There are some voluntary reactions to temperature: When it gets too warm, we take off our jackets. Some are unavoidable: The heat makes us wilt. By contracting our muscles, or shivering, in chilly weather, our bodies produce heat.
How do our bodies occasionally function like a thermostat device?
How occasionally do our bodies function like a thermostat? When we are very heated, our perspiration assists us to cool down. And because our body is attempting to restore to normal temperature when we are too cold, we get fever and get quite hot.
How does the homeostasis gadget work?
You can investigate how the human body maintains a virtually constant temperature under various circumstances using the Human Homeostasis Gizmo. Keep an eye on the body and air temperature thermometers.
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what the rough endoplasmic reticulum function in animal cell
Post-translational modifications, folding, and sorting are among the many functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis in an animal cell.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is a group of flattened sacs that are connected and are a part of a continuous membrane organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They are important for making proteins. The RER's membrane-bound ribosomes convert the mature mRNA transcript into polypeptide-attached amino acids. There are two dissimilar subunits in the 80S ribosome of eukaryotes: the 40S small subunit and the 60S large subunit.
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heating a protein sufficiently may cause it to denature. considering the definition of denaturation, what does this statement say about the strengths of peptide bonds in comparison to hydrogen bonds?
Heating a protein to sufficient temperatures can cause it to denature, which means that its three-dimensional structure changes and its function is altered. This statement suggests that the strengths of peptide bonds, which hold the protein's amino acids in place, are weaker than the strengths of hydrogen bonds, which hold the protein's secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures together.
When the temperature is increased, the increased energy causes the hydrogen bonds to break, resulting in the loss of the protein's three-dimensional shape.
The breaking of hydrogen bonds leads to the unraveling of the protein's structure and the protein becomes denatured. The stability of the protein's structure is dependent on the balance between the strengths of the peptide bonds and the hydrogen bonds, and any change in this balance can result in denaturation.
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Which sgRNA portion does a researcher customize to bind the target DNA sequence?
A. the PAM sequence
B. the stem-loop structure
C. the 3' end
D. the 5' end
The sgRNA portion does a researcher customize to bind the target DNA sequence is the 5' end so the correct option is D.
The experimenter generally customizes the 5' end of the sgRNA sequence to bind the target DNA sequence. This region of the sgRNA is known as the protospacer, and it's composed of a 20- nucleotide sequence that's reciprocal to the target DNA sequence. This portion of the sgRNA is designed in such a way that it'll form hydrogen bonds with the reciprocal DNA sequence and therefore bind it. The protospacer also contains a PAM( protospacer conterminous motif) sequence,
he stem- circle structure of the sgRNA is also important for binding of the target DNA sequence, as it helps to insure that the protospacer is duly folded and suitable to bind the target DNA.
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Why do the northern United States get more snow than the southern states?
A. Because there are colder temperatures in the winter months in the northern states
B. Because there are colder temperatures in the winter months in the southern states
C. Because there are warmer temperatures in the summer months in the northern states
D. Because there are warmer temperatures in the summer months in the southern states
Answer:
A. Because there are colder temperatures in the winter months in the northern states
Explanation:
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which gram positive bacilli will show a positive result for urease?
Those species that are urease-positive are those that can break down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. In turn, the pH of the urine will rise. Among these microbes are ureaplasma, helicobacter pylori, klebsiella, and cryptococcus.
Decarboxylation of amino acids results in urea. Urea hydrolysis yields ammonia and CO2 as byproducts. The solution becomes more alkaline due to the creation of ammonia, and the pH change is shown by phenol red, which turns from pale orange at pH 6.8 to magenta (pink) at pH 8.1. Within 24 hours, rapid urease-positive microbes colour the whole medium pink. A common diagnostic test for the detection of helicobacter pylori is the rapid urease test (RUT). It is a quick, inexpensive, and straightforward test that finds urease in or on the gastrointestinal mucosa. The CLO test is another name for it (Campylobacter-like organism test). To obtain stomach lining cells for this test, a process known as gastric endoscopy and biopsy is used.
