Electrons are shuttled through a series of membrane proteins, which creates a gradient of: Proton across the thylacoid membrane.
The electron shipping chain is a series of electron transporters embedded in the internal mitochondrial membrane that shuttles electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen.
Within the electron shipping chain, electrons are handed from one molecule to any other, and electricity released in these electron transfers is used to form an electrochemical gradient. In chemiosmosis, the electricity saved within the gradient is used to make ATP.
A proton gradient is shaped via two quinol oxidations at the Qo site to form one quinol at the Qi website online in general six protons are translocated: two protons lessen quinone to quinol and 4 protons are launched from ubiquinol molecules.
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In the electron transport chain, electrons are shuttled through a series of membrane proteins, which creates a gradient of Protons.
A Proton Gradient is needed in ETS which is the result of the transfer of the electrons flowing through the ETS complexes. ETS pumps the protons from matrix of organelle to the intermembrane space.
Following are the complex that are involved in the ETS:
Complex I - NADH DehydrogenaseComplex II - Succinate DehydrogenaseComplex III - Cytochrome bc1Complex IV - Cytochrome c oxidaseComplex V - ATP Synthetase complexThe flow of electrons through ETS Complex generates a proton gradient which is needed for the synthesis of ATP through the Complex V - ATP Synthetase complex.
ETS is called as Oxidative Phosphorylation which is the indirect production of ATP . The final acceptor of electron is Oxygen in ETS.
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Telomerase is needed in DNA replication to fully reproduce the Group of answer choices soma in the cells bodies. sanchi levels in cells necessary for continued replication. telomeres when cells divide. cross-linking collagen needed for cell survival.
(c) Telomeres when cells divide.
What does the telomere do in the body?A chromosome's end contains a stretch of repeating DNA sequences known as a telomere. Chromosome ends are shielded from fraying or tangling by telomeres. The telomeres get a little bit shorter every time a cell divides. They eventually get so short that the cell can no longer successfully divide, and the cell then perishes.
With age, telomere length decreases. The health and lifespan of an individual are impacted by the progressive shortening of telomeres, which causes senescence, apoptosis, or oncogenic transformation of somatic cells. Reduced survival and higher illness incidence have been linked to shorter telomeres.
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In general, the greatest vulnerability to teratogens occurs during:____.
a. the last part of the fetal period of prenatal development.
b. the embryonic period of prenatal development.
In general, the greatest vulnerability to teratogens occurs during the embryonic period of prenatal development.
A teratogen is something that, when exposed to a growing embryo or fetus, can result in birth defects or other abnormalities.Teratogens include certain pharmaceuticals, illicit substances, tobacco, chemicals, alcohol, certain illnesses, recreational drugs, and in rare situations, medical conditions including uncontrolled diabetes in pregnant women.Ten to fourteen days after conception, teratogens can start to damage the growing embryo. There are times when the developing organ systems exhibit greater sensitivity to teratogens during embryonic development.Teratogens can also have an impact on pregnancies and result in issues like premature labor, spontaneous abortions, or miscarriages. Physical agents, metabolic circumstances, infections, and finally, medications and chemicals, are the four categories into which teratogens are divided.learn more about teratogens here:https://brainly.com/question/9798697
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During glacial maxima, australia, new guinea, and tasmania were a single land mass called?
During glacial maxima, Australia, new guinea, and Tasmania were a single land mass called Sahul.
The single Pleistocene continent known as Sahul united Australia with New Guinea and Tasmania. Rising sea levels gave rise to the distinct landmasses that we can now recognize, even though the sea level at the time was up to 150 meters (490 feet) lower than it is now.Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, and Seram were all parts of the ancient continent Sahul.Since the Last Glacial Maximum, sea levels have risen. Around 18,000 years ago, Sahul began to be partially submerged. Sea levels kept rising until roughly 5000 BCE.After leaving Africa, early human migrations began in Sahul and Sunda. According to recent study, hundreds of individuals traveled in groups on bamboo rafts and eventually settled on Sahul.
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In contrast, ____________ reactions, such as serotyping for ____________ species identification, produce insoluble antibody-antigen complexes in vitro that can be visualized for positive identification of a microbial infection.
In contrast, precipitation reactions, such as serotyping for microbial species identification, produce insoluble antibody-antigen complexes in vitro that can be visualized for positive identification of a microbial infection.
