in middle childhood, children begin to form cognitive representations of what needs to be done to achieve a specific goal. this process is known as

In Damasio's words, by using sensations of arousal, Jill is relying on "somatic markers" to make her decision.

According to Antonio Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis, somatic markers are bodily sensations or emotional responses that arise in response to certain stimuli or situations. These somatic markers are thought to guide decision-making by influencing the evaluation of options and facilitating the selection of appropriate actions.

In Jill's case, her gut feeling or intuition about which college to attend is likely influenced by somatic markers. Her sensations of arousal, such as a racing heart, butterflies in her stomach, or a sense of excitement, may serve as signals or indicators that help her make a decision. These bodily sensations, coupled with past experiences and emotional memories associated with the options, contribute to her overall intuitive judgment.

Damasio's theory suggests that somatic markers play a crucial role in the decision-making process, providing a physiological basis for our subjective feelings and influencing our choices based on the integration of emotional and cognitive processes.

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People high in conscientiousness tend to perform well at work and live longer.

Conscientiousness is a personality trait characterized by being organized, responsible, reliable, and diligent in one's actions.  Individuals high in conscientiousness are often goal-oriented, self-disciplined, and exhibit strong work ethic. They tend to be diligent in their tasks, pay attention to details, and strive for excellence. As a result, they are more likely to be successful in their careers and achieve positive outcomes. Moreover, research has shown that conscientiousness is associated with better health outcomes and increased longevity, as conscientious individuals are more likely to engage in healthy behaviors, take care of their physical well-being, and adhere to medical recommendations.

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The tendency of American and European anthropologists to attribute their own beliefs about sex and gender to the Native American cross-gender tradition is an example of ethnocentrism.

The correct option is  c. ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to evaluate or interpret other cultures based on the standards and values of one's own culture, often leading to a biased perspective. In the given situation, American and European anthropologists are projecting their own beliefs and understanding of sex and gender onto the Native American cross-gender tradition. Instead of approaching the cross-gender tradition with cultural relativism (recognizing and respecting the cultural diversity and values of different societies) or the sociological imagination (understanding social phenomena within broader social contexts), they are imposing their own cultural framework.

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False. It is not ethically acceptable to refrain from reporting the findings if researchers find that a new intervention is not effective. Ethical principles and scientific integrity require researchers to report their findings truthfully and accurately, regardless of the outcome.

Reporting all findings, both positive and negative, is essential for the advancement of knowledge and the integrity of the scientific community. Negative results provide valuable information and contribute to a comprehensive understanding of a given research area. They help prevent the duplication of efforts and allow other researchers to build upon previous work, refining interventions, and developing new approaches.

In addition to the ethical imperative, there are also practical reasons for reporting negative findings. Publication bias, which occurs when studies with negative or inconclusive results are less likely to be published, can distort the body of scientific evidence. It can create an inaccurate picture of the effectiveness of interventions and lead to biased decision-making in clinical practice or policy development.

Promoting transparency and openness in reporting research findings is essential for the credibility and reliability of the scientific enterprise. Researchers have a responsibility to contribute to the collective knowledge and uphold scientific integrity by reporting all findings, even if they are not as expected or desired.

In summary, it is not ethically acceptable to refrain from reporting findings when researchers find that a new intervention is not effective. Ethical principles and scientific integrity require researchers to report both positive and negative results to ensure transparency, prevent biases, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge.

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An organization with a (C) political orientation generates and distributes power and control within society.

An organization with a political orientation focuses on the generation and distribution of power and control within society. It is concerned with governance, decision-making processes, and the allocation of resources and authority. A political organization aims to influence or control public policies, laws, and regulations to achieve its objectives and maintain its position of power.

In a political organization, power dynamics, negotiations, and competition play a significant role. The organization seeks to assert its influence, shape public opinion, and mobilize support to achieve its goals. Political organizations can take various forms, including political parties, interest groups, advocacy organizations, and government institutions. They engage in activities such as lobbying, campaigning, policy analysis, and public advocacy to advance their agenda and exert influence over societal structures and processes.

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The dimension of organizational climate that refers to the degree of being honored for one's efforts and being punished appropriately is known as "reward and punishment." This dimension is concerned with how employees are recognized and compensated for their hard work, as well as how transgressions and mistakes are handled.

A positive reward and punishment climate encourages employees to work hard and strive for excellence, knowing that their efforts will be acknowledged and rewarded. On the other hand, a negative reward and punishment climate can demotivate employees and lead to a lack of commitment and engagement.

