In what way was Ismail a religious tyrant?

the lists of grievances, or cahiers de doléances, brought by the members of the estates-general to versailles in 1789 called for the cahiers.

The officials of the estates-general delivered the cahiers de doléances, or lists of complaints, to Versailles in 1789.

Between January and April of 1789, the year the French Revolution started, each of the three Estates in France compiled a list of complaints known as the Cahiers de doléances.

The cahiers' purpose was to educate and enlighten the deputies about local viewpoints and to encourage reform.

One of the pinnacles of French 17th-century art, Versailles has been on the World Heritage List for 40 years.

The top 5 complaints are as follows:

1. British military in colonies against the law.

2. Stationing British forces in the colonies.

3. Failing to discipline these soldiers when they assault colonists.

4. Preventing colonists from trading with the outside world.

5. Imposing taxes on colonists without their consent.

Discipline, promotion, categorization conflicts, benefit denials, etc. are a few examples of grievances.

Learn more about the cahiers here:-

brainly.com/question/14244893

#SPJ4

The "Three Sisters" is a play written by Anton Chekhov in 1901 and is considered to be one of his most famous works. The play revolves around the lives of three sisters, Olga, Masha, and Irina, and their experiences in the Russian society of the late 19th century.

The context in the sense of the historical background of the play refers to the period in which it was written and the cultural and social environment of the time. At the turn of the 20th century, Russia was undergoing massive political, social, and economic changes, which are reflected in the play. The play portrays the frustration and boredom of the aristocracy, as they struggled to find meaning in their lives amid the changes happening around them. The sisters live in a small town far from Moscow and long to return to the city, which they see as a symbol of hope and opportunity.

Another aspect of the context of "Three Sisters" is the literary and cultural environment of the time. Chekhov was part of a literary movement known as the "Silver Age" of Russian literature, which emphasized the use of symbolism, subtext, and character development. The play is considered to be a masterpiece of this movement and is characterized by its subtlety and complexity. The characters are not just caricatures, but complex and nuanced individuals who reflect the contradictions and complexities of their time.

Lastly, the context of the play can also be understood in terms of the relationships between the characters. The sisters, for example, are defined by their relationships with each other, as well as their relationships with the other characters in the play. Relationships are often messy, complicated, and full of misunderstandings, but they are also sources of comfort, support, and hope.

To learn more about "Three Sisters" here:

https://brainly.com/question/13082446#

#SPJ11

The signs of enkidu civilization were becoming clad and shaving..

Before enkidu civilization, used to wander in the wilderness unclad, without shaving and roaming with the wild animals. After encountering civilization, Enkidu started shaving, wearing clothes and animals began running away from him.

Enkidu was was a legendary figure in ancient Mesopotamian mythology, wartime comrade and friend of Gilgamesh, king of Uruk. He begins his life as a wild man, raised by animals, and, crude and unrefined, he remains to a certain extent a sojourner in the civilized world.

In the epic of Gilgamesh, Enkidu was Half-man/half-beast best friend of Gilgamesh. He basically symbolizes the natural, non civilized world.

Learn more about epic of Gilgamesh here

https://brainly.com/question/14599989

#SPJ1

The causes of the Great Depression are believed to be: The stock market crash of 1929. The collapse of world trade due to the Smoot-Hawley tariff government policies; bank failures and panics; and the collapse of the money supply.

This is known as the Roaring Twenties, this decade was a period of tremendous economic and social growth in the United States. But that era came to a dramatic and abrupt end when the stock market crashed in October 1929, paving the way for the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Between 1929 and 1933, the US economy contracted by more than 36% in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the years that followed were an economic upheaval.

The unemployment rate exceeded 25% as many US banks failed, customers lost their savings and workers lost their jobs. The crash began on October 24, 1929, known as "Black Thursday", when the market opened 11% lower than the previous day's closing price.

Institutions and financiers stepped in above market bids to contain the panic, with modest losses on the day and the stocks rising over the next two days. The rally was short-lived, but the following Monday (now known as Black Monday) saw the market drop his 13% as measured by the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). finished the transaction. The next day, Black Tuesday, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell another 12%, including some of the big US companies.

