Individuals with genetic defects in oxidative phosphorylation often experience impaired energy production within the mitochondria of their cells. This is because the process of oxidative phosphorylation, which generates ATP, is disrupted due to the defect.
As a result, the activity of the citric acid cycle decreases as NADH cannot transfer electrons to oxygen.
However, the process of glycolysis continues and produces pyruvate, which would normally enter the citric acid cycle and contribute to ATP production. But in this case, the accumulated pyruvate cannot enter the cycle because of the defect, and therefore it is converted to alanine through a process called transamination.
This process results in an accumulation of alanine in the tissues and blood. The conversion of pyruvate to alanine is a way for the body to recycle the accumulating glycolysis product and prevent a buildup of toxic intermediates. Elevated alanine concentrations in the blood can be an indicator of oxidative phosphorylation defects and can be used as a diagnostic tool. Overall, this phenomenon highlights the interconnectedness of different metabolic pathways and the importance of oxidative phosphorylation in cellular energy production.
In conclusion, the accumulation of alanine in individuals with genetic defects in oxidative phosphorylation occurs due to the inability of pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which leads to its conversion to alanine. This phenomenon emphasizes the importance of oxidative phosphorylation in the proper functioning of metabolic pathways in the body.
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Describe the activities of the enzymes required to construct a recombinant dna molecule.
Recombinant DNA is the approach of becoming a member of two or greater DNA molecules to create a hybrid. The technology is made possible via sorts of enzymes, limited endonucleases, and ligase. A limit endonuclease acknowledges a specific collection of DNA and cuts within, or close to, that series.
Recombinant DNA is the method of joining or extra DNA molecules to create a hybrid. The technology is made possible via forms of enzymes, limited endonucleases, and ligase. A limit endonuclease acknowledges a specific sequence of DNA and cuts within, or near, that collection.
A recombinant DNA molecule is produced by using joining together two or greater DNA segments typically from different organisms. greater especially, a recombinant DNA molecule is a vector (e.g. plasmid, phage, or virus) into which the preferred DNA fragment has been inserted to enable its cloning in the proper host.
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An organism is viewed under low power and occupies approximately ¼ of the field diameter. The field diameter of this particular microscope under low power is 2000 µm. Calculate the actual size of the organism.
The actual size of the organism will be 5 µm.
Microscope magnificationThe organism occupies 1/4 of the field diameter.
The field diameter is 2000 µm. So, the organism occupies 1/4 x 2000 = 500 µm.
The total magnification under the low power objective is 100.
100x = 500, x = 500/100 = 5 µm
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After the cerebellum receives proprioceptive information from muscles carrying out a voluntary movement, where does it send corrective feedback?
After the cerebellum receives proprioceptive information from muscles carrying out a voluntary movement, where does it send corrective feedback to primary motor cortex and cerebral nuclei.
The cerebellum, also known as the corticocerebellum, has a close connection to the regulation of movement timing, rate, range, length, direction, and strength. The cerebellum receives information from the command neurons and also obtains feedback (afferent) from the proprioceptive terminals of the muscles, tendons and joints regarding what the actual movements produce .
All these information are combined and the correction signals are given to the motor cortex. The motor nuclei of the cranial nerves and spinal cord exert the lowest level of motor control. Through the closed feedback loop, this occurs.
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While watching the Yankees game in the lab, you accidentally mutate the nuclear localization signal sequence of the large protein Moose 2, rendering the sequence not functional. Which of the following observations do you expect
The correct answer is Moose 2 is localized in the cytosol.
CytosolOne of the liquids present inside cells is the cytosol, which is also referred to as groundplasm or the cytoplasmic matrix. Membranes split it into compartments for storage. The mitochondrial matrix, for instance, divides the mitochondrion into several compartments.
The cell membrane of a eukaryotic cell encloses the cytosol, which is a component of the cytoplasm, which also contains the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles. The cell nucleus is located outside of the cytoplasm. Therefore, the cytosol is a liquid matrix that surrounds the organelles. The majority of metabolic chemical reactions in prokaryotes occur in the cytosol, but a small number also occur in membranes or the periplasm. In eukaryotes, some metabolic pathways still take place in the cytosol, while others happen inside the organelles.
