LINEA DEL TIEMPO DE LA HISTORIA DE LA ESTEQUIOMETRIA EN LA QUIMICA
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Volume, size, mass, length, and weight are 5 extensive properties.

Define intensive and extensive properties of a system.

According to how a property changes as the size (or extend) of a system changes, physical qualities of materials and systems are sometimes classified as either intensive or extensive. According to IUPAC, an extensive property is one whose magnitude is additive for subsystems, whereas an intensive property has a magnitude that is independent of the system's size.

The size of the system or the volume of the system have no bearing on an intensive property. It may not be uniformly dispersed throughout space; it may differ from one region of a body of matter or radiation to another. Intensive attributes include things like temperature (T), refractive index (n), density (), and hardness (). In contrast, subsystems' comprehensive attributes, such as mass, volume, and entropy, are additive.

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Nemotin is a diterpenoid natural substance with a carbocyclic ring system as its main structural component.

Analyzing the bonding configurations of the carbon atoms in nemotin allows one to assess the degree of hybridization.

Usually, sp hybridization occurs between carbon atoms that are bound to one or two other atoms and form a linear or angular shape. Typically, sp3 hybridization occurs in tetrahedral structures made of three bonded carbon atoms. Typically, sp2 hybridization occurs when four carbon atoms are linked together to form a trigonal planar or tetrahedral structure.

Since the carbons in the carbocyclic ring structure of nemotin are connected to four other atoms and arrange themselves in a planar manner, they are most likely sp2 hybridized. Depending on their bonding configurations, the carbons on the side chains connected to the ring system may be either sp3 or sp2 hybridized.

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The energy required to sublime 15 grams of Naphthalene is 8.54 kJ.

To find the amount of energy needed to sublime 15.0 g of naphthalene, we need to first determine the number of moles of naphthalene, and then multiply that by the heat of sublimation.

First, we need to find the number of moles of naphthalene:

15.0 g / 128.17 g/mol = 0.117 mol

Next, we need to multiply the number of moles by the heat of sublimation:

0.117 mol * 72.9 kJ/mol = 8.54 kJ

So, the energy needed to sublime 15.0 g of naphthalene is 8.54 kJ.

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Cells give the body structure, absorb nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and perform specialized functions. They also contain hereditary material from the body in the form of DNA and can replicate themselves.

All living things, from microorganisms to humans, rely on cells for structure and function. Scientists regard them as the tiniest form of life.

Cells contain the biological machinery that produces the proteins, chemicals, and signals that are responsible for everything that occurs within our bodies.

The cell's essential functions include: providing support and structure to the body. It promotes growth through mitosis.

Thus, The cell is the most fundamental functional unit of the human body.

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You will need 60ml of the 75% solution to add to the 240ml of a 25% alcohol mixture.

A solution is a specific kind of homogenous mixture made up of two or more components that is used in chemistry. A solute is a substance that has been dissolved in a solvent, which is the other substance in the mixture. The solvent particles will pull the solute particles apart and surround them if the attractive forces between the solvent and solute particles are stronger than the attractive forces holding the solute particles together. The particles of the solute that are enclosed by the solid solute subsequently disperse into the solution.

Now m be the amount of the 75% mixture and you have 240ml of the 25% alcohol mixture.

75% m + 25%(240) = 35%(m + 240)

75/100m + 25/100 × 240 = 35/100m + 35/100 × 240

divide all by 5 to get,

15/20m + 5/20 × 240 = 7/20m + 7/20 × 240

multiply by 20 to get

15m + 1200 = 7m + 1680

Then it will reduces to,

8m = 480

m = 60ml.

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It is possible that there was an error in the measurement process that caused the recorded temperature to be higher than the actual temperature. This could be due to a number of factors such as incorrect usage of the thermometer, failure to properly calibrate the thermometer or interference from external sources during the measurement.

Additionally, it could be that the atmospheric pressure at the time of the experiment was different from 1 atm, which would affect the boiling point of the water. In order to determine the source of the error, the student should repeat the experiment and carefully examine their methodology to identify and correct any errors.

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The  idea by explaining one tool that scientists use to collect data that they would not be able to collect without this technology as it would not give results with accuracy.

Accuracy in terms of chemistry can be defined as to how close a measurement is to the true value.There are three types of accuracy:

1) Point accuracy-It means accuracy is present at that point of scale only.It does not give any information about the accuracy of the instrument.

2)Percentage of true value--It is the accuracy  which is determined by identifying accuracy of the instrument  and comparing it with the measured true value.