Therefore, it is essential for organizations to create a fair and consistent system of rewards and punishments to foster a positive organizational climate.

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Four-year-old Jamal is likely to consider hitting his sibling as more wrong than telling a small lie.

At this age, children's moral reasoning is still developing, and they are beginning to understand concepts of right and wrong. However, their understanding is often based on concrete actions and immediate consequences rather than complex ethical principles.

Young children like Jamal tend to view physical aggression, such as hitting or physically hurting someone, as more morally wrong because they can directly see the harm caused. They may perceive it as a clear violation of rules and fairness.

On the other hand, telling a small lie might be seen as less morally wrong by a four-year-old like Jamal. They may not fully grasp the concept of deception or the potential consequences of lying. Their focus is more on immediate desires, such as avoiding punishment or gaining a desired outcome.

It's important to note that moral development varies among individuals, and cultural and social factors can influence children's understanding of right and wrong. As children grow older, their moral reasoning becomes more sophisticated and incorporates broader ethical considerations.

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Sumer was one of the earliest civilizations in the world, which emerged around 4000 BCE in Mesopotamia, in present-day Iraq. It differed from the societies that came before it in several ways:

Development of writing: Sumer is credited with developing one of the earliest known writing systems, known as cuneiform. This allowed for the creation of records and the transmission of information across time and space.

Urbanization: Sumer was characterized by the development of large, permanent settlements that were organized around temples and city-states, which marked a significant departure from earlier, more nomadic societies.

Technological advancements: Sumerians made several technological advancements, such as the wheel, the plow, and the sail, which greatly improved their ability to transport goods and grow crops.

Specialization of labor: Sumer was marked by the emergence of specialized occupations, such as craftsmen, merchants, and priests, which allowed for greater productivity and trade.

Overall, Sumer differed from earlier societies in terms of its development of writing, urbanization, technological advancements, and specialization of labor, which helped to lay the foundations for later civilizations.

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As a DBA providing end-user support services, it is important to understand and be able to effectively handle conflicts and problem resolution. Conflict can arise when end-users have different opinions or needs regarding the database or its use. These conflicts can range from minor disagreements to more serious disputes that can impact the functionality of the database. It is the role of the DBA to identify and address these conflicts in a timely and effective manner.

Problem resolution is another crucial aspect of end-user support services. End-users may encounter a range of technical issues related to the database, such as slow performance, errors, or bugs. As a DBA, it is important to be able to diagnose and troubleshoot these issues quickly and efficiently to minimize any impact on the end-users. This may involve working with other IT professionals, such as developers or network administrators, to identify the root cause of the issue and develop a solution that meets the needs of the end-users.

Overall, as a DBA providing end-user support services, it is important to have strong conflict resolution and problem-solving skills to ensure the smooth functioning of the database and the satisfaction of the end-users.

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Engaging in protectionism is in everyone's best interest since it protects American industry from foreign competition True.

One of the most effective tools a government can use to enact protectionist policies is the imposition of import tariffs. As protective measures, there are three primary ideas for import tariffs. In most cases, all forms of import tariffs are assessed to the nation importing the goods and recorded at the government customs office. A nation's import costs rise as a result of import tariffs.

Import tariffs known as scientific tariffs are applied item-by-item, causing the importer to pay more for their goods and the final consumer to pay more. The industry in question is the focus of peril point import tariffs.

The levels at which tariff decreases or increases would cause significant harm to an industry as a whole are calculated for these tariffs, which could put an industry out of business because it can't compete. Tariffs called retaliatory tariffs are primarily imposed in response to excessive duties imposed by trading partners.

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U.S. Treasury bills (e)  have tended to produce the lowest real rate of return for the period 1926 through 2012.

Treasury bills are short-term bonds issued by the U.S. government with maturities of less than one year. While they are considered one of the safest investments, they also offer the lowest returns among other types of securities. Inflation has been a major factor in the lower returns on Treasury bills as they do not offer inflation protection, unlike other types of securities. Long-term government bonds and corporate bonds have generally offered higher real rates of return over the same period, as they are subject to greater risk and uncertainty. Small-company stocks and large-company stocks have also offered higher real rates of return but with greater volatility and risk. Therefore, Treasury bills have produced the lowest real rate of return due to their low risk and low inflation protection.

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According to the functionalist perspective, deviance is considered to be a universal phenomenon because it is present in all societies, irrespective of their culture, geography, or era.

This is because, in functionalist theory, deviance is viewed as having certain important functions that contribute to the overall functioning of society. These functions include preventing social chaos, clarifying rules and boundaries, uniting a group, and promoting social change.

