A Mendelian monohybrid cross is a type of genetic experiment that was first performed by Gregor Mendel, the father of modern genetics.
In a Mendelian monohybrid cross, two individuals with different traits are crossed to study the inheritance of a single trait (monohybrid) in their offspring.
For example, consider a cross between two pea plants, one with tall stature (dominant trait) and the other with short stature (recessive trait). In the F1 generation, all offspring will have tall stature due to the dominant nature of the trait.
However, in the F2 generation, the offspring will show a 3:1 ratio of tall to short stature, as the recessive trait is expressed in 25% of the population.
This type of experiment is used to demonstrate the principles of dominant and recessive inheritance, segregation of alleles, and the concept of phenotype and genotype.
The results of a Mendelian monohybrid cross are used to predict the inheritance of traits in future generations and to understand the underlying genetic mechanisms responsible for the expression of traits in a population.
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Which of the following questions would a behavior geneticist be most likely to ask?A. "How can prenatal tests be used to detect Down syndrome?"B. "Are preterm babies more likely to have learning difficulties during the school years?"C. "Why are children in the same family so different from one another?"D. "What effects does alcohol have on the developing organism?"
The correct alternative is C. "Why are children in the same family so different from one another?" is the question that a behavior geneticist would be most likely to ask because their field of study involves examining the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in behavior and cognition.
By exploring why children within the same family can differ from one another, a behavior geneticist can gather information about the effects of genetics and environment on personality, intelligence, and other traits.
This question is different from the other options because it focuses on the underlying causes of differences between individuals, rather than simply describing differences (as in option B) or discussing specific aspects of development (as in options A and D). By exploring the sources of variability within families, behavior geneticists can gain insight into how genes and environment interact to shape behavior and other traits, and can contribute to a deeper understanding of human development.
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Arrange the reservoirs in the order of increasing residence time for a molecule of water.
The arrangement of the reservoirs in the order of increasing residence time for a molecule of water is as;
Soil moistureAtmosphereGlaciersIce sheetsBiosphereThis pattern is observed as a result of the fact that the water molecule only spends a very short amount of time in the soil moisture before it becomes evaporated and is then found in the atmosphere.
In glaciers, the water molecule remains for a longer period of time, and then in ice sheets for the greatest duration possible. However, the place in the biosphere, in the form of water reservoirs, is where the water resides for the highest amount of time.
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a vaccine that contains parts of viruses is called
A vaccine that contains parts of viruses is called subunit.
In contrast to a whole-pathogen vaccine method, a subunit immunization will only contain specific components obtained from disease-causing bacteria, parasites, or viruses. These components, which are far safer than whole-pathogen vaccine techniques, contain antigens, which are highly purified proteins or synthetic peptides.
Despite these advantages, the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines is reduced because the antigens they contain are small and lack the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that the host immune system needs to recognize them.
Another drawback of subunit vaccines is the potential for antigen denaturation, which might result in proteins attaching to various antibodies rather than the specific antigens that target the pathogen.
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most microbial exotoxins would be created using the process of
The correct answer is “transcription”. Exotoxins are poisons that are secreted by a living bacterium but are also released during bacterial lysis. They are frequently proteins in origin. In addition, some bacteria inject poisons right into human cells through other secretion systems, like the type 3 secretion system.
One of the initial steps in gene expression is this procedure. The transport of genetic information from DNA to proteins occurs sequentially through the processes of transcription and translation. During transcription, just one strand of DNA—known as the template strand—is copied, and the resulting RNA is referred to as mRNA. The primary goal of transcription is the creation of RNA from a DNA sequence. The data required to encode a protein is carried by the RNA transcript.
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Sunlight exposure has stronger effect on skin cancer risk in fair-skinned humans than in individuals with darker skin.
Fair-skinned humans are more likely to develop skin cancer. This is because they contain less melanin, a protective pigment.
The sun and other forms of ultraviolet (UV) light can have an effect on people's eyes and skin. UV rays can damage skin and cause skin cancer more frequently in people with light skin, but darker-skinned people, regardless of ethnicity, can also be affected.
When exposed to UV rays, some people's skin tans. An increase in the activity and number of melanocytes, the cells that produce the brown pigment known as melanin, is what results in the tan.