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specialized horizontal underground stem found in ferns
Ferns are members of the Phylum Pteridophyta and have deep, sturdy roots that can hold plenty of water and nutrients.
Rhizoids share morphological and biological similarities with the root hairs of vascular plants.
Phylum Bryophyta's underground stems (rhizoids) are what firmly bind the thallus to the substrate.
Plants can perennate (survive an annual unfavorable season) underground by using rhizomes to store proteins and carbohydrates.
Some plants, like poplars and various bamboo, heavily rely on rhizomes for this purpose. In addition, those modified stems allow the parent plant to reproduce vegetatively (asexually).
Rhizomes are the only stems in plants like water lilies and a lot of ferns. Only the blooms and foliage are apparent in these situations. Notably, some species' rhizomes, such as those of lotus, ginger, and turmeric, are edible and highly prized for their culinary uses.
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What can scientists learn from the chemical isotopes in leftover shells of foraminifera about the climate at the time the foraminifera lived?(1 point)
Responses
They can calculate the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.
They can estimate the air temperature.
They can estimate the ocean's temperature.
They can calculate the amount of rainfall.
Answer:
They can estimate the ocean's temperature.They can calculate the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.Explanation:
Foraminifera are single-celled organisms that live in the ocean and secrete shells made of calcium carbonate. The shells of foraminifera contain chemical isotopes that are useful for understanding past climate conditions.
The ratio of different isotopes of oxygen in the foraminifera shells provides a record of the ocean temperature at the time the foraminifera lived. This is because the ratio of isotopes in the shells changes in response to changes in the ocean temperature. Scientists can use this information to reconstruct past ocean temperatures, which in turn can be used to infer other aspects of the climate at the time.
The amount of carbon dioxide in the air can also be estimated from the chemical isotopes in the foraminifera shells. Foraminifera shells contain information about the amount of carbon dioxide in the water, and by extension, in the air, because the ocean and atmosphere are interconnected. Scientists can use the amount of carbon dioxide in the shells to infer changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels over time, which is an important aspect of understanding the Earth's past climate.
Overall, the chemical isotopes in foraminifera shells provide an important tool for reconstructing past ocean and atmospheric conditions, which helps us understand how the Earth's climate has changed over time.
Answer: They can estimate the ocean's tempature
Explanation:
Sponges are the simplest of animals and have no nerves or ___. They have no body systems.
Sponges are the simplest of animals and have no nerves or muscles. They have no body systems.
What are sponges?The sponges are members of the phylum Porifera. Simple invertebrate creatures called sponges inhabit aquatic environments. Even though marine sponges make up the majority of the species, some dwell in freshwater lakes and streams.
Their bodies are covered in microscopic pores. Sponge feeding involves pumping water through their pores to remove minute food particles.
Hence, they don't have nerves or muscles. They also don't have body systems.
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Which of the following is NOT true about infrared spectroscopy?a all of these statements are correctb. light atoms and strong bonds produce high vibrational frequencies c. a change in dipole moment is required for a vibration to produce IR absorptiond. IR spectroscopy is useful for identifying functional groups present in a moleculee the bond dipoles in CO2 cancel, so the molecule does not absorb IR radiation
All of these statements are correct about infrared spectroscopy.
The study of the interaction of infrared light with materials by absorption, emission, or reflection is known as infrared spectroscopy (also known as IR spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy). Chemical compounds or functional groups in solid, liquid, or gaseous forms are studied and identified using this technique. It may be applied to classify novel materials or locate and authenticate known and unidentified samples. An equipment known as an infrared spectrometer (or spectrophotometer), which generates an infrared spectrum, is used to perform the infrared spectroscopy method or procedure. A graph showing infrared light absorbance (or transmittance) vs frequency, wavenumber, or wavelength on the horizontal axis can be used to represent an IR spectrum.
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When will covid 19 finish?
Answer:
not sure too
hope it'll end soon
What is an example of a primary protein structure?
Peptide bonds are created when amino acids condense to form protein structures. The arrangement of amino acids makes up a protein's primary structure.