However, out of the given options, the function that deviance does NOT serve, according to the functionalist perspective, is promoting social change. This is because the functionalist perspective emphasizes the importance of maintaining social order and stability, rather than promoting social change or upheaval. In fact, deviance is often seen as a threat to social order, and therefore, efforts are made to control and suppress it through various means, such as laws, sanctions, and social stigma.

In summary, the functionalist perspective on deviance emphasizes its universality and importance in maintaining social order, but does not see it as a tool for promoting social change.

The other functions include promoting social change, clarifying rules, and uniting a group. The functionalist perspective posits that deviance serves a purpose in maintaining social order, but it does not explicitly prevent social chaos.

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Conflict theory would suggest that group memberships are used to separate and differentially treat individuals on the basis of their categorization.

Conflict theory, a sociological perspective, focuses on the role of power, inequality, and social conflict in society. According to this perspective, individuals and groups with different characteristics or social identities may experience unequal treatment and power dynamics due to the competition for resources and the pursuit of self-interests.

In the context of group memberships, conflict theory highlights how social categories, such as race, class, gender, or ethnicity, can be used as a basis for social stratification and differential treatment. It recognizes that these categories can create divisions and hierarchies within society, leading to unequal access to resources, opportunities, and social rewards.

Conflict theorists examine how dominant groups maintain and reinforce their power through mechanisms such as discrimination, exploitation, and oppression. They also explore how social movements and collective action can emerge to challenge and transform existing power structures and strive for greater equality and social justice.

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Both s a and c contribute to reducing message distortion and misunderstandings in presentations.

a) The audience can immediately ask for clarification if something isn't clear.

c) Multiple people receive the message at the same time.

a) When delivering a presentation, the audience has the opportunity to ask questions or seek clarification in real-time.

for the clarification of any unclear points or addressing misunderstandings on the spot, reducing the chances of distorted or misinterpreted messages.

c) Presentations allow multiple people to receive the message simultaneously. This ensures that everyone in the audience is exposed to the same information at the same time, minimizing the risk of miscommunication due to variations in individual interpretations or different versions of the message being passed on.

Option b, stating that the audience always knows the content ahead of time, is not necessarily true for all presentations. The level of pre-knowledge or awareness of the content may vary depending on the specific presentation and circumstances.

Option d, stating that the speaker always has more time to prepare, is not directly related to reducing message distortion and misunderstandings during the presentation itself. It pertains to the preparation stage, which can contribute to the overall effectiveness of the presentation but does not directly address the reduction of message distortion or misunderstandings.

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Most industrial nations have intentionally decreased their production and use of refrigerants and other chlorofluorocarbons in the last 20 years to address the harmful effects on the ozone layer and the environment.

The majority of the UV light from the Sun is absorbed by the Earth's stratosphere's ozone layer, also known as the ozone shield. In comparison to other areas of the atmosphere, it has a high concentration of ozone (O3), yet it is still relatively low in comparison to other gases in the stratosphere. The typical ozone concentration in the Earth's atmosphere is around 0.3 parts per million, whereas the ozone layer has a concentration of fewer than 10 parts per million.

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In order to give viewers the impression that the spirit of the Buddha inhabited the sculpture in the main hall, a monk performed a ceremony in which he painted eyes onto the statue.

A monk performed a ceremony known as the "eye-opening" ritual.

This sacred ceremony involves painting the eyes of the sculpture, symbolically bringing it to life and imbuing it with the spiritual essence of the Buddha.

The monk's actions during the ritual convey the notion that the divine presence is transferred into the sculpture, turning it into more than just an artistic representation, but a vessel for the Buddha's spirit. This allows the viewers to feel a profound connection to the teachings and wisdom of the Buddha when they visit the main hall.

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The attitudes you have about yourself are known as self-concept which is given by option D.

Self-concept is distinct from self-awareness, which is the degree to which one's attitudes and dispositions are currently affected by one's self-knowledge. Self-esteem is also distinct from self-concept: Self-esteem is evaluative and opinionated, whereas self-concept is a cognitive or descriptive aspect of one's self (for example, "I feel good about being a fast runner").

The social self, self-esteem, and self-knowledge all interact with one's self-concept, which is made up of one's self-schemas. It includes the present, past, and future selves, where the future selves (also known as possible selves) represent people's ideas of what they might become, what they want to become, or what they are afraid of becoming. It's possible that possible selves serve as motivations for particular actions.