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Worms are classified into three phyla: flatworms, roundworms, and annelids. what is the feature that distinguishes them?
Annelids are the feature that distinguishes them.
Annelids are segmented worms while roundworms are not segmented. further, annelids have a true coelom at the same time as roundworms have a pseudocolor. this means annelids have a well-developed mesoderm whilst roundworms lack a mesoderm. those are the primary capabilities that distinguish annelids from roundworms.
The 3 main malicious programs phyla are flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms. Roundworms have a digestive tube that has openings. Segmented worms have a closed circulatory system wherein blood is enclosed in blood vessels. These are crucial steps in the evolutionary development of animals.
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Rouleaux formation is characterized by _______. Rouleaux formation is characterized by _______. an increase in ESR an increase in ESR and a decrease in fibrinogen production a decrease in fibrinogen production a decrease in ESR and a decrease in fibrinogen production a decrease in ESR
Correct answer is A. Rouleaux formation is characterized by an increase in ESR.
What is Rouleaux formation in ESR?Since rouleaux formation is primarily determined by elevated levels of plasma fibrinogen and globulin.ESR primarily reflects changes in plasma proteins associated with acute and chronic infections, some tumors, and degenerative diseases. Under such circumstances, the ESR value is much higher than 20 mm/h.In inflammatory conditions, fibrinogen, other coagulation proteins, and alpha globulin become positively charged, increasing ESR.To learn more about RBCs from the given link
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What is the function of the fungal structure shown?
• A. Nutrient absorption
• B. Photosynthesis
• C. Reproduction
D. Energy production
Leukocytes at the infected site are a symptom of:________
a. gardnerella vaginosis.
b. genital herpes.
c. candidiasis.
d. trichomoniasis.
e. lymphogranuloma venereum.
According to the research, the correct option is d. Leukocytes at the infected site are a symptom of trichomoniasis.
What is trichomoniasis?It is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can affect the urogenital tract in both men and women whose disease-causing agent is a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis.
People with this non-fatal chronic type infection present a high value of leukocytes in the laboratory analysis since these indicate the establishment of the pathological process in the body and tend to increase to fight the infection.
Therefore, we can conclude that According to the research, the correct option is d. Leukocytes at the infected site are a symptom of trichomoniasis.
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According to the onandaga creation story, where do the seeds that for the trees, grass, and flowers on earth come from?
The seeds that for the trees, grass, and flowers on earth come from branch of the great tree of Skyland.
What is the Onondaga creation story?
When the Earth grew then the two Swans let the wife rest on the Great Turtle's back. When the wife comes to Earth, she opened her hand and the seeds from the Great Tree fell to the earth. Then from those seeds tress and the grass start growing. Life on Earth had now begun in the form of trees, grass and flowers. from branch of the great tree of Skyland the seeds that for the trees, grass, and flowers on earth come.
So we can conclude that the seeds that for the trees, grass, and flowers on earth come from branch of the great tree of Skyland.
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which of these should be reportable reasons to protect public health? a) Skin cancer b) Heart disease c) HIV d) Diabetes
Answer: c (HIV)
Explanation: Skin cancer, heart disease, and diabetes cannot be passed down unless it's hereditary though HIV being a sexually transmitted disease should be reported for that reason.
Explain how extraction of aluminium from bauxite may contribute to the acidification of water.
Carbon dioxide produced in the extraction of aluminum from bauxite may contribute to the acidification of water.
How does extraction of aluminum from bauxite may contribute to the acidification of water?The extraction of aluminum from bauxite occurs in two steps.
Bauxite is first purified to produce alumina. Aluminum is then obtained from alumina by electrolysis. During the electrolytic process, carbon dioxide is produced at the anodes. This carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid resulting un the acidification of water.
In conclusion, the extraction of aluminum is from the ore bauxite.