The sequence of amino acids joined together to form a polypeptide chain is referred to as a protein's fundamental structure. Peptide bonds formed as a result of protein production bind each amino acid to the one afterward.
The precise protein sequence is crucial because that controls the protein's ultimate fold and, consequently, the function.
Proteins are created when many polypeptide chains are combined. These chains include amino acids in a specific sequence that is unique to the particular protein. Any alteration to the sequence alters the protein as a whole.
Small chemical compounds called amino acids have a chiral carbon atom with four substituents.
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Place each example into the corresponding characteristic used to distinguish species.
Morphological traits
Morphological Traits: number of stamens in a flower. Reproductive Isolation: frequency and duration of sounds in frog mating calls. Molecular Features: mRNA sequences in amoeba. Ecological Factors: portion of tree used for nesting by warblers; salinity tolerance in salt marsh grasses.
Morphological traits are physical characteristics of an organism that are used to distinguish one species from another. In the example given, the number of stamens in a flower is a morphological trait that can be used to identify a specific species.
Reproductive isolation refers to the biological mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between different species. In the example given, the frequency and duration of sounds in frog mating calls is a factor that can contribute to reproductive isolation, as it can prevent frogs of different species from mating with each other.
Molecular features refer to differences in the DNA or RNA sequences of organisms. In the example given, the mRNA sequences in amoeba are a molecular feature that can be used to distinguish different species of amoeba from each other.
Ecological factors refer to the environment and habitat that a species inhabits, as well as the interactions between species and the resources they use. In the examples given, the portion of tree used for nesting by warblers and the salinity tolerance in salt marsh grasses are ecological factors that can be used to distinguish different species from each other.
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The given question is incorrect. The correct question is as follows:
Place each example into the corresponding characteristic used to distinguish species.
Morphological traits
Reproductive Isolation
Molecular Features
Ecological Factors
which turfgrass specie leaves has a glossy undersides?
Perennial ryegrass is the turfgrass specie leaves has a glossy undersides.
Our suburban and urban environments benefit from the lovely green spaces provided by turfgrass. Turfgrasses have been cared after by people for more than a thousand years to improve their surroundings. It has only recently been clear from studies how intricate and extensive the environmental advantages of turfgrass are that raise our quality of life. Along with the physical and emotional benefits of outdoor exercise, a properly planned and managed turfgrass facility, like a golf course, offers a variety of functional advantages to the community as a whole. Given the insect assemblage that harms turfgrass, a range of cultural techniques, fertilisers, and pesticides may be employed to promote turf health.
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what animal can fall 100 feet without hurting itself
Answer:
a sloth can fall approx. 100 fett without hurting itsefl
in order to transport long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondria, three of the following molecules are required. which one is not necessary? a. coenzyme a b. atp c. carnitine d. oxaloacetate
Oxaloacetate is not necessary to transport long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondria. The answer is D.
Oxaloacetate is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is involved in the metabolic oxidation of fuels such as glucose and fatty acids to generate ATP, the primary energy currency of cells.
The three molecules that are necessary to transport long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondria are coenzyme A, ATP, and carnitine.
Coenzyme A is required to activate the fatty acids and form a fatty acyl-CoA intermediate.
ATP is used to drive the transfer of the fatty acyl group from the cytosol to the mitochondria.
Carnitine acts as a shuttle to transport the activated fatty acyl group into the mitochondria, where it can be oxidized for energy production.
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Why does Earth have a lower amount of carbon in the atmosphere than planets such as Venus and Mars?
Carbon is released into the air during plant decomposition
The carbon escapes Earth's atmosphere faster than it is being absorbed
Most of Earth's carbon can be found in the proteins and lipids of organisms
Plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis
Earth has a lower amount of carbon in the atmosphere than planets such as Venus and Mars due to a combination of factors, like; Plants take in carbon dioxide, carbon is stored in living beings etc.
What is the role of carbon in nature?Most of Earth's carbon is stored in the proteins and lipids of living organisms, as well as in the soils and sedimentary rocks.
Plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for photosynthesis, which helps to regulate the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
Carbon is also released into the atmosphere during plant and animal decomposition, volcanic eruptions, and other geological processes, but it is removed from the atmosphere through weathering and chemical reactions that form carbonate rocks.
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when inoculating media in a test tube with a lid, what should you do with the lid of the of the tube during the inoculation? why?
When inoculating media in a test tube with a lid, it is best practice to loosen the lid of the tube during the inoculation. This is to allow for the exchange of gases between the inside of the tube and the surrounding environment.
When inoculating media in a test tube with a lid, it is best practice to loosen the lid of the tube during the inoculation. This is to allow for the exchange of gases between the inside of the tube and the surrounding environment. This is important because microorganisms need oxygen to grow and respire, and if the lid is tightly closed, the concentration of oxygen in the tube may become depleted, leading to decreased growth or even death of the microorganisms.
By loosening the lid, air can flow in and out of the tube, which allows for a more consistent supply of oxygen and helps to maintain the proper conditions for growth. This will help ensure the success of the inoculation and result in a better yield of microorganisms. The lid should be tightened after the inoculation is complete to prevent contamination of the media.
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a. Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where filtration and diffusion occur.
b. The ovaries are involved in the production of gametes as well as production of hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle.
c. The iris of the eye consists of two layers of smooth muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
d. The stomach is involved in mechanical and chemical digestion, and secretes many enzymes as well as hormones.
The question is incomplete. It only provides the options. Before the options, the complete question should have :
“Choose the statement that exemplifies the interrelated nature of anatomy and physiology”.
The correct statement that exemplifies the association of anatomy and physiology is an option (a) Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells, which is appropriate for organs where filtration and diffusion occur.
Do anatomy and physiology relate?Option a: Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of the flattened cell. The primary function of this kind of epithelium is as the mediator of filtration and diffusion. Due to their simple and thin structure, they allow for easy transmembrane movement of small molecules. This epithelium lines the inner surface of all blood vessels and the wall of alveolar sacs in the lung.Option b. The ovaries are involved in the production of gametes as well as the production of hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle. This statement does not describe the relationship between the anatomy and physiology of ovaries.Option c. The iris of the eye consists of two layers of the smooth muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system is incorrect because the two-layer of muscle anatomy does not have a specific association with the function of the iris.Option d. The stomach is involved in mechanical and chemical digestion and secretes many enzymes and hormones is incorrect because the statement does not exhibit the connection between the anatomy and physiology of the stomach.Thus, the option that shows the relationship between anatomy and physiology is A.
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Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding the plasma membrane structure? a.) Protein molecules be partially or wholly embedded. b.) Protein molucules are localized toward one side of the cell. c.) Phospholipids have a fluid consistency. d.) The head of the phospholipid molecule is attracted toward water.
In the bilayer phospholipids of the plasma membrane, protein molecules may be fully or partially embedded.
What is the of the plasma membrane?All living cells have a biological membrane called the plasma membrane that functions as a barrier between internal and exterior elements. It shields the cell from various shocks and toxins from the environment. In addition to proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, the phospholipid bilayer contains other elements.
What four elements comprise the plasma membrane?The four main phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin), which collectively make up more than half of the lipid in most membranes, are found in the plasma membranes of animal cells.
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Find all the zero of f(x)=4x^316x^224x12, given that x1 i a factor. Enter the exact value, no decimal approximation. Make ure to enter each complex number in the form abi with the i at the end
The zeros of the polynomial f(x) are x = 1, -4 + 2i / 8, and -4 - 2i / 8, expressed in the form abi with the i at the end.
To find the zeros of the polynomial function f(x) = 4x^3 - 16x^2 + 24x + 12, one method is to factor the polynomial into the product of simpler polynomials, where each zero of the polynomial corresponds to a factor. To do this, we can divide the polynomial by x - 1, which is one of the factors, and look for the remaining factors.
To find the zeros of a polynomial function, you can use various methods such as the Rational Root Theorem, synthetic division, or the Factor Theorem. However, finding the exact zeros of a polynomial with a high degree like the one you provided may be difficult.