As Europe recovered from World War I and manufacturing increased, the oversupply of agricultural products left American farmers with an important market to sell their wares. As a result, the US Congress has taken a series of legislative actions to increase tariffs on imports from Europe. But tariffs extended beyond agricultural products, with many countries adding tariffs on imports from the United States and other countries. Overproduction, oversupply and rising prices due to tariffs have wreaked havoc on international trade. From 1929 to 1934 world trade collapsed as much as 66% of her.

Learn more about Great Depression:

https://brainly.com/question/29771180

#SPJ4

Intolerance of religious diversity in the early colonies led to:

Religion played a key role in the American Revolutionary War, giving moral sanctions to opposition to Britain and ensuring the average American that the revolution was justified in God's eyes. As one scholar recently observed, "By turning colonial resistance into just cause and shouting a message to all ranks in all parts of the colony, ministers did the work of secular radicalism, did better.

Liberty, liberty and democracy did not emerge suddenly with the Declaration of Independence or the Constitution. These rights, and the institutions and laws that establish and protect them, have evolved over time as part of America's political tradition. To understand their development, consider how selected ideas, institutions, and practices from Europe, especially Britain, were adapted by the settlers and transformed into American ideas, institutions, and practices. need to do it. At the same time, we must acknowledge that some of the values ​​and ideas we hold most dear may be of non-British origin. For example, some historians believe that the Iroquois Confederacy influenced the drafters of the Constitution.

Religious tolerance was an important and often misunderstood contribution of the colonial era. Resistance develops only over time. Groups such as the Pilgrims and Puritans who left Europe to escape religious persecution were often intolerant of religious diversity after settling in the New World.

Learn more about Religious diversity:

https://brainly.com/question/1513573

#SPJ4

Answer:

Before steam power, the early power sources of the Industrial Revolution were primarily water and wind. These sources were used to power water and windmills, respectively, which were used to grind grain, pump water, and perform other tasks. These power sources were limited in their availability and reliability, and their use was restricted to certain regions with favorable conditions.

Explanation:

Jahangir's decrees gods are viewed by Odysseus and his companions as strong beings that cannot be defied.

They think of the gods as being far superior to them in the hierarchy of things and as having the power to punish rebellious people.

For instance, after destroying Troy, Odysseus and his soldiers returned home without making the necessary tribute payments to the Poseidon deity.

Poseidon retaliated by making their return trip take 10 years as payment.

He spoke with Idothea, the daughter of Proteus, in another instance. In book IV, as he and his soldiers are stranded on the shore and searching for fish to eat, Idothea approaches and strikes up a discussion with him. His response is as follows:

"Whichever goddess you may be, I must have angered the gods that reside in heaven since I am not remaining here of my own free will. Therefore, tell me who of the immortals is preventing me in this way as the gods are all-knowing, and also tell me how I can sail the sea to get home."

For such more question on Odysseus

https://brainly.com/question/5527678

#SPJ4

Answer:  Business growth

Explanation:

Hope it helps

Globalization critics often contend that the following outcomes are all problematic: Income disparity has grown Degradation of the environment The homogeneity of cultures.

Job loss as a result of outsourcing and automation As a result, opponents claim that there is no alternative that is not harmful. Globalization refers to the growing interconnection and interdependence of the world's economies, communities, and cultures as a result of technological, transportation, and communication advancements. It is distinguished by the cross-border movement of products, services, information, and people. Globalization has several advantages, including higher economic growth and commerce, the diffusion of new ideas and technology, and better access to products and services. However, it has several drawbacks, including growing inequality, cultural uniformity, and environmental damage.

learn more about  Globalization here:

https://brainly.com/question/15283031

#SPJ4

After the death of Vladimir Lenin, the way that Joseph Stalin come to power is A: When Lenin passed away, Stalin won the power struggle to control the party and became the dictator of the Soviet Union.

Joseph Stalin came to power in the Soviet Union after the death of Vladimir Lenin through a power struggle within the Communist Party. Stalin was the General Secretary of the Party at the time and was able to maneuver his way into the top position through political maneuvering, removing his rivals and consolidating power.

Therefore, Stalin was able to establish his power by gaining control over key political institutions and manipulating the party apparatus. He also had his rivals exiled, arrested or executed, consolidating his power and establishing himself as the sole leader of the Soviet Union.