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Answer:
Carbon dioxide produced in the extraction of aluminum from bauxite may contribute to the acidification of water.
How does extraction of aluminum from bauxite may contribute to the acidification of water?
The extraction of aluminum from bauxite occurs in two steps.
Bauxite is first purified to produce alumina. Aluminum is then obtained from alumina by electrolysis. During the electrolytic process, carbon dioxide is produced at the anodes. This carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form carbonic acid resulting un the acidification of water.
In conclusion, the extraction of aluminum is from the ore bauxite.
Folate deficiency impairs DNA synthesis, so the nuclei of immature red blood cells are unable to divide and the cells grow larger than normal. This condition is called ______ anemi
Folate deficiency impairs DNA synthesis, so the nuclei of immature red blood cells are unable to divide and the cells grow larger than normal. This condition is called macrocytic anemia.
What is folate deficiency anemia?The red blood cells in folate-deficiency anemia are excessively big. Macrocytes are this type of cell. When they are discovered in the bone marrow, they are also known as megaloblasts. This anemia is also known as megaloblastic anemia for this reason.When your body doesn't get enough folate, it develops a folate deficiency. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, mouth sores, and neurological issues. A diet rich in folate-rich foods can help prevent folate insufficiency.Haemoglobin, a component of red blood cells, is used to transport oxygen throughout the body.Learn more about cell here:
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The structures that guard the nostrils and ear canals, preventing foreign particles from entering these areas are also called guard hairs or
The structures that guard the nostrils and ear canals, preventing foreign particles from entering these areas are also called guard hairs or Vibrissae
Ear and EardrumYour ears stay clean and healthy thanks to earwax. It also serves to safeguard the lining of your ear canal and is waterproof. Earwax can be either soft and moist or dry and stiff. It can range in color from yellow to brown.The modified apocrine glands known as ceruminous glands are located in the epidermis of the human external auditory canal and produce ear wax along with sebaceous glands. Cerumen is crucial in the ear canal's defense against harm from external factors and microbial invasion.Putting a wick in the ear may be necessary if the ear canal is extremely enlarged. The wick will help the drips get to the canal's conclusion.
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There is a major difference between homeostasis and allostasis. Sterling and Eyer (1988) coined the term allostasis to mean that
The primary explanatory framework for physiological control, homeostasis, has undergone major adjustment in recent years, with modern models varying greatly from the original formulation.
Allostasis, a different perspective on physiological control, extends beyond its homeostatic foundations, providing unique insights pertinent to our understanding and treatment of a variety of chronic health disorders. Despite increased interest in allostasis, the notion remains ambiguous, in part because of uncertainty in how the term is defined and used, hindering effective translational and clinical research on allostasis.
The processes behind physiological regulation and dysregulation are anticipated to have significant health and disease consequences.
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Comparing plant and animal cells Drag the correct label under each cell structure to identify whether it is found only in animal cells, only in plant cells, or in both types of cells. Labels can be used once or more than once.
The correct answers are:
Lysosome - found in ANIMAL cells but not most plant cells
Cell wall - found in PLANT cells but not animal cells
Nucleus - found in both PLANT and ANIMAL cells
Chloroplast - found in PLANT cells but not animal cells
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - found in both PLANT and ANIMAL cells
CellsAll biological things are constructed from simple units called cells. Millions of billions of cells make up the human body. They give the body structure, absorb nutrients from the diet, transform those nutrients into energy, and perform certain tasks. Furthermore, cells may replicate themselves and hold the body's genetic material.
The various components of cells each serve a unique purpose. Organelles are specialized structures that carry out particular functions for the cell among these other sections. All biological things are constructed from simple units called cells. All biological things are constructed from simple units called cells. Millions of billions of cells make up the human body.
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A laboratory technologist has identified a new type of protist. This protist is heterotrophic, but it also appears to extend threadlike structures into its environment. How could the technologist classify this protist
This protist can be classified as either an animal-like or fungus-like protist.
