In an effort to help a child overcome a fear of cats, a therapist pairs a trigger stimulus (something associated with cats) that causes an emotional response that is incompatible with fear. Which clinical orientation is this therapist using

A scientific theory is a framework of ideas and assumptions that has been extensively tested and can be used to explain a set of observations and make predictions about the natural world.

A theory is supported by multiple lines of evidence and can be used to make predictions that can be tested through experimentation and observation.

A theory is not a mere guess or hypothesis, but a well-supported explanation of a natural phenomenon. The scientific method is used to develop and test theories, and as new evidence is gathered, theories may be modified or even replaced.

Scientific theories are essential in helping us understand the world around us and guiding scientific research.

Hence, the answer to the blank is scientific theory.

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The formation of the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans as two opposing political parties was caused by a fundamental disagreement over the role of the federal government in governing the new United States.

The Federalists believed in a strong central government with a strong executive branch, while the Democratic-Republicans believed in a decentralized government with more power given to the individual states.

The answer is that the roots of this disagreement can be traced back to the debate over the ratification of the Constitution. The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, favored a strong central government with a powerful executive branch that could enforce federal laws and protect national security. They believed that a strong federal government was necessary to protect the new nation from foreign threats and to promote economic growth.

On the other hand, the Democratic-Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, believed in a more limited role for the federal government. They believed that the individual states should have more power and that the federal government should only have the powers explicitly granted to it in the Constitution. They also feared that a strong central government would be more likely to abuse its power and infringe on the rights of citizens.

These disagreements over the role of government led to the formation of two distinct political parties. The Federalist Party was established in the early 1790s and was popular among wealthy merchants and landowners in the Northeast. The Democratic-Republican Party, also established in the early 1790s, was more popular among farmers and small business owners in the South and West.

In conclusion, the formation of the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans as two opposing political parties was caused by a fundamental disagreement over the role of the federal government in governing the new United States. The Federalists favored a strong central government, while the Democratic-Republicans favored a more decentralized government with more power given to the individual states. These disagreements led to the formation of two distinct political parties that continue to shape American politics to this day.

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the decision to close a court proceeding or document is a delicate balancing act that requires careful consideration of the legal and factual circumstances at hand.

If the closure issue arises in the context of the judicial process, the first thing a judge must determine is whether the proceeding or document is eligible for closure under the law. In other words, the judge must determine whether there is a legal basis for closing the proceeding or document from public access.In most jurisdictions, the law provides certain grounds for closing court proceedings or documents, such as to protect national security, to maintain confidentiality of trade secrets, to safeguard the privacy of individuals, or to ensure a fair trial.

These grounds may be set forth in the constitution, statutes, or court rules, and they may vary depending on the type of proceeding or document at issue.

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Diana Baumrind's study of nursery school children found that the children of authoritative parents were friendlier, more cooperative, and less disruptive than children of authoritarian parents.

Baumrind's research in the field of developmental psychology identified different parenting styles and their impact on children's behavior and outcomes. She identified three main parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive.

Authoritative parents are characterized by setting clear expectations and rules while also being warm, supportive, and responsive to their children's needs. They provide structure and guidance while also encouraging independence and autonomy. This parenting style fosters a positive and nurturing environment that promotes social competence and self-regulation in children.

On the other hand, authoritarian parents are highly demanding and controlling, emphasizing obedience and conformity. They often have strict rules and expectations, but may be less responsive to their children's emotional needs. This parenting style tends to be associated with more negative outcomes, such as decreased social skills and increased behavior problems.

Baumrind's study revealed that children of authoritative parents exhibited more positive social behaviors, such as friendliness, cooperation, and self-control, compared to children of authoritarian parents. This finding suggests that the authoritative parenting style, with its combination of clear expectations and warm support, promotes the development of positive social skills and behavior in children.

It is important to note that parenting styles can vary across cultures and individual families, and that children's behavior is influenced by multiple factors. However, Baumrind's research has been influential in understanding the link between parenting styles and child outcomes.