What are microbial species?Microbial species is a group of individuals where the observed lateral gene transfer within the group is much greater than the transfer between groups.
There may be at least 1 billion different types of microbes on Earth, if not more, according to current estimates. Despite the truly astounding diversity of microbes, they can all be divided into five major categories: viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists.
The most popular molecular method for identifying bacteria is probably PCR, particularly Real-Time PCR. By quickly detecting and identifying microbial species from clinical samples, PCR helps expedite diagnostic processes. There are various PCR-based techniques.
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a short sequence of DNA is replicated using a mixture of dideoxynucleotide triphosphates, which lack a hydroxyl group at the 3' location. The new strands are separated from the old DNA
Sanger sequencing mimics the natural process of DNA replication by using dummy nucleotides to stop replication whenever a specific nucleotide is encountered. Because this truncated replication happens repeatedly, nucleic acids of various lengths accumulate and can be used to determine the position of each nucleotide in the sequence
ddNTPs are included (dideoxynucleoted)
A representation of 16 nucleotides arranged in a single horizontal strand of DNA is shown. Horizontal cylinders represent the deoxyribose sugar molecule and vertical rectangles represent the nitrogenous base in each nucleotide. The deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous base of a single DNA strand are shown in grey. Below the single strand are four DDNTPs and four individual nucleotides. Sugar molecules are black in the bottom four DDNTPs in the bottom four individual nucleotides. To represent the bases' chemical identities, the nitrogenous bases on the DDNTPs and the lower four nucleotides are colored differently: DDATP is green, DDCTP is orange, DDTTP is red, and DDGTP is blue. Thymine is blue, cytosine is orange, and adenine is green.
DNA sequence :
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of the nucleotides within a gene. The first DNA sequencing methods were time-consuming, but a major breakthrough came in 1975 with the development of the Sanger sequencing method. Sanger sequencing is named after the English biochemist Frederick Sanger, and it is also known as chain-termination sequencing or dideoxy sequence. The Sanger method was used to sequence the human genome some 25 years after its invention, and it remains an important method in laboratories around the world today, despite many technological advances and modifications.
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After fertilization, the newly formed zygote begins to divide into multiple cells through a process called __________.
Mitosis is the process by which a newly formed zygote after fertilization begins to divide into multiple cells.
What is mitosis?Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells.To know more about mitosis, refer :
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The ________ plate count (SPC) method involves diluting 1.0m of bacterial culture into a series of water blanks, and then taking a sample from the water blanks to add to empty petri plates which will be filled with melted agar.
The standard plate count (SPC) method involves diluting 1.0m of bacterial culture into a series of water blanks, and then taking a sample from the water blanks to add to empty petri plates which will be filled with melted agar.
The standard plate count is a method used in microbiology, which is used to gain an insight to estimate the density of bacterial population which is present in a bacterial culture broth. This is done by plating a small concentration of the culture in a petri-dish and then counting the colonies which form in the petri-plate. This method is used mostly in the food industry, to find the density of mesophilic bacteria in food. This method is extremely essential to determine the primary source of the bacterial contaminant.
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Androgens are hormones that promote the development of ________ characteristics.
Androgens are hormones that promote the development of male characteristics.
What are Hormones?
These are chemical messengers which are secreted into the blood for different functions in the body.
Androgens are sex hormones which are involved in the development of the male reproductive system.
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Where is the frog's heart compared to its lungs? How do the locations of these organs affect interactions between the frog's respiratory and circulatory systems?
A frog's heart is situated in the chest, next to the lungs. The frog's heart is connected to a pair of sac-like organs called the lungs, which aid in breathing. Blood that is rich in oxygen is pumped from the lungs to the rest of the body by the heart.
What is anatomy?Anatomy is a branch of biology that focuses on identifying and describing the physical characteristics of living creatures.
A frog's respiratory system has three alternative pathways for oxygen to enter the body: through the skin, the lungs, and an unique mouth lining.
The circulatory system is connected to each of these respiratory surfaces, allowing the blood to be oxygenated.
The heart of a frog is located near to the lungs in the chest. The lungs of the frog are a pair of sac-like organs that help with breathing and are connected to the heart. The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the rest of the body.
Thus, this way, the locations of these organs affect interactions between the frog's respiratory and circulatory systems.
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Which other body areas would if tested prove to have a high density of sweat glands?
