In a neutral stable carbon atom with a mass of 11. Determine the number of protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
Number of Protons:
Number of Neutrons:
Number of Electrons:

Pentane has a low boiling point because it is a relatively small and nonpolar molecule. The temperatur where used start Pentane boiling  

30.1 °C

Boiling point is determined by the strength of intermolecular forces between molecules, and nonpolar molecules like pentane have weak intermolecular forces. The only intermolecular force present in pentane is London dispersion force, which arises due to temporary fluctuations in electron density within the molecule.

Since London dispersion force is weak, it requires less energy to overcome the intermolecular forces and separate the molecules from one another, which means that pentane will boil at a relatively low temperature compared to larger and more polar molecules with stronger intermolecular forces. the boiling point of a liquid is determined by the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure. At lower pressures, liquids boil at lower temperatures, while at higher pressures, they boil at higher temperatures.

In the case of pentane, its weak intermolecular forces result in a low surface tension, which makes it easier for the molecules to escape from the surface and enter the gas phase. This leads to a higher vapor pressure at a given temperature compared to larger and more polar molecules. As a result, pentane will boil at a lower temperature than those larger and more polar molecules, which require more energy to overcome stronger intermolecular forces and enter the gas phase.

That there are different isomers of pentane, including n-pentane, iso-pentane, and neo-pentane, and their boiling points can differ slightly due to differences in their molecular structures. However, in general, pentane is known for having a low boiling point, which makes it useful in many industrial applications such as as a solvent or a component in fuel blends.

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A cup of coffee can have up to 0.250 grams of caffeine,C8H10N4O2. 0.007 x 10²³ molecules of caffeine would be in the coffee.

The term mole is defined as the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities.

1 mole is equal to 6.023 × 10 ²³ molecules.

Given mass of caffeine, C8H10N4O2 is 0.250 g

Molar mass of C8H10N4O2 is 194 g/mol

So number of moles of C8H10N4O2 is , n = mass/molar mass

= 0.250/(194 g/mol)

= 0.0012 mol

We know that 1 mole of any compound contains Avogadro number (6.023x10²³) molecules

Therefore, 1 mole of caffeine contains 6.023x1023 molecules

0.0012 mol of caffeine contains M molecules

M = 0.0012 mol x 6.023x10²³ molecules

= 0.007 x 10²³ molecules

Thus, 0.007 x 10²³ molecules of caffeine would be in the coffee.

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The mechanism of a reaction can be determine by the overall sequence of the elementary reactions is called as the mechanism of the reaction.

The mechanism of the reaction is the sum of all the individual steps, or the elementary reactions, in the mechanism that  provides the balanced chemical equation of the overall reaction. The overall sequence of the elementary reactions is called as the mechanism of the reaction.

A mechanism of the is the step by the step sequence of the elementary reactions by which the overall chemical change is occurs. The mechanism of the reaction is the actual process by which the reaction takes place.

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Ionic and Covalent Bonds.

Ionic bonds are between metals and non-metals, where electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal.

Covalent bonds are between non-metals, where electrons are shared between atoms and are not lost or gained.

In Anions, electrons are gained

Anions are negatively charged ions. They gain electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

b) Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom. They are responsible for chemical reactions and the formation of chemical bonds between atoms.

The most common examples of anions are halide ions such as chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-), and iodide (I-), which are formed by the addition of an extra electron to the outermost shell of a halogen atom.

Other examples of anions include hydroxide (OH-), sulfate (SO42-), and nitrate (NO3-), which are important in many chemical reactions and biological processes. Anions are usually attracted to positively charged ions or molecules, called cations, to form ionic compounds.

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To deprotonate water, we need to choose a conjugate base with a pKa value greater than the pKa value of water (pKa = 15.7). The following are the conjugate bases with pKa values greater than 15.7:

CH3- (pKa = 50)

Out of these, the strongest base would be , with a pKa value farthest from that of water. Therefore,  is the least likely conjugate base to deprotonate water.

That in practice, the extent to which a conjugate base deprotonates water also depends on factors such as concentration, solvent, and temperature, as well as the identity and concentration of any other acids or bases present.

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The lewis structure of the SO₃ is as follows :

      : O :

         ||

: O : = S = : O :

The total valence electron in the sulfur trioxide is 24 electrons. The structure of the sulfur trioxide is the trigonal pyramidal, and the double bond is formed and there are no lone pair of the electrons on the central atom the sulfur. The Sulfur trioxide does not have the charge and the oxygen atoms are more electronegative that the sulfur surrenders the electron around, this is because the sulfur is the weak as compared to the oxygen. The lewis structure is as follows :

      : O :

         ||

: O : = S = : O :

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Salt water is heterogeneous because it contains two or more distinct phases that can be seen with the eye.