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Anna Maria is demonstrating the social aspect of her self-concept when she talks about how many friends she has. This aspect relates to her perception of her relationships and social connections within her environment.

Anna Maria is demonstrating the social aspect of self-concept when she talks about how many friends she has.

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The US Constitution gave the States powers such as the ability to regulate commerce within their borders, establish local governments, conduct elections, and ratify amendments to the Constitution.

On the other hand, the Federal Government was granted powers to regulate commerce between the states, declare war, establish a postal system, and maintain the military. The Constitution also granted the Federal Government the power to levy taxes and borrow money, while the States were prohibited from entering into treaties with foreign governments or coining their own currency. Overall, the Constitution established a system of federalism where both the Federal Government and States have distinct and important powers.

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The US Constitution divides powers between the Federal Government and the States. Here's a concise comparison of the powers granted to each:

Federal Government powers: taxation, defense, regulating interstate commerce, foreign relations, and coining money.
State Government powers: local law enforcement, education, intrastate commerce, elections, and public health.

Federal Government:
1. Taxation: The power to collect taxes, duties, and excises to fund government operations.
2. Defense: The authority to maintain and control the military for national defense purposes.
3. Regulating interstate commerce: Overseeing trade and economic activity that crosses state lines.
4. Foreign relations: Conducting diplomacy, entering treaties, and managing international affairs.
5. Coining money: Regulating the monetary system, including creating currency and setting its value.

State Government:
1. Local law enforcement: Maintaining and controlling police forces and ensuring public safety.
2. Education: Overseeing public schools, setting curriculum standards, and managing education policies.
3. Intrastate commerce: Regulating trade and economic activity within state borders.
4. Elections: Administering elections and overseeing voting procedures at the state and local levels.
5. Public health: Managing public health policies, such as sanitation, disease control, and healthcare services.

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The sensory system that is best suited to detect whether your body is in a vertical or horizontal position is the vestibular system.

The vestibular system is responsible for detecting and regulating our body's balance, orientation, and spatial awareness. It is located in the inner ear and is comprised of fluid-filled canals and tiny hair cells that are sensitive to movement.

When we move our head, the fluid in the canals moves as well, causing the hair cells to bend and send signals to the brain about our body's position in space. This allows us to maintain our balance, walk upright, and perform complex movements without falling over.

The vestibular system is particularly important for detecting changes in our body's orientation, such as when we shift from a horizontal to a vertical position. It also plays a role in our sense of direction and our ability to navigate through space.

Overall, the vestibular system is an essential sensory system that helps us maintain our balance, orientation, and spatial awareness. It is particularly well-suited to detecting changes in our body's position and ensuring that we remain upright and stable.

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In a human relations course, understanding management style is crucial for a number of reasons. Firstly, management style refers to the approach or method used by managers to lead their team and achieve organizational goals.

Therefore, understanding different management styles is important for employees who may work under different managers and need to adapt to their respective styles in order to perform effectively. Additionally, knowing about different management styles can help individuals who aspire to become managers in the future. By understanding the pros and cons of different styles, they can develop their own style that is effective and fits the organizational culture. Furthermore, management style can have a significant impact on employee satisfaction, motivation, and retention. Research has shown that a positive management style that values and supports employees can lead to increased job satisfaction and productivity. On the other hand, a negative management style can lead to high turnover rates and a toxic work environment. Overall, understanding management style in a human relations course can help individuals navigate the workplace and develop skills needed to succeed in leadership positions. It can also promote a healthy work environment that fosters employee engagement and retention.

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The third stage of a dispute involves intentions, which act as a bridge between people's covert behaviour and perceptions.

Decisions to act in a certain way are known as intentions. Intentions stand in the way between people's perceptions and emotions and their outward behaviour.  Actual behaviour is the third level in Thomas' paradigm. Following the conceptualization stage, participants to a conflict seek to put their chosen form of conflict resolution into practise by engaging in conflict or making accommodations in the hopes of finding solutions.