If you have a complex zero, it can be written in the form of x = a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit.
The division gives:
f(x) = (x - 1)(4x^2 - 20x + 12)
So, x = 1, -4 ± √(4^2 - 4 * 4 * 12) / (2 * 4) are the remaining zeros of the polynomial.
x = -4 ± √(-16) / (2 * 4) = -4 ± 2i / 8
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. catalytic efficiency is measured by two different variables, kcat and km. two hypothetical enzymes (a and b) have different catalytic efficiencies. a. enzyme a binds better to its substrate compared to enzyme b. however, enzyme b has a higher catalytic efficiency than enzyme a. briefly explain how this is possible. b. if enzyme a has a km that is four times larger but is only a sixteenth as efficient as enzyme b, how much smaller is kcata compared to kcatb?
If enzyme A has a KM that is four times larger but is only a sixteenth as efficient as enzyme B, this means that kcata is much smaller compared to kcatb.
What is catalytic efficiency?Catalytic efficiency is a measure of the ability of an enzyme to catalyze a chemical reaction. It is defined as the rate of the reaction (kcat) divided by the concentration of substrate required to reach half-maximal activity (Km).
The higher the catalytic efficiency, the faster the reaction is occurring and the lower the Km value, the more tightly the enzyme binds to its substrate, making the reaction more efficient. The comparison of kcat and Km values between two enzymes provides insight into the relative efficiency of each enzyme in catalyzing a specific reaction.
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What is one property shared by the cells of all living organisms?
Organisms that have life and the fundamental characteristics necessary to be considered living are referred to as living organisms. This includes things like growth, reproduction, and irritability that are shared by the cells of all living organisms.
The main characteristic of a living thing can differentiate it from non-living things. Living things are things that are alive. Growth and reproduction are these properties. The cells that created all living matter are the living cells. Macromolecules comprise the living cell. The DNA and various cell organelles make up the cell.
DNA can be found in any living thing. Every organism's genetic differences are determined by it. Every cell has the same version.
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Which algae are considered as ancestors of land plants?
O Brown algaeO Red algaeO Green algaeO Blue-green algae
Land plants are thought to have descended from brown and green algae species.
The two most well-known types of green algae are chlamydomonas and spirogyra.
Brown algae: Laminaria and Fucus are both multicellular algae that are under the Phaeophyceae subclass, which also includes many different types of seaweed.
The brown algae are another name for this group of algae. The most prevalent pigment in them is chlorophylla.
The majority of brown algae are marine organisms that are crucial for providing food and habitat for marine life.
Around the world, there are 1,500–2,000 different types of brown algae. Ascophyllum nodosum, for example, is a species of brown algae that is both important for research and for commerce.
The majority of them contain the pigment fucoxanthin, which gives them various shades of greenish-brown. Bryophyta is the name for brown algae.
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in an experiment lucine injects few mice with interleukin-ii and after 4 days examines the blood and lymph for changes: what changes should she expect?
The correct answer is “increased number of T-cells”. According to recent research, interleukin-ii or IL-2 is also a critical component for the development of memory T cells, which can undergo secondary growth when they come into contact with an antigen again.
Furthermore, anergic cells produced in vitro and, in some circumstances, in vivo can no longer proliferate without the help of IL-2. IL-2/IL-2R signalling is an essential part of self-tolerance, as evidenced by the phenotype of prominent and uncontrolled lymphoproliferation that is connected to autoimmune illness in mice lacking in IL-2 or IL-2R components. In order to preserve self-tolerance and prevent immunopathology, Treg must be in a stable state. Treg do this by actively modulating adaptive immunological responses, specifically by blocking the proliferation and differentiation of self-reactive T cells. Mice lacking in Treg because of genetic flaws, such as mutations or deletions of the forkhead box P3 transcription factor, which is crucial for the development of Treg, exhibit a phenotype resembling that of IL-2- or IL-2R-deficient mice, supporting the notion that IL-2 is required for the presence of Treg.
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Why does increasing temperature increase enzyme activity?