Salt water is a mixture of water and salt, which are two distinct phases that do not blend evenly. The salt in salt water is in the form of ions, which are evenly distributed throughout the water. However, these ions do not dissolve completely, and they can form a separate layer of solid salt at the bottom of the container.

This layer can be easily seen with the eye, demonstrating that the salt water is not uniform throughout. Additionally, if the salt water is heated, it will undergo a phase change and evaporate, leaving behind a residue of solid salt, which again shows that the salt water is a heterogeneous mixture.

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The directing effect of the amide group in salicylamide is meta, which will predominantly lead to iodination products at the meta position relative to the amide group.

Salicylamide is an aromatic amide with the molecular formula C7H7NO2. It contains a benzene ring and an amide functional group (-CONH2) attached to it.

Substituents can have directing effects on the ring during electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. There are two main types of directing effects:

Ortho-para directing: Substituents that are ortho-para directing enhance electrophilic attack at the ortho and para positions (positions 2 and 4) relative to the substituent.

Meta directing: Substituents that are meta directing enhance electrophilic attack at the meta position (position 3) relative to the substituent.

In the case of salicylamide, the amide group is a meta-director due to the electron-withdrawing effect of the carbonyl group. Therefore, the iodination products of salicylamide will predominantly occur at the meta position.

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From the balanced equation, it is clear that, one mole or 28 g of lithium oxide is reacting with one mole or 18 g of water. Then, 250 g of lithium oxide will remove 160.71 g of water.

The balanced chemical equation of a reaction represents the perfect stoichiometric proportions of all the reactants and products in the reaction. The mole ratio of each reactants and the theoretical yield of the product can be determined from the balanced equation.

From the given equation, it is clear that, one mole of lithium oxide reacts completely with one mole of water.

molar mass of  lithium oxide = 28 g/mol

molar mass of water = 18 g/mol

Hence, 28 g of lithium oxide reacts  18 g of water. Then , 250 g of lithium oxide requires:

(250 × 18)/28 = 160.7 g of water.

Therefore, 160.7 g of water is removed by 250 g of lithium oxide.

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Organometallic reagents are good nucleophiles and strong bases, and contain a polar carbon-metal bond.

Organometallic compounds are molecules that contain at least one covalent bond between a carbon atom and a metal atom. The metal in these compounds is typically an element from the groups 1 to 3, 11 to 13, or 15 to 17 of the periodic table, and the carbon is typically sp-, sp2-, or sp3-hybridized.

Therefore, the following two statements are correct:

Organometallic reagents are good nucleophiles and strong bases.

These reagents contain a polar carbon-metal bond.

The other two statements are not correct:

Organometallic reagents are not ionic since they typically contain a bond between a metal and a carbon, which is a nonmetal.

Organometallic reagents are not a source of electrophilic carbon, but rather a source of nucleophilic carbon.

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There would be 1.9 * 10^24 molecules

The mole concept is a fundamental idea in chemistry that allows for the conversion of the amount of a substance, usually expressed in grams, to the number of entities it contains, such as atoms, molecules, or ions. The mole provides a way to relate the mass of a substance to the number of entities it contains, which is important in many chemical calculations, such as stoichiometry, where the mole is used to balance chemical equations and calculate the amount of reactants and products involved in a reaction.

We know that;

\Number of moles = Mass/Molar mass

= 142.5 grams /44 g/mol

= 3.2 moles

If 1 mole would have 6.02 * 10^23 molecules

3.2 moles would have 3.2 *  6.02 * 10^23 molecules/1 mole

= 1.9 * 10^24 molecules

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The purpose of using acetone in this experiment is to extract the lipids from a sample. To correctly use acetone, you would need to mix the sample with a small amount of acetone and an equal volume of water.

After mixing, the lipids can be separated from the rest of the sample by centrifugation. The separated lipids can then be collected and analyzed.

The purpose of using acetone in the experiment and provides a detailed description of how to use it correctly to achieve the desired goal. The answer also provides an explanation of how the lipids can be separated from the rest of the sample and how they can then be analyzed.

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Since the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide can cause a reduction in concentration and potency over time, it is a good idea to check the concentration of hydrogen peroxide that has been exposed to air and light.