Intragroup. When there are several people working towards a shared objective who have different ideas, backgrounds, and experiences, this level of conflict arises amongst members of a single organisation. Even while they could all have the same objective, they can have different ideas on how to get there.

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Observational research can be a valuable tool for gaining insight into actual behaviors, and can provide a more accurate picture of what people are really doing.

If a researcher wants to know what people really do, not what they think they do, then I would recommend using observational research as the method. Observational research involves watching and recording behaviors, actions, and events as they occur in a natural setting, without interfering or manipulating any variables. This type of research can provide valuable insight into actual behaviors, as opposed to self-reported behaviors or opinions.

There are two main types of observational research: structured and unstructured. Structured observation involves pre-defined categories and behaviors that the researcher is looking for, while unstructured observation allows for more flexibility and open-ended exploration of behaviors. Both types can be useful depending on the research question and the setting.

One important consideration when using observational research is the potential for bias or observer effects. Researchers should strive to minimize any personal biases and maintain objectivity in their observations. Additionally, they should consider the impact of being observed on the behavior being studied, as participants may alter their behavior due to the presence of the observer.

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When children are not changing much cognitively, they assimilate more than they accommodate. Option C is answer.

Assimilation refers to the process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas, while accommodation involves modifying existing schemas to accommodate new information. If cognitive development is relatively stable, children primarily assimilate new experiences and knowledge into their existing understanding of the world, rather than actively restructuring their schemas through accommodation.

Option C is answer.

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In addition to surveys of student perceptions and classroom observations, the other measure used by the Measures of Teaching Effectiveness Project is student learning outcomes.

This measure involves assessing the actual learning outcomes achieved by students in relation to the teaching they received. It looks at the progress and growth of students in terms of the knowledge, skills, and competencies they have acquired as a result of the teaching they received. By measuring student learning outcomes, educators can evaluate the effectiveness of their teaching methods and identify areas for improvement. This measure provides a holistic perspective on teaching effectiveness by focusing on the ultimate goal of education, which is student learning.

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Melissa's review is an example of consumer feedback or an online review.

Consumer feedback or online reviews are important for businesses, as they offer insight into customer experiences and can influence other potential customers' choices. Melissa's negative review on Yelp, a popular platform for sharing reviews, reflects her dissatisfaction with the tasteless meal and poor service she received at the restaurant. By sharing her experience, she informs others about the quality of the food and service, which can impact the restaurant's reputation and customer base. Online reviews help potential customers make informed decisions and encourage businesses to improve their products and services. In this case, Melissa's review serves as a tool for communication between consumers and businesses, allowing her to express her discontent and warn others about her unpleasant experience.

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The answer to the question is option a. How much the audience likes the speaker. Demographic characteristics are measurable characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, income, education, occupation, and religion.

Demographic characteristics characteristics are used to analyze and understand the behavior and preferences of different groups of people. In contrast, the audience's opinion of the speaker is subjective and cannot be measured as a demographic characteristic.

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During REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, most of the brain regions experience increased activity compared to non-REM sleep. However, the area that is likely to show the least amount of activation is the prefrontal cortex.

During REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, the brain is very active and the body is in a state of paralysis. This stage of sleep is essential for a good night's sleep as it is believed to help with memory consolidation and emotional regulation. However, there are some areas of the brain that may show less activation during REM sleep.

One area of the brain that is likely to show the least amount of activation during REM sleep is the prefrontal cortex. This area of the brain is responsible for decision-making, planning, and attention. During REM sleep, the prefrontal cortex is less active than during wakefulness, which may explain why we are more likely to have vivid and emotional dreams during this stage of sleep.

Other areas of the brain that may show less activation during REM sleep include the parietal cortex and the primary visual cortex. The parietal cortex is involved in spatial awareness and attention, while the primary visual cortex is responsible for processing visual information. During REM sleep, these areas of the brain are less active, which may explain why our dreams can seem surreal and illogical.