Learn more about Vladimir Lenin from

https://brainly.com/question/947677

#SPJ1

Eleanor Roosevelt held press conferences, authored a syndicated newspaper column, frequently broadcast on the radio, and only invited female reporters to her press conferences in an effort to assist them keep their jobs during the Great Depression.

An organization or company may hold a press conference with the presence of journalists to announce significant news (such as the commencement of a campaign) related to the firm or organisation.

Journalists can learn more about your organization and campaign in this interactive setting. They are a crucial instrument for spreading your message to the wider population.

Press events. Eleanor Roosevelt addressed a news conference only two days after Franklin D. Roosevelt, despite first feeling nervous in her position as First Lady.

Therefore, Eleanor Roosevelt held press conferences, authored a syndicated newspaper column, frequently broadcast on the radio, and only invited female reporters to her press conferences in an effort to assist them keep their jobs during the Great Depression.

To know more about the press conferences, visit:

https://brainly.com/question/23340530

#SPJ1

D. Data from region with high value of howing a teady increae in g over time; ufficient. This type of evidence would be sufficient to prove the hypothesis, as it would show a clear correlation between increased use of slave labor and increased economic growth.

In order to defend her hypothesis, the student would need to provide evidence from different periods and regions showing a strong positive correlation between the use of slave labor and economic growth. This would be sufficient to prove the hypothesis. Alternatively, the student could provide evidence from regions with high values of economic growth showing a steady increase in the use of slave labor over time. This would also be sufficient to prove the hypothesis.

Learn more about slave labor at: https://brainly.com/question/1757527

#SPJ4

Greek tragedy was rooted in religious rituals and storytelling. The original Greek tragedies were performed as part of religious festivals dedicated to Dionysus, the god of wine, fertility, and theater. The stories were based on mythical tales of gods, heroes, and mythical creatures, and were performed as a way of honoring the gods and connecting the audience with their beliefs and culture.

This ritualistic aspect of Greek tragedy is still evident in the way we perform plays today. Many plays still have religious themes and moral lessons, and the stage is still considered a sacred space for the performers and audience. In addition, storytelling is also a key aspect of Greek tragedy that is still evident in modern dramas.

Greek tragedies often revolve around complex and emotional storylines, and the characters’ journeys through these stories often involve struggles, triumphs, and lessons learned. This tradition of storytelling in the theater has been carried forward through the centuries and is still evident in the plays we see today.

To read more about Greek Tragedy, visit-

https://brainly.com/question/8533615

#SPJ11

The difference between  an executive order from a statute is that A law requires congressional approval and can be repealed by congress, which is not the case with an executive order.

An executive order is a directive issued by the President of the United States that governs federal government activities.

Congress may adopt legislation that makes carrying out the order difficult, if not impossible, such as eliminating money.

A legislation requires congressional approval and may be repealed by Congress, but an executive order does not. To repeal an existing executive order, a new order would have to be issued, and if the governor leaves office, the executive orders become null and void.

Learn more about executive order here;

https://brainly.com/question/18973126

#SPJ1

Answer:

church politics, family feuds, and hysterical children

Explanation:

Answer:

The American, French, and Haitian Revolutions all achieved their initial political goals with

varying degrees of success, although victory sometimes meant great loss to the nations. Since the

Americans faced as less opposition and social inequality than their French and Haitian counterparts, the

patriots went on to defeat Great Britain and establish independence without overturning the colonial

social order. Despite terrible human, monetary, and social costs, the French and Haitian revolutions were

able to propel the idea of democracy and the ideal of equality far beyond the boundaries established by

the American Revolution.

Rebellions in the various parts of the world had differing political goals, but all seemed to be

inspired by the Enlightenment's radical philosophies. The American Declaration of Independence

emphasized the principle of popular sovereignty, which states that all governmental power comes from

the general will of the people, a concept formulated by Rousseau. It claimed that "all men are created

equal," reflecting the ideas of Locke. Also modeled after the writings of Locke, the American

Constitution insisted that governments exist to protect the natural rights of the citizen. The French

revolutionaries called for reforms such as fairer taxes and freedom of the press. They wanted the

privileged classes to give up their exclusive hunting rights, special legal status, and exemption from taxes.

