Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a highly lethal malignant tumor that arises from the biliary tract epithelium.
Abstract:Background:
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) oncogenesis and development are largely unknown molecular processes. The objective of this study was to map the expression of genes involved in CC oncogenesis and sarcomatous transdifferentiation across the entire genome.
Methods:
DNA microarray technology was used to find the genes that differed in expression between CC cell lines or tissues and cultivated normal biliary epithelial (NBE) cells. Expressions were verified in CC tissues and cells from humans.
Results:
We found a group of 342 genes that are often regulated (>2-fold change) in cell line and tissue samples using unsupervised hierarchical clustering technique. 289 of them, including tumour suppressor genes, were downregulated, while 53 of them, including genes connected to tumours, were elevated (0.5 fold change). Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm the expression of SPP1, EFNB2, E2F2, IRX3, PTTG1, PPAR, KRT17, UCHL1, IGFBP7, and SPARC proteins in human and hamster CC tissues. When sarcomatoid CC cells were compared to three adenocarcinomatous CC cell lines, additional unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis found 292 differently upregulated genes (>4-fold change) and 267 differentially downregulated genes (0.25 fold change). Immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry labelling were used to confirm that 12 proteins were expressed in the CC cell lines. We discovered that during the sarcomatoid transdifferentiation of CC, the methylation-silenced proteins LDHB, BNIP3, UCHL1, and NPTX2 were restored, along with the expression of the proteins linked to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), VIM and TWIST1.
In conclusion, identifying molecular targets for cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis and prognosis may be aided by the dysregulation of oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, and methylation-related genes.
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Lack of medical knowledge
What is found between stars that looks like smoke?
Answer:
gases of nitrogen and many more
What are the answers for questions 4 and 5?
Answer:
4. D (enzymes 1 and 3 works equally well in an acidic and alkaline environment respectively)
5. C. 2; 7; 9.5
Explanation:
The image attached to this question shows a graphical representation of the pH ranges for three enzymes. According to the image;
- Enzyme 1 reached its peak reaction rate at pH 2 (acidic)
- Enzyme 2 reached its peak reaction rate at pH 7 (neutral)
- Enzyme 3 reached its peak reaction rate at pH 9.5 (basic)
This result means that enzymes 1, 2 and 3 will work well and effectively at an acidic, neutral and alkaline environment respectively. Likewise, the optimal pH level for enzymes 1, 2 and 3 are 2; 7; and 9.5 respectively.
2. Which atom in the water molecule is negatively charged?
Answer:
oxygen atom
Explanation:
The unequal sharing of electrons gives the water molecule a slight negative charge near its oxygen atom and a slight positive charge near its hydrogen atoms. When a neutral molecule has a positive area at one end and a negative area at the other, it is a polar molecule.
Answer:
The oxygen
Hydrogen is positive
Explanation:
How many valence electrons does this atom have? How do you know?
Answer:
5 valence electrons
Explanation:
valence electrons are the electrons at the ends of atom or in the valence cell. so there are 5 valence electrons.
If you know please help
Answer:
A. freeze at the same temperature at which it melts, depending on whether the temperature is rising or falling.
Explanation:
Option A is the correct.
Freezing and melting are two changes that occur in the state of matter. Freezing is known to be the change that occurs when a substance (liquid) changes to solid when there is a decrease in temperature. While melting is known to be the opposite and it refers to the change that occurs when a solid changes to liquid as a result of increase in temperature.
When substances freeze, they do so in the same temperature as they melt. This is true because both freezing and melting actually describe similar transition of matter. So, it depends whether temperature is rising or whether it is falling.
How many total ATOMS are represented?
2Fe(NO3)2
i think 2 atoms
one is 2Fe
second is NO3
1. What does H.I.P.P.O. stand for? Habitat destruction, Invasive species, pollution, population Increase and
over population
over production
over use
over exploitation
Human,increase population and Overharvesting
Why type of cells in your body are created through the cell cycle and mitosis?
Mitosis is a way of making more cells that are genetically the same as the parent cell. It plays an important part in the development of embryos, and it is important for the growth and development of our bodies as well. Mitosis produces new cells, and replaces cells that are old, lost or damaged. Hope I helped! ^^
__________________________________________________________
有糸分裂は、親細胞と遺伝的に同じであるより多くの細胞を作る方法です。それは胚の発達において重要な役割を果たしており、私たちの体の成長と発達にとっても重要です。有糸分裂は新しい細胞を生成し、古い、失われた、または損傷した細胞を置き換えます。私が助けてくれたらいいのに！ ^^
During the process of photosynthesis, green plants produce...