In summary, while the brain is very active during REM sleep, there are some areas that may show less activation. The prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and primary visual cortex are all areas that may be less active during this stage of sleep.

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The social factor affecting ethics in this example is cultural differences. Cultural differences can greatly affect what is considered acceptable and ethical behavior in different societies or countries.

What may be viewed as a normal practice in one culture may be seen as unethical or illegal in another culture. In some cultures, giving and receiving gratuities may be a common and accepted practice, and may not be seen as a form of bribery or corruption. In other cultures, such behavior may be viewed as unethical and illegal and may result in severe consequences for both the giver and the receiver.

It is important to understand and respect cultural differences when it comes to ethical practices, particularly in the context of international business or dealings with individuals from different cultures. Being aware of different cultural norms and values can help individuals navigate ethical dilemmas and avoid misunderstandings that can lead to ethical violations.

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Sociologists have observed that upper-middle-class blacks earn approximately 82 percent of what their white counterparts earn. This percentage may vary slightly depending on the study, but this is a common finding in the research.

Sociologists study human society, including its structures, cultures, institutions, and interactions. They examine how societies are organized and how people interact within them, looking at factors such as race, class, gender, and age. Sociologists use a variety of methods, including surveys, interviews, and observations, to gather data and analyze social phenomena. They seek to understand social problems, such as inequality, poverty, and discrimination, and to identify ways to address them. Sociologists also study social change, including the effects of technology, globalization, and other forces that shape societies over time. Their work contributes to a better understanding of human behavior and society, and informs public policy and social programs.

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Sociologists have observed that upper-middle-class blacks earn approximately 82 percent of what their white counterparts earn. This percentage may vary slightly depending on the study, but this is a common finding in the research.

Sociologists study human society, including its structures, cultures, institutions, and interactions. They examine how societies are organized and how people interact within them, looking at factors such as race, class, gender, and age. Sociologists use a variety of methods, including surveys, interviews, and observations, to gather data and analyze social phenomena. They seek to understand social problems, such as inequality, poverty, and discrimination, and to identify ways to address them. Sociologists also study social change, including the effects of technology, globalization, and other forces that shape societies over time. Their work contributes to a better understanding of human behavior and society, and informs public policy and social programs.

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Her therapist using a. behavior modification techniques, Carena's therapist is helping her to change her behavior and break her bad habit of biting and picking at her nails.

Behavior modification is a therapeutic technique that focuses on changing behavior through the use of various learning principles. In Carena's case, her therapist is using behavior modification to teach her how to stop biting and picking at her fingernails. The therapist may be using a few different learning principles to help Carena break her bad habit. For example, they may be using positive reinforcement, which involves rewarding desired behaviors with positive consequences.

This could involve giving Carena a small prize or reward every time she successfully avoids biting her nails. The therapist may also be using negative reinforcement, which involves removing an unpleasant stimulus when a desired behavior occurs. For example, they may encourage Carena to keep her hands busy with something else, like a stress ball or fidget toy, so that she is less likely to bite her nails.

Finally, the therapist may be using punishment, which involves adding an unpleasant consequence when an undesired behavior occurs. For example, they may ask Carena to wear gloves or mittens to prevent her from biting her nails. However, punishment is typically used as a last resort and is generally less effective than positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement. Therefore, the correct answer is option a.

The Question was Incomplete, Find the full content below :

Carena has a bad habit of biting her fingernails and pulling at her cuticles until her fingers bleed and have sores. Her therapist is teaching her how not to bite and pick at her fingernails using various learning principles. Her therapist is using

a. behavior modification.

b. humanistic therapy.

c. psychoanalysis.

d. existential therapy.

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Latinas and African Americans have had the most significant recent declines in adolescent pregnancy and birth rates among ethnic groups in the United States.

According to data from the National Center for Health Statistics, between 2007 and 2017, there was a 50% decline in the birth rate among Hispanic teens and a 60% decline among African American teens. This decline was more significant than among non-Hispanic white and Asian teens, who had a 46% and 65% decline, respectively. Experts credit this decline to increased access to contraception, sex education, and culturally specific programs targeting these populations. This decline has been most significant for Latinas and African Americans, who have experienced the largest reductions in these rates compared to other ethnic groups.