The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen announced that men were "born and remain free

and equal in rights," and enjoyed natural rights to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to

oppression." The text proclaimed that all male citizens were equal before the law, asserted freedom of

religion, and called for taxes to be levied according to ability to pay. Inspired by talk of liberty and

equality and embittered by suffering, Haiti's slaves revolted in 1791. The bitter and confrontational

struggle was fought to achieve an end to slavery, racial equality and national independence.

The primary differences between the revolutions lie in their origins: the American Revolution used to be influenced by using the unwillingness to pay greater tax revenues to Britain, the French one was motivated by means of the willingness to replace cutting-edge political and social structure, and the Haitian one used to be encouraged by using the want to ..

The French, Haitian, and American Revolutions had been all sparked from the minds of the colonists, slaves, or lower lessons who had been treated with inequality by means of their own governments. In each location, there was once a substantial trend of mistreatment between government and people.

The Haitian Revolution has been described by violence, where the American and French Revolutions were defined by liberty and freedom. This is ironic because they Haitian Revolutionaries arguably have been also hostilities for freedom, however from slavery as antagonistic to an oppressive government.

Learn more about American and French revolutions here:

brainly.com/question/3597690

#SPJ4

In light of the Soviets blockade of Berlin, the U.S.A. and other non-socialist nations that encompassed the North Atlantic Ocean, framed a military alliance called NATO.

At the time, the U.S. Government trusted that the Soviet Union upheld the Greek Socialist war exertion and stressed that assuming the Socialists prevailed in the Greek nationwide conflict, the Soviets would ultimately impact Greek strategy.

In fact, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had deliberately refrained from offering any help to the Greek Socialists and had constrained Yugoslav Head of the state Josip Tito to stick to this same pattern, no doubt stirring up a lot of hindrance for Soviet-Yugoslav relations. Be that as it may, various other international strategy issues also affected President Truman's choice to aid Greece and Turkey actively.

In 1946, four setbacks, in particular, had served to successfully destroy any chance of achieving a durable post-war rapprochement with the Soviet Union: the Soviets' failure to withdraw their soldiers from northern Iran in early 1946 (according to the provisions of the Tehran Declaration of 1943); Soviet attempts to pressure the Iranian Government into granting them oil concessions while probably inciting irredentism by Azerbaijani separatists in northern Iran; Soviet endeavors to compel the Turkish Government into granting them base and transit privileges through the Turkish Straits; and, the Soviet Government's dismissal of the Baruch plan for international command over nuclear energy and weapons in June 1946.

to know more about the soviet union click here:

https://brainly.com/question/1310325

#SPJ4

The correct response is D. Japan. In all of the following locations following World War 2, the United States confronted Soviet aggression, with the exception of Japan.

According to a 2018 Pew survey, 67% of Japanese people have a positive opinion of the US, and 75% of them say they trust the US, compared to 7% who say the same about China. This makes Japan one of the most pro-US nations in the world today. Although the Emperor has some authority in Japan, it is not unlimited. Japan is a parliamentary democracy, as stated in the 1947 constitution. The Japanese Prime Minister, who is in charge of the country's government, is chosen by the Emperor, who serves as the ceremonial head of state. The animal that symbolizes Japan is the macaque monkey. They have long, thick hair and crimson features, and are additionally known as snow monkeys since they frequently reside in snowy mountain regions.

Learn more about Japan here

https://brainly.com/question/510537

#SPJ4

The united states responded to soviet aggression in all of the following places in the years after world war 2, except in...

A. Europe

B. the Soviets blockade of Berlin

C. the North Atlantic Ocean

D. Japan

Answer:

he was afraid that one of them would grow up to take his place as king and to conquer him

Explanation:

Reformation, often known as the Protestant Reformation, was a religious movement that arose in the 16th century in the Western church.

Without a question, John Calvin and Martin Luther were its most important leaders. The Reformation, which had significant political, economic, and social repercussions, served as the impetus for the establishment of Protestantism, one of the three main branches of Christianity.

The late mediaeval Roman Catholic Church, from which the reformers of the 16th century came, was a complicated institution. The church had been increasingly involved in the political life of western Europe throughout the years, especially the papacy.