Soles of feet, palms, underarms, forehead will have a high density of sweat glands when tested.
Increased friction on bare feet is a fourth potential benefit of sweating on the soles. This is believed to have aided our ancestors in gaining a firmer footing when fleeing from predators or any other danger. All over the body, sweat glands are responsible for producing sweat.Your hypothalamus, a tiny part of your brain, signals to the eccrine sweat glands dispersed throughout your body that it is time to start cooling you down by creating sweat as soon as your body's internal temperature starts to rise. However, cooling off is more difficult than having your perspiration simply drip off of you.learn more about sweat glands here: https://brainly.com/question/19763172
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If you, like mendel, grow plants in the lab, and cross/breed short (tt) pea plants with another (tt) short pea plants, the offspring will be:_________
Cross/breed short (tt) pea plants with another (tt) short pea plants, the offspring will be also a short/dwarf pea plant(tt) due to the Monohybrid nature of the cross.
Monohybrid cross is responsible for the inheritance of one gene. It can be easily shown through a Punnett Square.
(Refer the picture attached for reference)
Thus the Genotype is "tt" and the Phenotype is "small".
"tt" is an example of pure gametes that are haploid. These gametes are always pure and do not possess homologous chromosomes. Instead, they possess one chromosome of each type, either recessive or dominant.
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The plasma membrane is ____________ permeable and allows some, but not all, substances to pass through it.
Stomach acidity is in the range of ph 1 to 2. How might this inhibit the growth of ingested bacteria?
Stomach acidity is in the range of pH 1 to 2 because of the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCL) and pepsin.
Cells in the stomach are responsible for the secretion of HCL in the stomach lumen.For the clearance of ingested bacteria, a particular range of pH is required. HCl and pepsin present in the gastric lumen can kill the bacteria within 15 min if the pH of the lumen gets maintained below 3. If the pH of the lumen increased by 4, it can cause bacterial overgrowth and the establishment of infection.
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animal which have no backbone name of there kingdom ???
Answer: invertebrates
Explanation:
Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?
A) loss of ADH secretionB) loss of GH secretionC) loss of melatonin secretionD) loss of emotional responseE) loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion
A )loss of ADH secretion.
Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus can cause loss of ADH secretion. Reason behind this is antidiuretic hormone are synthesized in hypothalamic supra optic nerves .Hence, destruction of supra optic nerve in the hypothalamus will alter the production and secretion of ADH . ADH is stored in posterior pituitary gland and is released into the circulation in response to extracellular fluid changes by the osmoreceptors in the brain.
Deficiency of ADH can cause or insensitivity of the kidney to ADH also known as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. These patients, if untreated, have the predictable result of dehydration, hyperosmolality, hypovolemia, and eventual death in severe cases.
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Fungi differ from bacteria in that fungi Group of answer choices Have cell walls. Spoil food. Are cellular. Have a nucleus. Have DNA.
yes true because they differ from bacteria
Identify the role of the organism in the community
The role of an organism in the community will depend on its position on the food web (e.g., producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, etc).
What is a trophic role?A trophic role can be defined by the particular position that an organism has in the food web.
For example, plants are producers that generate biomass, whereas herbivores are primary consumers.
In conclusion, the role of an organism in the community will depend on its position on the food web.
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darwin spent five years collecting information while on a voyage aboard the ____________
Assuming that the rest of the genome is normal, cells with an inactivating mutation in one copy of a tumor-suppressor gene with the second copy of the gene still wild-type are most likely to_____.
Assuming that the rest of the genome is normal, cells with an inactivating mutation in one copy of a tumor-suppressor gene with the second copy of the gene still wild-type are most likely to show no changes in DNA sequence.
Tumor suppressor genes are normally present in the body. These function properly and keep processing the cell growth and cell death (apoptosis). It can also suppress tumor development. If both copies of a tumor suppressor gene is mutated then only it cause a change in cell growth and form a tumor. So these are recessive in nature. And if only one gene is mutated then it shows no mutation. When a tumor suppressor gene is inactivated by mutation, the protein it encodes is not produced or does not function properly, and as a result, uncontrolled cell division can occur. Such mutations can contribute to the development of cancer.
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How would an increase in the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume? decreased end diastolic volume increased end systolic volume increased contractility increased end diastolic volume
The correct answer is (c) increased contractility which increases the stroke volume.