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Philip's threat known as elderly Uncle Al can be identified as duress.

Duress occurs when one party coerces or forces another party to enter into a contract or perform an action against their will, often through the use of threats or violence. Philip is attempting to force his Uncle Al into signing the bill of sale for the house by threatening physical harm if he does not comply. This behavior is not only unethical but also illegal, as contracts and agreements should be made voluntarily and without undue pressure.

If Uncle Al were to sign the bill of sale under these circumstances, the contract could potentially be deemed voidable, meaning that it could be canceled or terminated due to the presence of duress. It's essential for individuals entering into contracts or agreements to ensure that they are doing so willingly and without being subjected to threats or coercion.

Contracts made under duress may not be legally enforceable and can result in negative consequences for the party responsible for the duress. In this case, Philip should respect his Uncle Al's decision and seek alternative means to acquire the house, rather than resorting to threats and intimidation.

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The reflex that protects infants from falling is known as the Moro reflex.

The Moro reflex is an involuntary response that occurs in infants when they experience a sudden loss of support or feel as if they are falling. This reflex is also commonly referred to as the startle reflex. When an infant experiences a sudden loss of support or falling sensation, they will typically react by extending their arms, arching their back, and then bringing their arms back in towards their body. This reflex is thought to be an evolutionary adaptation that helps infants protect themselves from potential dangers or falls. As individuals grow and develop, this reflex typically fades away and is replaced by other protective mechanisms. However, for some adults who experience a fear of flying, this fear may stem from an underlying fear of falling or loss of support, which may be related to the Moro reflex from infancy.

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According to research by Williams and Merton, fear of marriage has not been identified as a self-reported barrier to intimacy

The other options listed (body size, fear of fusion, fear of object loss) have been identified as potential barriers to intimacy in their research.Williams and Merton conducted research on the self-reported barriers to intimacy among adults, which was published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. They surveyed 480 participants (240 men and 240 women) and asked them to rate the importance of various factors that might inhibit intimacy in a romantic relationship.

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The style of dealing with stress characterized by avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint is known as avoidance coping.

Individuals who use avoidance coping may attempt to distract themselves from the stressor or suppress their thoughts and feelings related to it. However, while avoidance coping may provide temporary relief, it is not an effective long-term solution to managing stress. This is because avoiding the stressor may prevent individuals from developing the necessary coping skills to effectively deal with it. Additionally, maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint may lead to denial or minimization of the stressor, which can further exacerbate the negative effects of stress. Instead, effective stress management involves facing the stressor head-on, developing problem-solving skills, seeking social support, and engaging in self-care activities. It is important to seek help from a healthcare professional if stress becomes overwhelming and begins to impact daily life.

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Option C.Research on decision making suggests that groups are more likely to generate the correct solution to a problem that requires considering diverse perspectives.

This is because groups provide the opportunity for different individuals to bring their unique experiences, knowledge, and perspectives to the problem-solving process. When individuals work together in a group, they can share their ideas, challenge each other's assumptions, and build on each other's contributions to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the problem.

In contrast, when a problem has a precise, factual answer or requires logical reasoning, a single person may be more efficient in finding the solution. This is because these types of problems require a more focused and structured approach, which can be hindered by group dynamics such as groupthink or social loafing.

Therefore, while groups can be valuable in generating solutions to complex problems that require considering diverse perspectives, it is important to consider the nature of the problem and the potential benefits and drawbacks of group decision making before deciding to work collaboratively or independently.

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Procedural justice is the view that holds that processes outlined in the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and the United States legal codes are properly followed.

According to procedural justice, fair procedures bring about justice. The main focus of individual justice theory is on group equality. The primary focus of restorative justice is on the punishment of individual criminals.

