king. on the other hand, ____ . which of the following is the appropriate sentence for the blank?the individual should be a part of the natural world. the individual should be free from the bonds of the natural world. the individual should follow the rules of nature. the individual should bond with the natural world.
the correct answer is the individual should bond with the natural world.
It is safe to say that the American Enlightenment took place during the eighteenth century among thinkers in British North America and the early United States and was motivated by the concepts of the British and French Enlightenment, even though there is disagreement over the precise time period that corresponds to it. The Age of Enlightenment was characterized by a change in allegiances away from absolute authority, whether religious or political, and towards more cynical and upbeat perspectives on human nature, religion, and politics. Thinkers like Thomas Paine, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin created and embraced ground-breaking concepts regarding scientific reason in the American setting.
Learn more about North America here :
https://brainly.com/question/23317844
#SPJ4
How did the actions of European explorers like Marco Polo impact the relationship between China and Europe? O They spread disease and destroyed the populations of both regions. O They forged strong military alliances that unified the two regions. O They prevented the economic growth of both regions. O They fostered the exchange of cultures and ideas through trade between the two regions.
Explanation:
Marco Polo, having been deployed on a mission to China by emperor Kublai Khan, was able to hold a number of government position in China,such as ambassador and governor of Yanghon,a city in eastern China,and established matual diplomatic connection for Europe with east .
5. Draw Conclusions Why was Lenin's promise of "Peace, Land, and Bread" so effective in
gaining support for the Bolsheviks? Did Lenin fulfill his promise to the Russian people? Cite
evidence from the text to support your answer.
Lenin's promise of "Peace, Land, and Bread" was effective in gaining support for the Bolsheviks because it addressed the main concerns of the Russian people at the time. The Russian people were tired of the ongoing World War I, the scarcity of food and land, and the oppressive rule of the Tsarist regime. Lenin's promise of peace addressed the desire of the Russian people to end the war and its devastating effects.
His promise of land addressed the desire of the Russian people for land reform and the redistribution of land to the peasants. Finally, his promise of bread addressed the issue of the severe food shortage that the Russian people were facing.
What is the Conclusions drawn?Lenin did fulfill his promise to the Russian people to some extent. He negotiated a peace treaty with Germany, which ended Russia's participation in World War I. He also implemented land reforms that redistributed land to the peasants.
Therefore, Evidence from the text to support this answer can be found in historical sources such as "The Bolsheviks Come to Power" by Alexander Rabinowitch and "A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924" by Orlando Figes. Both of these sources detail the conditions in Russia leading up to the Bolshevik Revolution and the promises made by Lenin and the Bolsheviks during their rise to power.
Learn more about Conclusions from
https://brainly.com/question/26093731
#SPJ1
third parties dominated american politics until the last 50 years when just two parties started to dominate.T/F
Third parties dominated American politics until the last 50 years when just two parties started to dominate - False.
Throughout American history, third parties have not dominated politics. For more than 150 years, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party have been the leading political parties in the United States. While there have been periods of significant third-party influence in American politics, such as during the Progressive Era and the Populist movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, third parties have never been able to displace the major parties as the dominant forces in American politics.
For such more question on American:
https://brainly.com/question/28294334
#SPJ4
(a) briefly describe one specific historical difference between the spanish and english exploration of the new world.
While many New England colonists aspired to establish separate religious groups, Spanish colonists frequently used colonisation as a means of converting native populations.
Compared to the Spanish, the colonists of New England placed religion at the centre of politics and civic participation.
A period of aggressive Spanish expansion across the Atlantic was ushered in by Columbus' colonisation of the Atlantic islands. Following Columbus, Spanish colonisation intensified the conflict between Spain and Portugal to a previously unheard-of degree. Through the annexation of new lands, the two powers competed for dominance.
Pope Sixtus IV granted Portugal the right to all countries south of the Cape Verde islands in the 1480s, which led the Portuguese king to assert that Portugal, not Spain, was the rightful owner of the lands Columbus discovered. However, in 1493, Pope Alexander VI, who was born in Spain, issued two papal bulls validating Spain's claims in the Atlantic over those of Portugal.
King Joao II made a deal with Spain in an effort to protect Portugal's possessions. A line through South America was drawn from north to south at the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. Portugal kept the regions east of the line, including the east coast of Brazil, while Spain gained territory west of the line.
To know more about colonisation, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/928103
#SPJ4