Answer:
Higher temperature generally causes more collisions among the molecules
Explanation:
Higher temperature generally causes more collisions among the molecules and therefore increases the rate of a reaction. More collisions increase the likelihood that substrate will collide with the active site of the enzyme, thus increasing the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
At low temperatures, an enzyme-catalyzed reaction speeds up as the temperature rises. At higher temperatures, the protein is denatured, which also results in a dramatic decrease in response rate.
What does biological enzyme activity mean?Enzyme assays are standardized processes for determining the concentrations of certain enzymes in a sample. The broad catalytic capabilities of an enzyme are referred to as its activity. influencing factors for enzymatic analysis
What three main factors affect how an enzyme behaves?The three factors of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration would change an enzyme's activity. Enzymes function optimally within a range of temperature, pH, and substrate concentrations.
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normal blood pressure is characterized as systolic under 120 and diastolic under 80. question 9 options: 1) true 2) false
It is true that normal blood pressure is characterized as systolic under 120 and diastolic under 80.
Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the body. These walls are the walls of your arteries in the body. Every time the heart beats, it pumps blood into the arteries. The blood pressure is highest when the heart beats, pumping the blood across the body. This action is called systolic pressure which is under 120. When the heart is at rest, between the beats, the blood pressure falls. This action is called diastolic pressure which is under 80.
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during the synthesis of acetyl-coa from pyruvic acid, ________ is produced.
During the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from pyruvic acid, NADH is produced.
From each glucose molecule, two molecules of pyruvic acid are produced through glycolysis. A complex enzyme known as pyruvate dehydrogenase performs the oxidative decarboxylation of the pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA. Each molecule of pyruvic acid that is acted upon by pyruvate dehydrogenase results in the release of one molecule of carbon dioxide and the production of one molecule of reduced coenzyme NADH2. As a result, the oxidative decarboxylation of two molecules of pyruvic acid per glucose molecule results in the production of all two molecules of acetyl CoA.
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what are some of the steps in eukaryotic transcriptional control a transcriptional activator recruits
1. Transcriptional control
2. RNA processing control
3. RNA transport and localization
4. Translational control
5. mRNA degradation control
6. Protein activity control
are some of the steps in eukaryotic transcriptional control a transcriptional activator recruits.
The complex process known as eukaryotic transcription is used by eukaryotic cells to convert the genetic information present in DNA into transportable complementary RNA replicas.
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells can transcribe genes. Contrary to prokaryotic RNA polymerase, which starts all types of RNA transcription, eukaryotic (including human) RNA polymerase has three varieties, each of which translates a particular kind of gene.
The transcription and translation processes are separated in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. DNA is bundled into nucleosomes and other higher order chromatin structures in the nucleus, where eukaryotic transcription takes place. A wide range of complicated gene expression regulation mechanisms are required by the complexity of the eukaryotic genome.
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what mineral group does quartz belong to
Silicates is the mineral group to which quartz belongs. It is made of of oxygen and silica. There are six subgroups within the silicate mineral group. Tectosilicates is the category in which quartz is found.
Which class of rock does quartz fall under?
A specific chemical compound (silicon dioxide, or silica, SiO2) with a particular crystalline form is known as quartz as a mineral (hexagonal). All types of rock, including igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary, contain it.
Where does quartz fit in?
Quartz is a frequent and plentiful mineral that can be found in a wide range of geological settings. It is a common component of sandstones, a key component of granite pegmatites, and can be found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks.
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You developed a way to produce a convection current in a fluid due to
uneven heating. Would the convection current still form if the heat source were
located on the opposite side of where you placed it in the model? How did the placement of the heat source model Earth's interior? Would the convection process
still occur if Earth's interior were cooler than its surface?
The convection current will still form if the heat source were located on the opposite side.
Where does convection current occur in the earth?There are convection currents found in the mantle of the Earth. Deep into the mantle, heated mantle material is seen rising while cooler mantle material sinks, resulting in a convection current. The crustal plates of the Earth are assumed to move as a result of this type of circulation.
The convection current is caused by the difference in temperature or uneven heating. There are major three types of convection currents on the earth.
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