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In the example illustrated in the image above, a substance is moved _______BLANK its concentration gradient using the energy of ______________BLANK.1. Against; an electrochemical gradient.2. Against ATP3. Down; and electrochemical gradient.4. Down; ATP.
In the example illustrated in the image above, a substance is moved Against ts concentration gradient using the energy of an electrochemical gradient.
Differential concentrations of a substance across a space or a membrane are called simple concentration gradients. However, gradients in living systems are more complicated. There is also an electrical gradient, or difference in charge, across the plasma membrane because proteins in cells, which are mostly negatively charged and do not move across the membrane, and ions move into and out of cells. The extracellular fluid in which living cells are bathed has an electrically negative effect on their interior.
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Hugo and koby are measuring the heights of plants in biology class. Use the drop-down menus to complete the statements about the measured heights and the actual heights of the plants.
The responses are 2 cm, 15 cm, 20%, and 15% shorter and higher.
Step 1: Using the information provided, Hugo increased the height of his plant. Hugo mistakenly thought his plant was 12 cm long when it was only 10 cm. Hugo's measurement therefore differed by 2 centimeters. Hugo's % mistake is calculated by multiplying the actual value by the difference in values and dividing the result by 100.
(Difference in values / real value) / 100 Equals percentage of error
Hugo's percent error equals (12 - 10)/ 10/100, or 2/10/100, or 20%.
Step 2: Koby measured his plant shorter than it had been before. While it was 100 cm tall, he measured it to be 85 cm. Koby miscalculated his measurement by 15 centimeters. The same formula is used to compute the percent error.
(Difference in values / real value) / 100 Equals percentage of error
Koby's% mistake is equal to (100 - 85)/100/100, or 15%/100/100.
Step 3: Koby had a percent error of 15%, compared to Hugo's 20%. Hugo had the greater % mistake of the two, thus.
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Given the original and mutated DNA strands below, identify the mutation.
ORIGINAL = A-T-T-C-G-G-A-A-C-T-G-A
MUTATED = A-T-T-C-G-C-A-A-C-T-G-A
The original and mutated DNA strands given is showing point mutation.
What is mutation?Mutation is any alteration to a cell's DNA sequence. Mistakes in cell division can result in mutations, as can exposure to environmental DNA-damaging substances.
Errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens, or viral infection can all cause mutations.
A point mutation is a type of genetic modification in which only one nucleotide base from the DNA or RNA sequence of an organism is altered, added, or removed.
In the given sequence, only one base is getting changed, i.e., Guanine is getting replaced by Cytosine.
Thus, this is point mutation.
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What is one solution that many people are working on together to save the sea turtles?
One solution that many people are working on together to save sea turtles is to Reduce marine debris that could entangle sea turtles or cause them to accidentally eat them.
Reduce your use of plastic and take part in coastal cleanups to keep our beaches and ocean clean. Sea turtles and other marine life can be harmed by the trash in the ocean. Carry shopping bags and water bottles that can be reused. Don't let the balloons go off; they will probably end up in the ocean, where sea turtles might mistake them for food and eat them. Sea turtle nesting beaches should remain dark and protected. Disable, conceal, or reorient lights that are visible from the beach. Sea turtle hatchlings are disoriented by the lights, and nesting females are discouraged from entering the beach to lay their eggs.
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A cientit placed a ample of yeat, a heterotrophic ingle-celled eukaryote, in a cloed tet tube containing a olution of glucoe. How will the compoition of the air in the tet tube change a the yeat interact with the glucoe?
A. The oxygen level will increae. B. The carbon dioxide level will decreae. C. The carbon dioxide level will increae. D. The level of carbon dioxide and oxygen will remain the ame
As the yeast interact with the glucose solution, the composition of the air in the test tube will change. Option C is correct - the carbon dioxide level will increase.
This is because yeast are heterotrophic single-celled eukaryotes that obtain energy by breaking down glucose molecules, producing carbon dioxide and ethanol as byproducts. As the yeast break down more glucose molecules, more carbon dioxide will be released into the test tube, increasing the carbon dioxide level.