Learn more about reformation here

https://brainly.com/question/27939978

#SPJ1

By the end of the Cold War, the Berlin Wall had fallen, the communist-controlled states of Eastern Europe had transitioned to democratic governments, and the Soviet Union had dissolved.

The Cold War was a state of political and military tension between the Western Bloc, dominated by the United States and its NATO allies, and the Eastern Bloc, dominated by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies, that lasted from the late 1940s to the early 1990s.

The conflict, which was mainly political, economic, and military, involved propaganda, espionage, and limited military action, but never escalated into full-scale war between the two superpowers.

Learn more about cold war here: https://brainly.com/question/856013

#SPJ1

The Ottoman Empire was a state that lasted from 1299 to 1922 and was centered in what is now Turkey.

In addition, the empire had territorial holdings and influenced various other regions, including the Caucasus, Crimea, and the Horn of Africa.

At its height, it spanned three continents. It included modern-day Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, the Palestinian territories, Syria, Iraq, and parts of Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Caucasus region. The Ottoman Empire was a major player in international affairs for several centuries, with a sophisticated administration and military, and was known for its cultural, artistic, and architectural achievements. The empire eventually declined and was dissolved after World War I, with most of its territory divided among various successor states.

To learn more about Ottoman Empire, visit here

https://brainly.com/question/21258779

#SPJ4

Beginning in the 1820s, Democratic-Republicans in Congress split over issues concerning the federal government's powers, laying the groundwork for the formation of two new political parties.

One advantage of a two-party system is that it helps ensure that the two major parties in power have a broad platform that represents the general public. Because the two parties are so large, there is room for a diverse range of political positions within each.

Some historians argue that two-party systems promote centrism by encouraging political parties to find common ground that appeals to large segments of the electorate. It has the potential to lead to political stability, which in turn can lead to economic growth.

Learn more about a two-party system here:

https://brainly.com/question/30103302

#SPJ

After World War I, many artists, architects, writers, and musicians rejected traditional styles. The Option B is correct.

Traditional styles were rejected after World War I for a number of reasons. One of the major factors was the profound cultural and social changes that took place during and after the war. The horrors of the war, the loss of life, and the widespread destruction challenged many long-held beliefs and values, leading to a general sense of disillusionment and a rejection of traditional forms of art and architecture.

Additionally, the modernist movement emerged as a response to these changes, promoting a new, more abstract and technologically-advanced form of art and architecture. Modernist artists and architects sought to break with the past and create something entirely new, free from the constraints of traditional styles and techniques.

Read more about traditional styles

brainly.com/question/24722609

#SPJ1

In response to the struggle over Africa, Africans had a significant reaction to the European powers. However, their reactions to European actions varied widely between outright surrender, peaceful protest, and violent backlash against European powers.

The Battle of Africa, also known as the Partition of Africa, the Conquest of Africa, or the Robbery of Africa, was the invasion, annexation, division, and colonization of much of Africa by seven Western European powers during a brief period known as neo-imperialism. (between 1881 and 1914). Her 10% of Africa formally under European control in 1870 increased to nearly 90% by 1914, with only Liberia and Ethiopia remaining independent.

His 1884 Berlin Conference, which regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, is usually thought to have started. During the last quarter of the 19th century, significant political conflicts arose within the empires of the European continent, leading to the partition of the African continent without war between European nations.

Learn more about European Power:

https://brainly.com/question/17105109

#SPJ4

The indirect control of colony would be most effective for the colonizer  because its requires limited amount of resources and manpower.

Indirect control refers to a colonial strategy in which the colonizer exerts control over the colonized territory through local intermediaries or surrogates. This approach can be effective in maintaining control with a limited amount of resources and manpower, as the colonizer can rely on local elites to enforce their authority.

Direct control, on the other hand, involves the direct rule of the colonizer over the colonized territory, with the colonizer's officials and military present in the territory. This approach can be effective in ensuring complete control and stability, but it also requires a large amount of resources and manpower.

In summary, the choice of indirect control or direct control as a form of management depends on the specific context and the goals of the colonizer. Both approaches have their own strengths and weaknesses, and the most effective strategy will depend on the particular situation.

Read more about control

brainly.com/question/26695325

#SPJ1

The number system (option b) is the contribution of the Gupta Empire which was eventually adopted by both the Arabs and the Europeans.