What are protists?The Kingdom Protista consists of eukaryotic protists.Members of this very diverse kingdom are typically unicellular and less complex in structure than other eukaryotes.Some protists are non-motile, others exhibit locomotion through different methods (flagella or cilia).These may be photosynthetic or heterotrophic.These organisms are often described based on their similarities to the other groups of eukaryotes: animals, plants, and fungi.The observed protist is heterotrophic which is an animal or fungus-like character. And it appears to extend threadlike structures just like the hyphae of a fungus. Therefore, this protist can be classified as either an animal-like or fungus-like protist.Learn more about protists here:
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Assume you are growing bacteria on a lipid medium that started at pH 7. The action of bacterial lipases should cause the pH of the medium to Group of answer choices Decrease. Stay the same. Increase.
The action of bacterial lipases should cause the pH of the medium to decrease.
Do bacteria have lipase?The majority of lipase-producing microbes are bacteria, fungus, and yeast. Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus sp., and Burkholderia sp. are the most typical bacterial suppliers of lipases. Lipases are mostly produced by bacteria especially Bacillus species whose pH is 7.0
The majority of bacterial lipases are extracellular and are made through submerged fermentation. Along with some more contemporary techniques such as reverse micellar and aqueous two-phase systems, hydrophobic interaction chromatography is the method that is most frequently used to purify enzymes. Most lipases can act in a wide range of pH and temperature, though alkaline bacterial lipases are more common.
In relation to the pH, since lipases produce fatty acids, we can expect that the pH decreases, given the acid character of the fatty acids.
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Coevolution: can produce an insect with a tongue as long as its body. is responsible for nectar production by plants. All of these are correct. is responsible for all the beautiful flowers in the world. reveals that both biotic and abiotic resources can serve as selective forces.
According to the research, the correct option is (c) "All of these are correct".
What is Coevolution?It is the mutual adaptation of two or more species of living organisms in the context of their evolutionary processes.
It is linked to biotic factors, and we can find cases of co-evolution between different plants and insects.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is (c) "All of these are correct".
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A(n) ___________________ is a substance with specific chemical and physical properties.
Neutron
Proton
Electron
Element
Answer: Elements
Explanation: Elements are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions.
The urinary system does all of the following except A. excreting excess albumin molecules. B. regulating blood volume. C. eliminating organic waste products. D. regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes.
The urinary system does all of the functions above except regulating blood volume (option B).
What is excretory system?The excretory system is the collection of organs that work together to remove or eject material that has no further use from the body.
The urinary system is a part of the excretory system that deals with the removal of urinary waste products.
The urinary system has the following functions:
excreting excess albumin moleculeseliminating organic waste productsregulating plasma concentrations of electrolytesTherefore, the urinary system does all of the functions above except regulating blood volume.
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Which number identifies the system that serves as the site of nutrient and waste exchange between cells and the interstitial fluid?
The site for exchange nutrients and waste in capillaries.
Exchange of Gases, Nutrients, and Waste Between Blood and Tissue by diffusion Occurs in the Capillaries. Capillaries are very tiny blood vessels — so small that a single red blood cell can barely fit through them. They help to connect your arteries and veins in addition to facilitating the exchange of certain elements between your blood and tissues.
Plasma and interstitial fluid are very similar because water, ions, and small solutes are continuously exchanged between them across the walls of capillaries, through pores and capillary clefts.
Capillary walls contain small pores that allow certain substances to pass into and out of the blood vessel.
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The probability that the daughter of a woman with a dominant disease-causing allele on one X chromosome and a normal male will be affected with the disorder is ________ .
The probability that the daughter of a woman with a dominant disease-causing allele on one X chromosome and a normal male will be affected with the disorder is 50%.