According to procedural justice, fair procedures bring about justice. The individual equity hypothesis is predominantly worried about bunch correspondence. The primary focus of restorative justice is on the punishment of individual criminals.

Procedural justice is concerned with fairness in the process of distributing resources and opportunities, whereas distributive justice is concerned with fairness in the distribution of resources. it centers around dynamic interaction.

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The branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others is known as social psychology.

It is a field that examines how people interact with one another, how they perceive and respond to social situations, and how their attitudes and behaviors are shaped by social factors. Social psychologists study a wide range of phenomena, such as conformity, obedience, group dynamics, persuasion, and intergroup relations. They also explore how social norms, roles, and expectations impact our behavior and how social influence can be used to create positive change in society.

Social psychology is an important area of study as it helps us to understand the complex ways in which our social environment shapes our thoughts, emotions, and actions. It is a fascinating and dynamic field that has contributed greatly to our understanding of human behavior and social interaction.

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Enrique's listening style is most likely action-oriented. As a 911 dispatcher, he needs to quickly assess the situation and determine what actions need to be taken.

Enrique's preference for short, to-the-point answers also supports this style. Time-oriented listening is focused on efficiency and making the most of limited time, which could also apply to Enrique's work. However, people-oriented listening emphasizes building relationships and understanding emotions, which may not be as crucial in a high-stress emergency situation. Content-oriented listening prioritizes understanding the details and information being conveyed, which could be important for some calls but may not be as critical as quickly determining the necessary actions to take.

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Essay questions tend to be more difficult than multiple choice because with an essay question, recall is required rather than recognition. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Essay questions require the student to recall information and actively retrieve it from memory. This can be more difficult than multiple-choice questions which often provide the answer or prompt for recognition of the correct answer.

Additionally, essay questions typically require a more in-depth understanding of the topic and the ability to effectively communicate that understanding in writing. While proactive inhibition and interference can also be factors, the primary reason why essay questions are more difficult is because they require active recall rather than just recognition. Finally, cues to stimulate memory may or may not be present in essay questions, depending on how the question is framed.

Hence, in essay questions, you need to actively retrieve information from your memory without any cues, while in multiple choice questions, you have options presented to you that can help trigger your memory. The correct answer is option C.

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The scenario's infant would probably be classified as having a character that takes time to warm up, according to the Thomas and Chess (1977) study on temperaments.

Infants who have a temperament that is slow to warm up tend to be cautious and shy around new experiences and people. They may initially react with fear, withdrawal, or distress to new stimuli, but as they are exposed to them, they gradually become more comfortable. They may require some time to adjust and familiarize themselves with new circumstances, but generally, they are able to adapt and eventually become more relaxed.

The Thomas and Chess study also identified easy, difficult, and mixed temperaments. Most of the time, easy infants are adaptable, have regular schedules, and enjoy new experiences. On the other hand, difficult infants are more likely to react negatively, irritably, and irregularly to new stimuli, and their responses may be more intense and unpredictable. Infants who are mixed exhibit a variety of temperamental characteristics.

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A person who visits a cafeteria to be with friends would be said to show social motivation, while another person who is only there to get some free pizza would be said to show extrinsic motivation. Social motivation refers to the desire to connect with others, build relationships, and feel a sense of belonging.

When a person goes to a cafeteria to hang out with friends, they are motivated by the desire to socialize and spend time with people they care about.On the other hand, extrinsic motivation refers to the desire to engage in a behavior to obtain some external reward or avoid punishment. In the case of the person who is only there to get some free pizza, they are motivated by the reward of the pizza rather than the social interaction. They are not interested in building relationships or connecting with others, but rather in obtaining a tangible reward.It's important to note that both social and extrinsic motivation can be powerful motivators, depending on the situation. However, research suggests that social motivation is often a stronger predictor of positive outcomes such as happiness, well-being, and long-term success. So while it may be tempting to focus solely on extrinsic rewards, it's important to also nurture social connections and cultivate a sense of belonging in order to achieve lasting motivation and fulfillment.

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