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Fear-arousing messages are most effective in influencing behavior under the following conditions: Moderate level of fear, Specific recommendations, etc

1. Moderate level of fear: When the message evokes a moderate level of fear, it is more likely to be persuasive and lead to a change in behavior. 2. Specific recommendations: Providing clear, actionable steps for the audience to follow in order to reduce the fear or threat can make the message more effective.

3. Credible source: If the message comes from a trustworthy and reliable source, it is more likely to be accepted and influence behavior.

4. Relevance to the audience: Messages that are highly relevant and directly related to the audience's needs, values, or interests are more persuasive.

5. Self-efficacy: If the message emphasizes that the individual is capable of performing the recommended action, it increases the likelihood of behavior change. By incorporating these factors, fear-arousing messages can effectively influence behavior.

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Martin Seligman suggested that feelings of learned helplessness are at the center of depression. Martin Seligman, a prominent psychologist, proposed the concept of learned helplessness as a central factor in the development and maintenance of depression.

According to Seligman, learned helplessness occurs when individuals believe that they have no control over their circumstances and that their actions are futile in influencing outcomes. This perception of helplessness leads to feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness, which are key characteristics of depression.

Seligman's theory suggests that individuals who experience repeated and uncontrollable negative events may develop a cognitive bias towards helplessness, leading to a downward spiral of depressive symptoms.

These individuals may perceive their actions as ineffective in changing their situation, leading to a belief that they are helpless to improve their circumstances. This sense of helplessness can become generalized to various aspects of their lives, further contributing to depressive symptoms.

By focusing on addressing learned helplessness, Seligman's theory highlights the importance of empowering individuals and promoting a sense of control in combating depression.

Therapeutic interventions that aim to challenge and modify these negative cognitive patterns can help individuals regain a sense of agency and promote more adaptive ways of thinking and behaving.

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Rita's aggressive behavior on the hockey rink can be described as competitive or assertive. Rita's intensity and assertiveness during hockey games are driven by her competitive nature.

When Rita is on the hockey rink, she exhibits a high level of competitiveness and intensity in her playing style. She may engage in physical play, assertiveness, and a strong drive to win. These characteristics are commonly observed in players who are passionate about the game and determined to give their best performance. It is important to note that aggression in hockey is regulated within the rules of the sport, and players are expected to compete within the boundaries of fair play.

Off the rink, Rita's behavior is different, as she displays kindness and respect towards others, indicating that her aggression is specific to her performance in the context of hockey.

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Rita's aggressive behavior on the hockey rink can be described as competitive or assertive. Rita's intensity and assertiveness during hockey games are driven by her competitive nature.

When Rita is on the hockey rink, she exhibits a high level of competitiveness and intensity in her playing style. She may engage in physical play, assertiveness, and a strong drive to win. These characteristics are commonly observed in players who are passionate about the game and determined to give their best performance. It is important to note that aggression in hockey is regulated within the rules of the sport, and players are expected to compete within the boundaries of fair play.

Off the rink, Rita's behavior is different, as she displays kindness and respect towards others, indicating that her aggression is specific to her performance in the context of hockey.

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The statement is true because the humanistic approach to psychology posits that people have an innate desire for self-actualization and personal growth.

Psychological distress arises when individuals experience conflicts between their actual selves (their real experiences and behaviors) and their ideal selves (their aspirations and values). This discrepancy can lead to feelings of anxiety, depression, and dissatisfaction with life.

The humanistic approach emphasizes the importance of self-awareness, self-acceptance, and self-expression in achieving a sense of wholeness and fulfillment. Thus, resolving the discrepancies between one's experiences and self-concept is crucial for promoting psychological well-being.

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In this citation, you'll notice that the author's name is listed with the last name first, followed by the first name. The title of the article is in quotation marks and the name of the journal is italicized.

The volume and issue numbers are included, along with the year and page numbers. All words in the title are capitalized according to MLA rules, except for prepositions and articles (like "the" and "of"). Additionally, all major words in the journal title are capitalized.

The punctuation is also correct, with periods used after the author's name and after the title of the article. Overall, this citation follows all of the guidelines for MLA formatting, punctuation, and capitalization.

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The statement is true because the 2008 recession significantly impacted the job market and economy, leading to long-term negative consequences for college graduates in terms of earning potential and social mobility.

The recession resulted in reduced job opportunities, lower starting salaries, and increased competition for available positions. Consequently, college students who graduates from this period faced more difficulty in finding stable, well-paying jobs, which in turn affected their career growth and social mobility.

Additionally, these graduates may have accumulated student loan debt, further exacerbating their financial challenges. Overall, the post-2008 recession period created a challenging environment for college graduates, causing long-term effects on their economic and social prospects.