Additionally, the amount of oxygen available to the yeast will decrease as the carbon dioxide level increases, leading to a decrease in the oxygen level in the test tube. This decrease in oxygen level can be beneficial to the yeast as it can help regulate their metabolic processes.
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in endotherms, increasing insulation facilitates heat retention in part because the range of the thermoneutral zone is reduced.
Yes, in endotherms increasing insulation facilitates heat retention in part because the range of the thermoneutral zone is reduced.
Warm-blooded creatures called endotherms produce their own heat to keep their internal body temperatures steady. By limiting the size of the thermoneutral zone, increased insulation in endotherms aids in the retention of this heat. The range of environmental temperatures known as the thermoneutral zone is where an animal may maintain its internal body temperature without having to produce more heat or expend more energy to cool down.
Endotherms can more readily regulate their internal body temperature even under changing ambient conditions by having a smaller thermoneutral zone via improving insulation. As a result, the animal may conserve energy and keep its internal body temperature steady without having to boost heat production or expend energy to remove heat.
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What are the rules of how DNA is put together? A bonds with T with two hydrogen bonds, and G bonds with C with three hydrogen bonds A bonds with G with three hydrogen bonds, and T bonds with C with two hydrogen bonds A bonds with T with three hydrogen bonds, and G bonds with C with two hydrogen bonds
Answer: A bonds with T with two hydrogen bonds AND G bonds with C with three hydrogen bonds
Explanation:
how would an enterprise budget for a perennial or long-term crop differ from one for an annual crop?
When it comes to budgeting for crops, the type of crop being grown can greatly impact the budgeting process. In particular, a budget for a perennial or long-term crop will differ significantly from one for an annual crop.
A perennial crop is a plant that lives for multiple years and produces crops each year. Some examples include fruit trees, grape vines, and berry bushes. On the other hand, an annual crop is a plant that must be replanted each year and typically only lives for one growing season. Examples include most vegetables and grains.
When budgeting for a perennial crop, there are several key differences to consider. First, the initial costs of establishing the crop are often much higher than for an annual crop. This includes the costs of buying and planting the young plants or trees, as well as the costs of setting up any necessary irrigation systems or fencing. Additionally, there may be ongoing costs associated with maintaining the crop, such as pruning, fertilizing, and pest control.
Another key difference is that the revenue generated from a perennial crop can be spread out over many years, as the crop continues to produce each year. This can provide a more stable source of income compared to an annual crop, which must be replanted each year. However, it is also important to consider that the revenue generated by a perennial crop may not start until several years after planting, as the plants take time to mature and start producing crops.
In contrast, when budgeting for an annual crop, there are relatively low upfront costs, as seeds are much cheaper than young plants or trees. Additionally, the costs of preparing the soil and planting the seeds are typically lower than for a perennial crop. However, the costs of watering, fertilizing, and pest control must be incurred each year, as the crop will only live for one growing season.
Overall, budgeting for a perennial or long-term crop requires careful consideration of initial and ongoing costs, as well as a long-term outlook on potential revenue. While there are certainly challenges, the potential for a stable source of income over many years can make it a valuable investment for many farmers.
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Why do all enzymatic reactions need activation energy?
In order for the reactants to convert to the products, a minimum amount of energy is required; this is called the activation energy.
What is activation energy?The least amount of additional energy that a reacting molecule needs to produce a reaction product is known as activation energy. The bare minimum of energy required to energize or activate molecules or atoms in order for them to engage in a chemical reaction or transformation is another way to put it.
Simply to start, they need a specific amount of energy. An activation energy is what it is. To start an automobile engine, for instance, activation energy is required. An electrical spark set off by turning the key starts the engine's fuel combustion.
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how would the structure of a dicot root be affected if its main root structures werent there.
If the main root structures of a dicot plant are not present, the structure of its root system will be greatly affected.
What type of roots do Dicots have?Dicots typically have a taproot system, which is characterized by a large, main root (the taproot) and smaller lateral roots branching off from it.
Without the taproot, the root system would likely be much less well-organized, with smaller lateral roots growing directly from the base of the stem. This could result in a less stable and less efficient root system, as the taproot plays an important role in anchoring the plant and absorbing water and nutrients from deep in the soil.