3)Percentage of scale range- It is the accuracy  which determines accuracy of the measurement.

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Digital signals are easier to interpret when they arrive at a faraway destination compared to analog signals.

Analog signals are continuous signals that represent physical measurements, such as sound waves or voltages.

Binary digits (0s and 1s) are combined to create digital signals, which are then translated into electrical impulses for transmission. They are less prone to interference and noise during transmission, and the signal may be precisely recreated at the other end. Analog signals, on the other hand, are continuous electrical impulses that are susceptible to interference and noise, making it more challenging to correctly interpret the information after transmission. The preferred signal type for long-distance communication is therefore digital.

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After a saturated potassium chloride solution is made at 60 ° C, the solid potassium chloride separates from the saturated solution when the solution is cooled to room temperature.

A low potassium level can cause muscle weakness, cramping, twitching, or even paralysis, and it can also lead to the emergence of irregular cardiac rhythms. Blood tests to determine the potassium level are used to make the diagnosis. Most of the time, all that is required is to eat meals high in potassium or take oral potassium supplements.

Additionally, peanut butter provides you with some fiber, vitamins, and minerals, as well as other nutrients. With only 5 mg of sodium per serving, unsalted peanut butter provides a fantastic potassium-to-sodium ratio.

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The atomic number or the number of protons in an atom are two properties that can be used to identify an element. The number of neutrons and electrons is frequently equal to the number of protons, but this can vary depending on the atom.

The atomic number of an element is the number of protons, whereas the mass number is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.

Because different elements have different numbers of protons and electrons, their atomic structures differ. This explains why different elements have distinct properties.

The chemical elements are ordered from left to right and top to bottom by increasing atomic number, or the number of protons in an atom's nucleus, which generally corresponds to increasing atomic mass.

The atomic symbol, atomic number, and mass number of an element are important characteristics in the periodic table. Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, is credited with designing the modern periodic table. Only 63 elements were known when he designed his periodic table.

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If a acid chemical is spilled in lab, then the first step to take is neutralize the spill with baking soda. So, correct answer is option (a).

Both acids and bases can be corrosive to some degree, depending on the extent to which they've been diluted with water; this affects their concentration and strength. Some examples of corrosive acids are nitric acid and sulphuric acid. The acid with the strongest corrosive effect on human skin is hydrochloric acid. If acid is spilled in the laboratory, it should be immediately neutralized with a strong base, such as sodium bicarbonate. Neutralization is defined as a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react with each other quantitatively.

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Complete question:

if a acid chemical is spilled in lab, what action should you take first? select one:

a)neutralize the spill with baking soda.

b)surround the spill with absorbent.

c) dilute the spill with water.

d) notify the lab instructor or ta.

Cementation is when chemical precipitates fill in the voids between clasts. Option C is the correct alternative here>

Cementation is a process in geology where minerals precipitate from solution and fill in the spaces (or voids) between clasts, which are individual rock fragments or particles.

The precipitation of these minerals forms a solid mass, or rock, by bonding the clasts together. This process is one of the steps in the formation of sedimentary rocks, which are rocks that form from the accumulation of sediment such as sand, silt, and clay.

The type of mineral cement that forms can depend on the environment and the minerals that are present in the surrounding rock. For example, in a marine environment, the mineral calcite may be the cementing material, while in a more silica-rich environment, the mineral quartz may be the cementing material.

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The number of signals these molecules release in a 1H NMR spectrum can be calculated using the number of distinct hydrogens on one side of a symmetry plane.

Natural gas, sometimes known as methane, is a filthy alternative to hydrogen. It is thought to account about 75% of universe's mass and is the most common chemical element. On Earth, there are a lot of hydrogen atoms in water, plants, animals, plus, of course, us.

The two additional hydrogen isotopes are Deuterium and Tritium, whereas the common synthesis gas H is known as proton. Out of all the elements, only hydrogen's isotopes have been given unique names. The two have their purposes.

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None. Since both are gases at room temperature, they do not interact with each other.

How does temperature affect the strength of intermolecular forces?

Temperature affects the electricity of intermolecular forces indirectly, by way of increasing the kinetic energy of molecules, inflicting them to move faster and lowering the time they spend in near proximity to every different, hence weakening the forces. As temperature increases, the molecules gain greater power, and the bonds between them turn out to be looser, reducing their attractive forces. This is why, generally, the electricity of intermolecular forces decreases with growing temperature.

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Each derivative is easily manufactured on a multigram scale and only requires an easy chromatographic purification.