Men and women have different chances of passing on X-linked dominant conditions since men only have one X and one Y chromosomes, whereas women have two X chromosomes. All of a man's sons inherit his Y chromosome, and all of his daughters inherit his X chromosome. As a result, only his daughters will be afflicted if a man has an X-linked dominant ailment; his sons will not be affected. Each child of a woman inherits either one or the other of her X chromosomes. With each pregnancy, a woman who carries an X-linked dominant disorder on one of the X chromosomes has a 50% chance of giving birth to a child who carries the disorder be it boy or girl.Hence, the probability that the daughter of a woman with a dominant disease-causing allele on one X chromosome and a normal male will be affected with the disorder will be 50%.learn more about X linked dominant condition here: https://brainly.com/question/20584746
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The probability that the daughter of a woman with a dominant disease-causing allele on one X chromosome and a normal male will be affected with the disorder is 50%.
What are chromosomes and what do they do?Chromosomes are the thin, threadlike components of both plant and animal cell nuclei. They consist of one molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid and one protein (DNA). The chromosomes are in charge of holding the instructions that give the kids their own identity while also displaying qualities from the parents when the genetic material is passed from parents to the child.
A chromosome's functionThe genetic information and a large number of the proteins necessary for its expression are both stored on the chromosome. The frequency and type of gene translation into proteins are controlled by their intricate form and structure. Generating organisms is accomplished by a process known as gene expression. How often a gene is expressed depends on how tightly packed the chromosome is at a certain place. Less actively transcribed genes will be clustered more closely together than actively transcribed genes, as can be seen in the chromosome structure image below. When these proteins are activated or deactivated, the chromosome can constrict or extend, which is how many cellular molecules that control genes and transcription function. Every protein is turned on during cell division.
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The ability of a muscle to contract and relax is dependent on the flow of what substance out of and into its storage site in the muscle cell? calcium chloride phosphorus iron
The ability of a muscle to contract and relax is dependent on the flow of calcium out of and into its storage site in the muscle cell.
Microfilaments travel over thick filaments as muscles flex.
The sliding filament theory describes how muscles contract. Myofilaments within your muscle fibers grasp hold of one another and slide to create a muscular contraction during this phase. However, without the presence of calcium, this is not possible. The myofilaments that cause a contraction are actin and myosin. Myosin grabs hold of actin via a myosin crossbridge, which resembles a small arm, to alter the form of the muscle. The tropomyosin molecule prevents the crossbridge from attaching at the precise location where it is required to do so. In addition to being connected to actin, tropomyosin is also connected to troponin. Calcium is released into the fiber in response to nervous system stimulation for a contraction.It associates with troponin and induces it to shift tropomyosin, revealing the myosin cross bridge's binding location. The muscle can now contract since calcium is present.learn more about muscle here: https://brainly.com/question/13920046
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The phases of meiosis that can result in the most variation in the four resulting daughter cells are:_______
Phases of meiosis that can result in the most variation in the four resulting daughter cells is Telophase II. In telophase II, nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes decondense. Cytokinesis splits the chromosome sets into new cells, forming the final products of meiosis four haploid cells in which each chromosome has just one chromatid.
During telophase II, the chromosomes are enclosed in nuclear membranes. Cytokinesis follows, dividing the cytoplasm of the two cells. At the conclusion of meiosis, there are four haploid daughter cells that go on to develop into either sperm or egg cells.
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Several uses of Fungi are...
They are used in making bread and cheese
They are used in making some medicines
They are the decomposers in many ecosystems
They reproduce by spores
The several uses of fungi are as follows:
They are used in making bread and cheeseThey are used in making some medicinesThey are the decomposers in many ecosystemsWhat are fungi?Fungi are members of the kingdom Fungi characterized by being eukaryotic and have a chitin cell wall but no chlorophyll or plastids.
Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular. Examples of unicellular fungus is yeast while an example of multicellular fungus is mushroom.
However, fungi can be beneficial as well as pathogenic. Some uses of fungi are as follows:
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What is the final electron acceptor of the series of re-dox reactions that are facilitated by the electron transport chain in mitochondria?
In electron transport chain (ETC) , Complex IV, also known as cytochrome c oxidase, oxidises cytochrome c and delivers the electrons to oxygen, the final electron carrier in mitochondria.