Stroke volume is the blood volume that is pumped by left ventricle of heart during each systolic contraction or the difference in end diastolic and end systolic volume. Sympathetic nerves arise in the intermediolateral nucleus of lateral grey column near the middle of spinal cord.
Increase in the sympathetic nervous system increases the myocardial contractility because sympathetic nerves innervate the myocardium which as a result increases the stroke volume and heart rate and ultimately a higher cardiac output is observed.
Therefore, with increase in sympathetic nervous system stronger contactility is observed which results in higher stroke volume.
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Which of the following governs the opening and closing of stomata?
a. Leaves
b. Phloem
c. Roots
d. Flowers​
Answer:
isn't there supposed to be an option mentioning guard cells tho :/
Explanation:
The best way to prevent ________ is to thoroughly cook eggs, chicken, and other foods to kill the bacterium.
The best way to prevent food poisoning is to thoroughly cook eggs, chicken, and other foods to kill the microorganisms.
What is food poisoning?Food poisoning is defined as the contamination of food by disease causing microorganisms which can affect the well being of an individual.
In order to prevent this from happening, the food should be:
Thoroughly preheated,Thoroughly cooked andAnd washed before eating.Learn more about food poisoning here;
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The styloid process, zygomatic process, and auditory ossicles are associated with the?
The styloid process, zygomatic process, and auditory ossicles are associated with the Temporal lobe.
The lower lateral walls of the skull are primarily made up of the temporal lobe. The bulk of the cranial nerves traverses it, which houses the middle and inner parts of the ear. Five separate components make up the temporal bone. Most of the bone comprises the squamous, tympanic, and petromastoid portions, with the zygomatic and styloid processes extending outwards. Sound waves are converted into pressure waves in the perilymph and endolymph via the tympanic membrane, the auditory ossicles, and other structures.
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Cyclophosphamide and thiotepa are examples of:
Answer:
ALKYLATING AGENTS
Explanation:
Examples of alkylating agents include chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, and busulfan.
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How are the hip bones in a frog different from the human pelvis?
Answer:
A frog's pelvis(hip bones) can slide up and down its spine, which may help it jump. The vertebrae at the bottom end of the spine are fused into one bone called the urostyle much like our coccyx(tailbone) - the remains of their tadpole tail.
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox reaction _____.
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox reaction loses electrons and also loses energy.
What is a redox reaction?A redox reaction is a type of chemical reaction where one molecule gains electrons (the oxidant agent) while the reducing agent loses electrons.
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that atoms have in their orbits and serve to form chemical bonds.
An example of an oxide-reduction (redox) reaction is the oxidation of iron, a process where this metal is oxidized and simultaneously oxygen is reduced.
In conclusion, the molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox reaction loses electrons and also loses energy.
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What are important functions of fiber in the body?
Answer:
Fiber helps to prevent constipation in the human digestive system.
Explanation:
According to nutritionists fiber is very important in digestion as it increases the amount of stool , hence prompting for deification which generally reduces the amount of time waste stays in the small intestines .
Another reason is that it gets in touch with the schist that has been rejected or is of no value to the system and binds it to make it compact waste hence it is easier to move along the small intestine and the colon .
Finally it facilitates movement and exercise of the bowel , by prompting regular movement .
Which of the following factors affects how much kinetic energy an object has? A. Mass B. Height C. Time D. Distance
Answer:
the right basic answer is mass and velocity or mass and speed
therefore there's no other choice than "A"
Glycolysis occurs in a series of 10 steps using 10 different enzymes. Place the following broad events that occur during glycolysis into their correct order.
1. Hexokinase 2. Phosphoglucose Isomerase 3. Phosphofructokinase 4. Aldolase 5. Triosephosphate isomerase 6. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase 7. Phosphoglycerate Kinase 8. Phosphoglycerate Mutase 9. Enolase 10. Pyruvate Kinase
What is Glycolysis ?A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen.
Glycolysis is one method that cells use to produce energy. When glycolysis is linked with other enzyme reactions that use oxygen, more complete breakdown of glucose is possible and more energy is produced.The main aim of glycolysis is to synthesize thousands of ATP molecules used for various cellular metabolism.Learn more about Glycolysis here:
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What adaptation do plants on the forest floor need to reproduce in a broadleaf forest?