It is explained how to make 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-acetyl-D-idopyranose into benzoyl protected allyl and benzyl -D-idopyranosides, as well as D-idopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate.

The compound alpha-D-glucopyranose... The anomers and diastereomers of -D-glucopyranose are respectively. Their anomeric carbon atom configurations are different.

Each derivative simply needs a straightforward chromatographic purification and can be produced on a multigram scale.

Therefore, They are anomers as a result. Additionally, they are not superimposable and are not mirror reflections of one another. They are diastereomers as a result.

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Each derivative is easily manufactured on a multigram scale and only requires an easy chromatographic purification.

It is explained how to make 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-acetyl-D-idopyranose into benzoyl protected allyl and benzyl -D-idopyranosides, as well as D-idopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate.

The compound alpha-D-glucopyranose... The anomers and diastereomers of -D-glucopyranose are, respectively. Their anomeric carbon atom configurations are different.

Each derivative simply needs a straightforward chromatographic purification and can be produced on a multigram scale.

Therefore, They are anomers as a result. Additionally, they are not super imposable and are not mirror reflections of one another. They are diastereomers as a result.

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Adipoyl chloride, also known as hexanedioic acid chloride, is an organic chemical compound commonly used in the synthesis of polymers and other chemicals. Purifying this compound, however, is not a common practice due to its reactive and dangerous nature. In this article, we will discuss why it is not advisable to purify adipoyl chloride.

Adipoyl chloride is a highly reactive compound that can readily react with water, organic solvents, and other materials present in the purification process. This can cause the formation of unwanted by-products and impurities, which can make the final product less pure and potentially hazardous. Additionally, adipoyl chloride is a toxic and flammable substance that can pose a significant risk to workers and the environment if handled improperly.

Moreover, adipoyl chloride is usually synthesized in small quantities and used in reactions immediately, so there is often no need to purify it further. The impurities present in the original synthesis process are typically not significant enough to affect the outcome of the reaction. Furthermore, purifying this compound requires specialized equipment, solvents, and procedures that are not commonly available in a laboratory setting, making it challenging and expensive to purify.

In conclusion, the reactive and dangerous nature of adipoyl chloride, combined with the lack of a significant need for purification and the difficulties involved in purifying it, make it advisable not to purify this compound. Instead, it is safer and more practical to use it as-is in chemical reactions or syntheses.

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The values of the three quantum numbers are n = 3, l = 4, and ml = 0.

Quantum is a term used to describe the smallest possible unit of a physical quantity, such as energy. It is the fundamental building block of all matter and is the basis of modern quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics is a branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic level. In quantum mechanics, particles of matter and energy are described by wave-like equations, and the behavior of these particles is unpredictable and usually counterintuitive.

The correct answer is D- n =3; l =4; ml =0.

The three quantum numbers specify an orbital in the hydrogen atom are the principal quantum number (n), the angular momentum quantum number (l), and the magnetic quantum number (ml). The values of these three quantum numbers must satisfy the following conditions:

1. The principal quantum number (n) must be a positive integer: n = 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.

2. The angular momentum quantum number (l) must be an integer between 0 and n-1: l = 0, 1, 2, ..., n-1.

3. The magnetic quantum number (ml) must be an integer between -l and +l: ml = -l, -l+1, -l+2, ..., 0, ..., +l-2, +l-1, +l.

In the case of option D, the values of the three quantum numbers are n = 3, l = 4, and ml = 0. This does not satisfy the condition for l, which must be an integer between 0 and n-1. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

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If the enthalpy of vaporization of substance E is greater than that of substance F, then substance E has a lower vapor pressure at any temperature where both substances are liquid.

What is vaporization?

Vaporization is the process of a substance changing from a liquid state to a gaseous state, due to an increase in temperature or pressure. It is the reverse process of condensation, where a gas changes into a liquid. Vaporization can occur either at the surface of a liquid, where the molecules have sufficient energy to escape the liquid state and become a gas, or throughout the bulk of the liquid, where enough energy is supplied to cause the liquid to boil.

This is because the enthalpy of vaporization represents the amount of energy required to convert a given amount of a substance from the liquid state to the gaseous state. A substance with a higher enthalpy of vaporization requires more energy to be converted, and therefore has a lower vapor pressure.

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False. Reverse-phase chromatography (HPLC) separates peptides based on their hydrophobicity and charge, not their molecular weight.