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The statement that ensures a file will be closed even when an exception is raised is the "with" statement, also known as the context manager.

This is done using the "with open()" construct in Python, which automatically closes the file when the block of code is exited, even if an exception occurs. The "with" statement is a context manager in Python that automatically takes care of resource management, such as closing files, when the block of code is finished, regardless of whether an exception occurs or not.

When a file is opened using the "with" statement, it is guaranteed to be closed when the block of code exits, even if an exception is raised within that block.

The answer is general as no options are provided.

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The concept of a universal principle of natural order and balance has been compared to similar concepts in other cultures such as the Natural law.

Law of nature is a system of law that is based on close observation of human nature and on values that are inherent to human nature and can be deduced and applied independently of positive law (the expressly enacted laws of a state or society). Jusnaturalism is a theory of law that says that every person has inherent rights that are given to them by "God, nature, or reason" rather than by an act of legislation. The term "theories of ethics, theories of politics, theories of civil law, and theories of religious morality" can also be used in natural law theory. "

In Western practice, it was expected by the pre-Socratics, for instance as they continued looking for rules that represented the universe and people. The idea of normal regulation was recorded in antiquated Greek way of thinking, including Aristotle, and was alluded to in old Roman way of thinking by Cicero. It is mentioned in both the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, and Christian philosophers like Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas later elaborated on it in the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, the School of Salamanca made significant contributions.

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The given statement "A comparison reveals how two words or concepts are similar; a contrast defines by revealing how they are different" is true.Comparison shows similarities, contrast shows differences.

A comparison involves identifying and highlighting similarities between two words or concepts, whereas a contrast involves identifying and highlighting differences.

Comparisons can be useful in highlighting commonalities and connections, while contrasts can help to clarify distinctions and nuances.

Both comparison and contrast are important tools for effective communication and analysis.

By using these techniques, we can more clearly understand the similarities and differences between concepts, ideas, and objects.

Ultimately, this can lead to a deeper understanding of the world around us, as well as a more nuanced and sophisticated ability to communicate our thoughts and ideas to others.

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The main purpose of universal design is to create spaces that are accessible and inclusive for people of all abilities and backgrounds.

Maddy's use of this concept in her design of the events center means that she is prioritizing the needs of a diverse group of people and working to ensure that everyone can participate in events without barriers.

This can include designing features such as wide doorways and hallways, ramps, accessible restrooms, and adjustable lighting and acoustics.

By incorporating universal design principles, Maddy is not only creating a more welcoming and inclusive space, but also promoting a more equitable and just society where everyone has equal access to public spaces and events.

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The statement that would explain the observation of an increase in both the price of ping pong tables and the quantity of ping pong tables bought and sold is "an increase in the demand for ping pong tables."

This observation suggests that there is a simultaneous increase in both the price and quantity, which is inconsistent with the law of demand. According to the law of demand, as the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded typically decreases, assuming all other factors remain constant.

If there were a decrease in the demand for ping pong tables, it would result in a decrease in both the price and the quantity bought and sold. Similarly, an increase in the supply of ping pong tables would lead to a decrease in price but an increase in quantity.

Therefore, the most plausible explanation is an increase in the demand for ping pong tables. This could be due to factors such as a surge in popularity, increased interest in the sport, or effective marketing campaigns. As a result, consumers are willing to pay higher prices, leading to an increase in both the price and the quantity of ping pong tables bought and sold.

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Lewis and Clark encountered dangerous situations during their expedition, including confrontations with hostile Native American tribes, harsh weather conditions, treacherous terrains, and encounters with wild animals.

As explorers leading the famous Lewis and Clark Expedition, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark encountered various dangerous situations during their journey across uncharted territory. One of the main hazards they faced was the potential for hostile encounters with Native American tribes. While they sought peaceful interactions with the indigenous peoples they encountered, there were instances of tension and conflict that put their lives at risk.      

Additionally, the expedition faced physical dangers and challenges in the form of treacherous terrains, harsh weather conditions, and unfamiliar wildlife. They had to navigate through rugged mountains, dense forests, and vast rivers, often facing hardships such as extreme cold, hunger, and exhaustion. They also encountered dangerous animals like grizzly bears and venomous snakes.

The unpredictable nature of the wilderness and the constant need for survival skills and resourcefulness made their journey inherently risky. Despite these dangers, Lewis and Clark demonstrated remarkable bravery, adaptability, and leadership, successfully completing their expedition and expanding knowledge of the American West.

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