(1) sunlight
(3) nitrogen
(2) methane
(4) sugar
Answer:
4
Explanation:
Plants are autotrophs, which means they produce their own food. They use the process of photosynthesis to transform water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into oxygen, and simple sugars that the plant uses as fuel
Global measurements indicate that, in the late 2000s, sea levels steadily rose. Rising sea
levels lead to the migration of marshlands further inland. The environmental changes
caused by rising sea levels have the potential to?
O increase the stability of marsh habitats.
decrease the stability of marsh habitats.
O increase the biodiversity of organisms in marsh habitats.
alternately increase and decrease the biodiversity of marsh habitats.
Answer:
My Game is José Fernando Tengo 12 YEARS OLD
The environmental changes caused by rising sea levels have the potential to alternately increase and decrease the biodiversity of marsh habitats.
What is Biodiversity?Sum total of all the varieties of living organisms in a particular space, is known as its biodiversity.
As the sea levels steadily rose, it will firstly increase the biodiversity of marsh habitats, but sea level constantly rising, will affect its biodiversity, and organism that is native to marshy habitat should be eliminated while those organisms that are able to survive in inland habitat will migrate into it, overall causing the decrease meant of biodiversity of marshy habitat.
Therefore, the environmental changes caused by rising sea levels have the potential to alternately increase and decrease the biodiversity of marsh habitats.
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most common type of arch, loop and whorl?
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
most common pattern being found in 65 to 70 percent of all fingerprints
The predominant plants found in the savanna are grasses, and there are only a few isolated or small clusters of trees. Which abiotic factor helps to maintain the savanna as a grassland rather than a forest?
A Loose Soil
B Abundant rainfall
C warm temperatures
D lightning Fires
PLEASE HELP
Loose soil is the abiotic factor which helps to maintain the savanna as a grassland rather than a forest. Thus, the correct option is A.
What are abiotic factors?Abiotic factors are those components of the ecosystem which are non-living. Abiotic factors include soil, temperature, rainfall, fire, etc.
Savanna is a biome which contain predominantly grasses with a few isolated or small clusters of trees in the ecosystem. The loose soil in this biome is mainly responsible for maintaining savanna as a grassland rather than a typical forest.
Loose soil is an abiotic factor which is responsible for the forestation of an ecosystem. It is difficult for the big trees to hold the loose soil whereas the grass have their perennating organs protected below the surface of the soil. Thus, they are favored in the savanna biome.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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WILL GIVE BRANLIEST. 30 POINTS
Explain the three ways genetic variation can occur in a population.
Fill in the blanks the world banks the word bank is on the picture provided below :)
Answer:
1 is pioneer species 2 is limiting factor 3 is ecological succession
Explanation:
Answer:
1) pioneer
2) limiting factor
3) ecological succession
Please help ASAP!
How would a cell wall aid a plant during a period of heavy or prolonged rainfall?
Answer:
The cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells and provides tensile strength and protection against stress
Explanation:
The cell wall aid a plant during a period of heavy or prolonged rainfall by providing structural support, prevents water damage, regulates water uptake and maintains turgor pressure.
What is a cell wall?Cell wall is the outermost covering of the cell above the plasma membrane, which plays an important role in helping the plant survive during periods of heavy rainfall and prolonged rainfall.
The ways in which it provides protection are:
Structural support- It provides necessary strength and rigidity to the plant, which helps it to stand upright and not collapse under the weight of water.Prevents water damage- It acts as a barrier by preventing water from entering the cells and causing damage to the plant internal structure.Regulates water uptake- It controls the flow of water into the plant, which helps regulate the water uptake and prevent the plant from taking in too much water.Maintains turgor pressure- It also helps to maintain turgor pressure.Hence, the cell wall provides significant support and protection for the plant during periods of heavy and prolonged rainfall.
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If you were an Amazon ant, how would you eat?
a. You would cultivate a special fungus
b. You would feed off the nectar produced by caterpillars
c. You would consume the pheromones produced by
other ants
d. You would be fed by "slave" ants from other species
Answer:
A
Explanation:
you have make your own cultivation so that you will no any else where for food
I don’t understand this so please help
Answer:
all I see is dots lines and circles
Explanation:
What makes echinoderms unique to all other animals? (think of systems/structures they
have that no other animal has!)
Please help me out!
Which of the following is NOT true about the chromosomes in your body?
-Include 46 total chromosomes
-Include 2 sex chromosomes
-Exist in 46 pairs
-Exist in 23 pairs
Answer:
Exist in46 pairs
Explanation:
ILL GIVE U BRAINLYIST
Answer:
D.
Explanation:
That is where it demonstrates how the word is said. it's easy to identify this because the pronunciation always comes right after the word itself in the definition.
Answer:hbhh
FffcffExplanation:
Describe the basic structure of the cell membrane with regard to specific molecules. What is it made out of?