Additionally, without the taproot, the plant may be more susceptible to stress from environmental factors such as drought or soil disturbances.
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suppose this fern gametophyte was all alone. in other words, it was completely isolated from all other gametophytes. several days after a rainstorm, a sporophyte began to grow from an archegonium. what could you predict would be the case about the genetics of this sporophyte?
At every locus, the sporophyte would be totally homozygous would be the case about the genetics of this sporophyte.
What exactly is a fern's gametophyte?
The fern gametophyte is a little plant that develops over a long period of time between the spore's germination and the mature sporophyte in the fern life cycle. It begins as two cells in a spore and develops into a distinctly structured structure with hundreds of cells after that. Gametophytes are the stage of plants and algae that develop sex cells during the alternation of generations. These sex cells are known as "sperm" and "eggs" among terrestrial plants, with "male" and "female" sex cells fusing to form progeny.
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Which is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?
a. Oxygen
b. Nitrogen
c. Carbon Dioxide
d. Other gases
According to the claim made, nitrogen represents the most common gas found in the atmosphere.
What does atmosphere mean?The atmosphere is one of the fundamental elements of Earth's interrelated physical systems. The gaseous layers that envelop a planet or even other celestial body make up its atmosphere. About 78% of the gas in the Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen, 21% are oxygen, and 1% are other gases.
What is in atmosphere?About 78% of the gases in the Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen, 21% are oxygen, 0.9 % are argon, and 0.1 % are other gases. This remaining 0.1 percent of gases includes trace amounts of neon, water vapour, methane, carbon dioxide, and methane.
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What percentage of recycling actually gets recycled?
Only 9% of plastic garbage is recycled globally, while 22% is mismanaged.
Most recycling facilities around the country have a non-recycle rate of 20 to 25%. And, of the 93% recycled, 100% finds its way to processors in the United States and Canada, where it is reused. According to Morris, a tiny fraction of the material cannot be recycled and will be landfilled or burnt.
79% of your recycling is not disposed of in a landfill. The greatest estimate for the amount of recycling that winds up in the garbage was one-third.
It not only helps to minimise your carbon footprint, but it also helps to reduce the demand for raw material gathering, saves energy, reduces greenhouse gases, avoids pollution, and much more.
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which division of the nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in emotionally stressful situations?
The sympathetic nervous system is a nerve network that assists your body in activating its "fight-or-flight" reaction.
When you are scared, in danger, or physically involved, this system becomes more active. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve systems together form the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system works similarly to the gas pedal of a car. It triggers the fight-or-flight response, providing the body with more energy to respond to perceived threats.
It is a component of the central nervous system. While somatic and autonomic nervous systems together forms the peripheral nervous system. The somatic nervous system transmits and receives sensory and motor information from the central nervous system. The Somatic Nervous System is abbreviated as SNS.
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Passage Six
"Every summer the local news carries stories about people who poison themselves
accidentally by inhaling oleander fumes from a beach bonfire. Or people who use oleander
twigs to roast hot dogs. But what had drawn me was the photo of the oleander growing
next to the orphanage, all the way in Afghanistan. It bonded us all together-Ward, Dad,
and me. Poisonous, yet, but in its own way, oleander is beautiful and it grows in places that
more delicate plants can't" (80).
Patterson, Valerie O. Operation Oleander. Boston: Clarion Books, 2013. What is the literary device used
Operation Oleander is a nice book about families coping with a family
member being deployed to Afghanistan and living on an army basbase
I also believe that if Patterson had stayed with the core narrative, this would have been a much better novel, since there was simply too much going on towards the end. Introducing a religious protest at Mrs. Scott's funeral, as well as Jess' reaction to it, were a little much for me. Though currently illegal, I know these things happened in the past; it was simply too much here.
Despite this, I would still suggest Operation Oleander since it is a touching narrative of children coping with war and military life, and it will undoubtedly ignite many debates over whether or not the military should join in humanitarian efforts in a conflict zone. As a result,
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Which assumption must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a specific gene?
-No genetic drift can affect allele frequencies for the gene.
-Mating must be nonrandom with respect to the gene.
-Natural selection must favor one phenotype.
-The number of immigrants must equal the number of organisms emigrating.