Reverse-phase chromatography (HPLC) separates peptides based on their hydrophobicity and charge, not their molecular weight. HPLC works by running a sample of peptides through a column containing a stationary phase, which is usually a hydrophobic material such as silica gel or alumina. The peptides then interact with the stationary phase, and the ones that are more hydrophobic will be retained in the column longer than the ones that are more hydrophilic, resulting in a separation of the peptides based on their hydrophobicity and charge.

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Organic substances called aldehydes have the substituents -CHO. Carbonyl compounds have a core carbonyl carbon that is single and doubly bound to the R group, an oxygen, as well as a hydrogen atom.

The organic molecules with the carbon functional group are aldehydes and ketones. The carbonyl group, which is linked to at least 1 hydrogen atom, is present in aldehydes. A carbonyl group connected to two carbon is present in ketones.

Aldehydes are versatile substances that can be used to create resins, dyes, acids, as well as detergents, soaps, and scents for cologne. Formaldehyde is the aldehyde that is most widely generated industrially.

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In the given chemical reaction, 4HCI (g) reacts with O2 (g) to form 2H2O (g) and 2Cl2 (g). If we consider 4HCI as the reactant with the most initial moles, then its chemical formula is HCl.

HCl, or hydrogen chloride, is a colorless and highly reactive gas that is widely used in various industrial processes. It is commonly used as a starting material for the production of other chemicals such as PVC and Teflon. In this reaction, HCl moles reacts with O2 to form H2O and Cl2. H2O, or water, is a common and essential compound reaction that is widely used in various industries, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. Cl2, or chlorine, is a highly reactive gas that is widely used in the production of various moles chemicals, such as bleach and other disinfectants. In conclusion, the chemical reaction moles between 4HCI and O2 can result in the formation of water and chlorine, which have significant industrial applications. The most number of initial moles are of HCL

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40.22 kJ of heat are required to convert 18 grammes of water at 20°C into water vapour at the boiling point.

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which a liquid's vapour pressure matches the pressure around it and the liquid condenses into a vapour.  Different liquids will boil at various temperatures and pressures. The heat required to change a substance from a liquid to a gas is called the enthalpy of vaporization, or ∆Hvap. The amount of heat required to vaporize a given amount of a substance can be calculated using the equation:

q = m x ∆Hvap

here q is heat required, m is mass of the substance, and ∆Hvap is enthalpy of vaporization.

For water, the enthalpy of vaporization at its boiling point (100°C) is 40.7 kJ/mol. To convert this to kJ/g, we can divide by the molar mass of water, which is 18.015 g/mol:

= ∆Hvap

= 40.7 kJ/mol / 18.015 g/mol

= 2.268 kJ/g

So, to vaporize 18 g of water at 20°C, we need:

= q

= 18 g x 2.268 kJ/g

= 40.22 kJ

This is the amount of heat that must be added to the water to change it from a liquid at 20°C to a gas at the boiling point (100°C).

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Oxygen have six  valence electrons, atoms can gain or share gain or share electrons. Therefore, option A is correct.

To fill its outermost electron shell, oxygen requires two electrons. Hydrogen can only bond with one electron. As a result, an oxygen atom requires two hydrogens to complete its shell. The oxygen ion now has 10 electrons and 8 protons after gaining two electrons, giving it a net charge of 2.

Oxygen has six valence electron in its outermost orbit therefore, it gains two electron from another atom.

Thus, option A is correct.

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There are 36 valence electrons in total in the Lewis structure of XeF4. Each atom is examined to determine when it has an octet-full outer shell after the valence electrons have been added.

So, a square planar choice is the right response. The quantity of lone pairs ought to always be taken into account while sketching complex structures. Since xenon and this example both contain four fluorine atoms, it is possible to confuse the shapes of the tetrahedron with the square planar structure.

The chemical XeF4 is non-polar in terms of polarity. XeF4 is square planar due to its symmetrical geometrical nature. A zero is produced by the cancellation of the dipoles throughout the Xe-F bond.

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There are 36 valence electrons in total in the Lewis structure of XeF4. Each atom is examined to determine when it has an octet-full outer shell after the valence electrons have been added.

XeF4: Is it a tetrahedron?

So, a square planar choice is the right response. The quantity of lone pairs ought to always be taken into account while sketching complex structures. Since xenon and this example both contain four fluorine atoms, it is possible to confuse the shapes of the tetrahedron with the square planar structure.

Is the Lewis structure of XeF4 nonpolar or polar?