The electrons in the electron transport chain (ETC) pass through a chain of proteins that raises its reduction potential and results in an energy release. A proton gradient is produced by pumping hydrogen ions (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, with the majority of this energy being lost as heat in mitochondria .
This gradient generates an electrical difference with a positive charge outside and a negative charge inside, increasing the acidity.
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The presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix is known as:
The presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix is known as cervical dysplasia.
Cervical dysplasia, also known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) can be described as a precancerous condition characterized by abnormal cell division which is usually observed in the surface lining of the cervix or endocervical canal, the opening between the uterus and the vagina.
Women under the age of 30 years are at higher risk of getting this disease which is usually discovered through a pap test. Mild cervical dysplasia sometimes resolves without treatment but proper maintenance of diet and hygiene is required with proper follow-up and regular check-ups whereas moderate and severe cases require proper treatment and removal of abnormal cells through surgery to reduce the risk of cervical cancer.
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Biological anthropologists view how humans come to be the way they are as the result of
Both their own individual life experiences and the evolutionary history.
What about biological anthropologists?Since genes are the main cause of human diversity, they can look at genes. Since differences in health are the primary cause of most human diversity, they can research health.Understanding human adaptation to various settings, the causes of illness and early mortality, and how humans descended from other animals are all goals of biological anthropologists. They research people (alive and deceased), other primates including monkeys and apes, as well as human predecessors, to achieve this (fossils).The study of biological anthropology focuses on the variety and environmental adaptations of our closest living relatives, monkeys and humans, as well as their evolutionary history. The strong evolutionary perspective of biological anthropology is one of its key features.Learn more about biological anthropologists here:
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For the cross in Part B, predict the frequencies of each of the phenotypes in the F1 progeny, and determine the genotype(s) present in each phenotypic class.
The genotype(s) present in each phenotypic class.
yellow round: 3/8, RrYY, RrYy (x2)yellow wrinkled: 3/8, rrYY, rrYy(x2)green round: 1/8, Rryygreen wrinkled: 1/8, rryyGenotype AaBbCc can produce 8 types of gametes, i.e., ABC, Abc, ABc, AbC, abc, aBC, aBc and abC.What is the genotypic ratio of the F1 generation?
Since that component is regarded as dominant, generation F1's genotype ratio of 100 percent Ss hybrid resulted in 100 percent smooth pea production. Mendel was producing the Ss X Ss hybrid by self-fertilizing those F1 individuals.What is the genotype of the green pod plant?
Due to the dominance of green (G) over yellow (g), plants with G in their genotypes produce green pods. The only plants with yellow pods are gg-genotype plants.What is the phenotype of F1 progeny?
Given that one dominant and one recessive allele were transmitted from the parents, the F1 generation exhibits a uniform round yellow phenotype, as predicted by the first law.
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ange the sentences in order to describe how oxygen from air is transported to the cells in the kidneys.
The correct order of the sentences is B A E C D F.
What is the kidney?The kidney is the organ that is responsible for the reabsorption of mineral salts in the body.
The following is the proper order to describe how oxygen from air is transported to the cells in the kidneys;
Air enters the bronchioles in the lunges and reaches the alveoli’sThe air diffuses into the capillaries surrounding alveoli’sThe capillaries join together to reach the arteries transferring the oxygenThe pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heartThe left atrium fills with oxygen rich blood and contracts to fill the left ventricleThe oxygen rich blood moves from the aorta and reaches the kidneys through a series of blood vesselsLearn more about the kidney:https://brainly.com/question/3645671
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Missing parts:
Arrange the sentences in order to describe how oxygen from air is transported to the cells in the kidneys.
A-The air diffuses into the capillaries surrounding alveoli’s
B-Air enters the bronchioles in the lunges and reaches the alveoli’s
C-The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart
D-The left atrium fills with oxygen rich blood and contracts to fill the left ventricle
E-The capillaries join together to reach the arteries transferring the oxygen
F-The oxygen rich blood moves from the aorta and reaches the kidneys through a series of blood vessels