Answer: The cell membrane is made up of phospholipids and the overall name is the Phospholipid bi-layer
Explanation:
The cell membrane has two rows of phospholipids. A phospholipid is broken into two parts, the heads and tails. The heads are hydrophilic (water-loving) and point to the outside and inside regions making the inner and outer wall, while the tails are hydrophobic (water-hating) and face each other to make the inside of the membrane. There are also molecules of cholesterol and proteins throughout the membrane.
Phospholipids are the building blocks of a cell membrane. A single phospholipid molecule consists of two ends: the head and the tail.
What are phospholipids?Phospholipids are amphiphilic molecules with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic fatty acid chains.
They are found in all living organisms as the primary components of cell membranes. Nature contains a variety of phospholipid classes with varying polar moieties.
Phospholipids are glycerol esters, fatty acid esters, phosphoric acid esters, and other alcohol esters.
Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylserine are the most common phospholipids.
The phospholipid bilayer, which forms a stable barrier between two aqueous compartments, is the membrane's fundamental structure.
These compartments are the inside and outside of the cell in the case of the plasma membrane.
Thus, this is the basic structure of the cell membrane with regard to specific molecules.
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Which generalization can be made from the data in the table?
1.The higher the temperature, the fewer chirps there will be in 10 seconds.
2.The chirps occur closer together as the temperature increases.
3.The chirps become farther apart as the temperature increases.
4.There is no relationship between temperature and the time between chirps.
The generalization that can be made is: 2.The chirps occur closer together as the temperature increases.
Generalization is a statement you state after making an inference from an observation. For example, we can make a generalization by observing or analyzing the data from the experiment conducted which are given in the table.
From the table given, there seems to be a trend that can be observed. Temperature seems to influence the number of seconds between each chirp of the cricket.
A closer observation of the trend from the data given shows that in general, as the temperature was increased, the seconds between chirps seem to shorten.
Therefore, we make a generalization stating that: "2.The chirps occur closer together as the temperature increases."
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Your body uses feedback mechanisms to help maintain a stable internal environment called homeostasis. Changes can come from outside or inside the body and the body must respond to these adverse changes to return to a steady state. One such example is what happens when you go for a run on a hot summer day and your body temperature increases. According to the diagram, one of the mechanisms used to cool down is vasodilation. Similar mechanisms are also used when your body temperature drops due to a cold environment. Which of these would NOT help return a body to homeostasis by increasing body temperature?
A) shivering
B) vasoconstriction
C) muscles contract
D) increasing blood pressure
Answer:
Option D increasing blood pressure.
Explanation:
Increasing blood pressure
What is feedback mechanism in homeostasis?
Homeostasis is generally maintained by a negative feedback loop that includes a stimulus , sensor , control center , and effector . Negative feedback serves to reduce an excessive response and to keep a variable within the normal range.
What are the two feedback mechanisms which work to maintain homeostasis?
Homeostasis typically involves negative feedback loops that counteract changes of various properties from their target values, known as set points. In contrast to negative feedback loops, positive feedback loops amplify their initiating stimuli, in other words, they move the system away from its starting state.
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How are gay marriaged babys made to be biological?
Answer:
if its a couple with a trans man (female to male) they can have a baby if they havent had surgery.
a trans woman (male to female) can also have a biological baby with a woman if they havent had surgery.
They could also have had a baby in a past relationship though it wont be biological to the other parent.
Hello can someone help?
Im confused
Answer:
Maybe B
Explanation:
Hi! I'm not sure... If you want to take the risk, go ahead... But IF it's correct pls mark me the brainliest
When alleles are neither dominant or recessive, so both alleles are expressed, is
called what?
I
Answer:
hmoocigtoos
Explanation:
homocigotios
Which of the following has the highest reproductive potential?
O a. bacteria
O b. cattle
O c. humans
O d. elephants
Answer:
A. Bacteria
Explanation:
I asked my teacher hahahahahahahaha
Bacteria as the highest reproductive potential. Hence option a is correct.
What is reproductive potential?Reproductive potential is defined as the proportional ability of a species to reproduce itself under ideal circumstances. The maximum number of children that a particular organism can produce is known as its reproductive potential. Compared to other species, some have substantially higher reproductive capacity.
When people reproduce more frequently, sooner in life, and at higher rates, their reproductive potential rises. The largest influence on reproductive capacity is early pregnancy. Every living thing must be able to reproduce. All living things produce additional organisms that resemble them.
Thus, bacteria as the highest reproductive potential. Hence option a is correct.
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Describe the two signals and pathways that are activated when you touch something and experience pain
What happens during translation?
a. Messenger RNA is made from a DNA code.
b. The cell uses a messenger RNA code to
make proteins.
c. Transfer RNA is made from a messenger
RNA code.
d. Copies of DNA molecules are made.