If a population for just a gene has been in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allele frequencies won't alter across generations. Basic Hardy-Weinberg hypothese also include absence of mutation, random mating, gene flow, that existence of an entire population, as well as the absence of selection.
What sense use you make of the word population?A population is any entire group of people who share at minimum one characteristic. Populations are composed of more than simply one person. Populations can include, but are not limited to, people, animals, groups, institutions, buildings, places of worship, cars, farms, and other objects or situations.
What does the word "population mean" mean?The population mean is the average derived from the entire population, distribution, or group. It is determined by dividing the entire amount of demographic variables by the total number of population variables. The population mean is shown here as.
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An enduring issue is… (define the term enduring issue in your own words)
One example of an enduring issue is… (identify an example you see in your community, state, country, or the world)
This is an enduring issue because… (explain how this issue has endured)
This enduring issue is significant because… (explain who has been affected by this issue)
An enduring issue is any issue that has persisted for a long time and is yet to be completely resolved.
One example of an enduring issue is conflict and human rights breaches.
This is an enduring issue because, throughout the years of human life, conflict and war remain despite efforts to eliminate them.
This enduring issue is significant because it has caused a great loss of life and property over the years.
What is an enduring issue?An issue that persists throughout time is called an enduring issue.
It is a problem that numerous cultures have made an effort to solve, with varied degrees of success.
Human rights breaches such as equality, discrimination, unfair treatment, and conflicts including war, and rivalry are examples of enduring issues.
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Which statement is true about human cells? Choose one: A. Cancer cells lose the ability to produce the enzyme telomerase. B. In cancer cells, telomeres grow progressively shorter with each cell division. C. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells can only divide a limited number of times in culture. D. Cancer cells maintain their telomeres by reactivating the enzyme telomerase. E. Cancer cells tend to lack telomeres.
The true statement about human cells is that : D. cancer cells are able to maintain their telomeres by reactivating the enzyme telomerase.
Cancer cells are those cells that gain the ability to divide continuously in the living body and form masses of cells called tumor. They can move from one part of the body to another, a property called metastasis. The cancer cells lose their property of contact inhibition.
Telomeres are the DNA structures found at the end of the chromosomes. They are responsible for a variety of functions like: protecting from nucleolytic degradation, unnecessary recombination, repair, and inter-chromosomal fusion. Telomeres are therefore necessary for maintaining the genetic information.
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What is the best explanation for why there is redundancy in the genetic code?
The best explanation for why there is redundancy in the genetic code is due to it allow for error to be corrected when translating the genetic message into proteins.
This redundancy is the result of the fact that multiple codons( groups of three nucleotides) can decode for the same amino acid. This allows for crimes in the restatement of the inheritable communication to be corrected; if one codon is inaptly decrypted, the cell can still restate the correct amino acid due to the presence of other codons that also decode for the same amino acid.
This redundancy also allows for the evolutionary changes to do, similar as the conformation of new codons that decode for the same amino acid. Without this redundancy,
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The lining of lumens, absorption, secretion, and protection are all functions of which tissue type?
The lining of lumens, absorption, secretion, and protection are all functions of epithelial tissue.
Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that forms the lining of organs and structures within the body, including the lining of blood vessels, the gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory system. It is composed of closely packed cells that are arranged in a single or multiple layer and functions to regulate the exchange of substances between the body and the environment, to secrete and absorb substances, and to protect underlying tissues from damage or infection.
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Experimental Insight 2.1 describes data on the kernel color distribution of bicolor corn, collected by a genetics class like yours. To test the hypothesis that the kernel color of bicolor corn is the result of the segregation of two alleles at a single genetic locus, the class counted 9882 kernels and found that 7506 were yellow and 2376 were white. Use chi-square analysis to evaluate the fit between the segregation hypothesis and the class results. Calculate the chi-square value for this experiment.
The chi-square value for this experiment is 0.4216.
The chi-square value for this experiment can be calculated as follows:
Determine the expected number of yellow and white kernels based on the segregation hypothesis:
If the hypothesis is true, the ratio of yellow to white kernels should be 3:1, so the expected number of yellow kernels is 3 times the expected number of white kernels.