The representation of zero is one of the most important advances of the Gupta Empire and it occurred around 1,300 years ago.

Zero could represent any large or small quantity without risk of error.

Around the year 800 a. C, the Gupta number system had spread to the northern regions of India, where Arabic-speaking peoples lived.

It was through Islamic rule that these numbers reached Spain, from where their influence spread throughout Europe.

In the year 967 Gerberto brought from Arab Spain to his native France the Gupta numerical method and by mistake they were called Arabic numerals.

However, it took two more centuries for this numbering to be definitively established among European mathematicians.

The contribution of the Gupta Empire spread throughout the world as it allowed large numbers to be operated in a very simple way. Without zero (as the Greeks and Romans did), performing division or multiplication was quite complicated and required years and years of mathematical study.

Learn more about the Gupta empire at https://brainly.com/question/18412186

#SPJ4

In order to prevent African Americans from obtaining political and economic independence, Southern states passed black codes after the Civil War.

To enforce social control, there were many laws: slaves were not allowed to leave their owner's property without permission; they were not allowed to gather without a white person present; they were not allowed to own firearms; they were not allowed to be taught to read or write; they were not allowed to transmit or own "inflammatory" literature.

The slave codes in American history were a set of discriminatory laws implemented to keep enslaved people of African descent under control and to safeguard white people from the threat of a slave uprising. Enslaved people had their civil rights violated by the slave laws.

To know more about black codes, visit:

brainly.com/question/2215255

#SPJ1

Before the US entered World War II, American production was focused on consumer goods. However, as the war escalated and the US entered the war in 1941, production shifted towards supporting the war effort.

Factories were converted to produce weapons, ammunition, and other military supplies. The government established the War Production Board, which directed and coordinated all industrial production. Rationing and price controls were put in place to conserve resources.

Women were encouraged to enter the workforce and work in factories, contributing to the "Rosie the Riveter" phenomenon. By the end of the war, the US was producing over 40% of the world's weapons, providing critical support to the Allies and helping secure victory. The war had a profound impact on the US economy, leading to an era of prosperity known as the "post-war boom."

The answer is based on general knowledge, as no passage is presented.

This question should be written as:

Learn more about World War here: brainly.com/question/1449119

#SPJ4

In the crux of the axial period, man makes a significant change where he  becomes aware of Being as a whole, of himself and his limitations.

Man underwent a profound transition in the middle of the axial period when he started to become conscious of himself and to wonder what the point of existence was. Between 800-200 BCE, there was a change in how people perceived the world and their place in it, which sparked the growth of important philosophical and religious traditions like Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, and Christianity. This change signalled a turning point in human history and had a significant effect on how civilizations and cultures evolved. The phrase "Axial Age" refers to the time between 900 and 300 BCE when the philosophical, theological, and intellectual systems that would later influence modern human society first emerged.

For such more questions on Axial period:

brainly.com/question/28857004

#SPJ11

Sometimes, both state governments and the federal government have the same authority to act, something called Concurrent powers.

In the United States, concurrent powers refer to those that are shared by the federal and state governments. These rights include the ability to levy taxes, control commerce, and guarantee the welfare of all residents.

In order to maintain a balance of power between the two levels of government and prevent any one level from becoming overly dominant, both the federal and state governments must exercise their concurrent powers.

Find out more on concurrent powers at https://brainly.com/question/847131

#SPJ1

After World War I, many artists, architects, writers, and musicians rejected traditional forms

The artists rejected traditional ways of expression and sought to express their feelings of disillusionment and alienation in new ways. This movement was known as modernism and was characterized by a rejection of traditional values and an exploration of new and innovative forms of expression.

Modernist artists and writers sought to challenge the status quo and express their feelings of alienation and despair in their works.

They experimented with new techniques and materials, often incorporating elements of abstraction and surrealism. This rejection of traditional forms of expression was a reaction to the horrors of war, and a way of expressing the deep sense of disillusionment and disenchantment that many people experienced in the wake of the conflict.

Modernism was a movement that sought to break down barriers between high and low art, redefining the ways in which art could be created and experienced.

To learn more about war , click here:

https://brainly.com/question/3445478

#SPJ4