The chemical XeF4 is non-polar in terms of polarity. XeF4 is square planar due to its symmetrical geometrical nature. A zero is produced by the cancellation of the dipoles throughout the Xe-F bond.

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The prediction for the effect that Na⁺ Cl⁻ might have on the glucose transport is that when decreasing  the NaCI lead to decrease in the osmotic pressure.

The  effect of Na⁺ Cl⁻  that might have on the glucose transport is that when decreasing the NaCI lead to decrease in the osmotic pressure. This is due to reason that the water will need to diffuse at the higher concentration gradient till the equilibrium will reached. The glucose is transported across the membrane via the  GLUT transporters.

Thus, on increasing the NaCI concentration lead to increase in the osmotic pressure , this is the  effect that Na⁺ Cl⁻ .

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In dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution, the relative nucleophilicity of halide ions can be ranked as follows:

Iodide (I-)

Bromide (Br-)

Chloride (Cl-)

Fluoride (F-)

This ranking is based on the fact that, in general, nucleophilicity increases as the basicity of the species increases. In DMSO, iodide is the most basic halide ion and has the highest nucleophilicity, followed by bromide, chloride, and fluoride in that order. Fluoride is the least nucleophilic due to its small size and high electronegativity, which make it less likely to participate in nucleophilic reactions. Nucleophilicity is a measure of the tendency of a nucleophile (an electron-rich species) to participate in a chemical reaction. It is a measure of the reactivity of a nucleophile towards an electrophile (an electron-poor species). A highly nucleophilic species has a high affinity for electrons and is therefore more likely to react with an electrophile.

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N2 (s) does not show any other type of force except London dispersion force.

What are the dispersion forces in London?

The least powerful intermolecular force is the London dispersion force. When the electrons in two nearby atoms occupy positions that cause the atoms to temporarily form dipoles, the consequence is the London dispersion force, a transient attractive force. The term "induced dipole-induced dipole attraction" is frequently used to describe this effect.

Give an illustration of what London dispersion forces are.

This induced dipole can get deformed when another atom or molecule comes into touch with it, which causes an electrical attraction between the two. Dispersion forces exist between any of these atoms or molecules that come in contact with one another.

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Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, the correct answer is the first option: 1 mole of Sn are required to react completely with 40 g of HF.

In first place, the balanced reaction is:

Sn + 2 HF  → SnF₂ + H₂

By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:

Being the molar mass of HF 20.01 g/mol, if 40 g of HF react, the number of moles of the compound that react is calculated as:

Moles of HF= 40 g÷ 20.01 g/mole

Solving:

Moles of HF= 2 moles

Then, by reaction stoichiometry 2 moles of HF react with 1 mole of Sn (First option)

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The term "polyatomic ion" tells us that we are working with a covalent covalent particle made of two or more atoms, joined to form a unit. Therefore, option B is correct.

Polyatomic ions are ions that have more than one atom. Nitrate ion, NO3-, for example, has one nitrogen atom and three oxygen atoms. A polyatomic ion's atoms are usually covalently bonded to one another and thus remain together as a single, charged unit.

Polyatomic ions are ions composed of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds but with a net electron deficiency or surplus, resulting in an overall charge on the group.

Thus, option B is correct.

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a) (i) The diluted solution has a volume of 500.0 ml and a concentration of hydroxide ions of 13.25. The concentration of hydroxide ions (C) can be found using the formula:

C = 10^(pH-14)

Thus,

C = 10^(13.25-14) = 10^(-0.75) = 0.0562 M

(ii) The original solution has a volume of 200.0 ml and a concentration of hydroxide ions of 0.0562 M. We can find the original concentration (C1) from the dilution formula:

C1 = (C * V2) / V1

Where

C = 0.0562 M

V1 = 200.0 ml = 0.200 L

V2 = 5.00 ml = 0.005 L

Thus,

C1 = (0.0562 * 0.005) / 0.200 = 0.0562 * 0.025 = 0.1405 M

b) The moles of hydroxide ions in the original solution can be found using the concentration and volume:

moles = C * V = 0.1405 * 0.200 = 0.0281 moles

The moles of NaOH can be found using the balanced equation:

NaOH + H2O → Na+ + OH-

Since one mole of NaOH generates one mole of hydroxide ions, the moles of NaOH can be found from the moles of hydroxide ions:

moles of NaOH = 0.0281 moles

The mass of NaOH can be found in the moles and the molar mass:

mass = moles * molar mass = 0.0281 * 40.0 g/mol = 1.1244 g

Thus, 1.1244 g of NaOH was added to the first flask.

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