Let's assume the expected number of white kernels is x, then the expected number of yellow kernels is 3x.
The total number of kernels is 9882, so x = 9882 / 4 = 2470.5.
Therefore, the expected number of yellow kernels is 3x = 7411.5.
Calculate the difference between the observed and expected number of kernels for each color:
For yellow kernels: 7506 - 7411.5 = 94.5
For white kernels: 2376 - 2470.5 = -94.5
Square the differences and divide by the expected number:
For yellow kernels: (94.5)^2 / 7411.5 = 0.2108
For white kernels: (-94.5)^2 / 2470.5 = 0.2108
Add the values from step 3 to get the chi-square value:
0.2108 + 0.2108 = 0.4216
So, the chi-square value for this experiment is 0.4216.
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what causes skin to tan? what causes skin to sunburn?
Sunburn, on the other hand, is caused by overexposure to UV light, which damages the skin cells and causes inflammation. Skin tanning is caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun.
Skin tanning is a natural response of the skin to protect itself from damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. UV light stimulates the skin to produce more melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. As melanin levels increase, the skin darkens, giving it a tan appearance. This increased melanin helps to absorb and scatter UV light, reducing its harmful effects.
However, it is important to note that while a tan may look attractive, it is actually a sign of skin damage and does not provide complete protection against skin cancer. Sunburn, on the other hand, is a painful and damaging result of overexposure to UV light. When the skin is exposed to too much UV radiation, it can cause damage to the DNA in skin cells, leading to inflammation and redness. Sunburn can increase the risk of skin cancer and other skin problems in the future, so it is important to take precautions such as wearing protective clothing and using sunscreen when spending time in the sun.
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fungi, plants, and animals have all evolved multiple ways of acquiring energy. identify the types of organisms that can obtain energy directly from each source. consuming dead plants and carrion
The types of organisms that can obtain energy directly from each source, consuming dead plants and carrion are fungi and animals.
Decomposers (such as fungi) eat dead things like leaf litter and wood, as well as animal carcasses and feces. Without decomposers, dead leaves, insects, and animals would accumulate everywhere. Fungi produce enzymes that break down dead plants and animals. Fungi consume nutrients from the organisms they decompose. And animals that consuming dead plants and carrion is scavenger.
Scavengers break down this organic material and recycle it as nutrients back into the ecosystem. Scavengers are some birds. Vultures only consume the carcasses of dead animals. Vultures have many biological adaptations that make them ideal scavengers.
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Classify the following characteristics depending on whether they describe nucleotides or nucleic acids Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Form double hellx Consisi of a sugar- phosphate backbone and nitrogen bases that form cross halrs Cansist of 3 pentose sugar phosphate_ and & nltrogen-containlng base Polymers Monomers.
A nucleotide is made up of a base containing nitrogen, a phosphate, as well as a pentose sugar.b. Nucleic acid, monomers:a. Construct a double helix.b. Form crosshairs and have a nitrogenous base with a sugar phosphate backbone.The polymer.
Which four different types of nucleotides exist?DNA is made up of the nucleotides adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) (C).Base pairs, which are created when the nucleotide bond to one another, join the two DNA strands together.
The function of DNA nucleotides Definition?The nucleotide is one of the structural components, or building blocks, that make up DNA and RNA.A base (one of the four compounds adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine), an sugar molecule, as well as a phosphoric acid molecule make up a nucleotide.
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What organ receives oxygen first during each circulatory cycle?Select one:a. The heart.b. The lungs.c. The stomach.d. The brain.
The heart receives oxygen first during each circulatory cycle so that A is the correct option .
The heart receives oxygen first during each circulatory cycle. The heart is also the first organ to admit oxygen during the cycle of respiration and rotation. When we breathe, the oxygen enters the lungs and is also transported to the left side of the heart via the pulmonary roadway. The left side of the heart also pumps the oxygen-rich blood around the body via the aorta. This oxygenated blood is also transported to all the other organs in the body, including the brain, where it's used for colorful purposes.The oxygenated blood is also returned to the right side of the heart, where it's also pumped back to the lungs to be oxygenated formerly again. This cycle also repeats, icing that the organs of the body admit the oxygen they need for proper functioning.
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