The chemical student employed titration with potassium permanganate to measure the quantity of hydrogen peroxide.

Using this technique, the volume of potassium permanganate solution needed to completely react with the hydrogen peroxide sample is measured after adding a known quantity of a standard potassium permanganate solution to the hydrogen peroxide sample until the reaction is complete.

Hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate react in the following way: 5 H2O2 + 2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 5 O2 + 2 MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8 H2O

The amount of hydrogen peroxide in the sample may be determined from the volume and concentration of the potassium permanganate solution used in the titration because the reaction uses 5 moles of hydrogen peroxide for every 2 moles of potassium permanganate.

The chemical student should carry out the following procedures to examine the hydrogen peroxide samples in dark and light vials that have been exposed to air for 10, 20, and 30 hours:

1. Make a standard potassium permanganate solution with a known concentration.

2. Pour a known volume of each test sample of hydrogen peroxide into a flask.

3. To serve as a catalyst for the reaction, add a tiny quantity of diluted sulfuric acid to the hydrogen peroxide sample.

4. Continue titrating the hydrogen peroxide sample with the potassium permanganate standard solution until the reaction is finished, which is shown by a lingering pink hue of the potassium permanganate solution.

5. To confirm the correctness of the results, repeat the titration using the same sample.

6. Using the volume and concentration of the potassium permanganate solution used in the titration, determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the sample.

The chemical student can find out if the exposure to air and light has changed the concentration of hydrogen peroxide over time by analysing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the light and dark vials after 10, 20, and 30 hours.

The findings may be calculated by comparing them to the original concentration of 3% by weight.

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Reactant term is used to describe the substance that is totally consumed in a chemical reaction.

What are reactants?

Reactants are the substances that enter into and are used up in a chemical reaction. They are the starting materials that come together to form the products of the reaction. Reactants are found on the left side of the equation for a chemical reaction, and the products are found on the right side. Reactants are often referred to as substrates, as they are the substances from which the reaction builds the products. All chemical reactions involve the combining of at least two reactants, usually in the presence of a catalyst. Understanding the reactants involved in a reaction is essential to understanding the reaction itself.

Therefore, Reactant term is used to describe the substance that is totally consumed in a chemical reaction.

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Benzoic acid is a weak acid that has a low solubility in water due to its polarity and its tendency to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules.

What is solubility?

Solubility is the ability of a substance (the solute) to dissolve in a solvent to form a homogeneous mixture (the solution). The solubility of a substance depends on a variety of factors, including the chemical properties of the solute and solvent, temperature, and pressure.

The carboxylic acid group in benzoic acid is a polar functional group that is attracted to water molecules, but the hydrocarbon chain in benzoic acid is nonpolar and is not attracted to water molecules. As a result, the solubility of benzoic acid in water is limited.

However, when benzoic acid is dissolved in a basic solution, it forms the water-soluble benzoate anion (C6H5COO-), which has a higher solubility in water due to its increased polarity. This occurs because the benzoic acid reacts with the hydroxide ions in the basic solution to form the benzoate anion:

C6H5COOH + OH- → C6H5COO- + H2O

The benzoate anion is negatively charged and is attracted to the positively charged ends of water molecules, increasing its solubility in water.

In summary, benzoic acid is less soluble in water due to its low polarity and the nonpolar hydrocarbon chain, but it becomes more soluble in basic solution as it is converted to the more polar benzoate anion.

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The primary plates move at speeds ranging from under 1 cm/y to over 10 cm/y. The Australian and Nazca Plates are the next fastest plates, moving at rates of above 10 cm/y in some places.

A network of satellites and receiving equipment called the global positioning system (GPS) is used to locate objects on Earth. Certain GPS receivers have a precision of one centimetre, allowing them to pinpoint their location (0.4 inches).

As a result, shifting of the Earth's surface is what causes changes in a GPS station's position. Scientists can identify tectonic plate motion and infer crustal deformation by analyzing the mobility of numerous GPS sites in a region over time.

Thus, One of the slowest plates is the North American one, with average rates ranging from 1 cm/yr in the south to roughly 4 cm/yr in the north.

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The concentration of the sulfuric acid solution is 0.252 M.

1. To find the concentration of the HCl solution, we can use the equation M1V1 = M2V2, where M1 and V1 are the molarity and volume of the first solution, and M2 and V2 are the molarity and volume of the second solution.

Rearranging the equation to solve for the concentration of the HCl solution, we get:

M2 = (M1V1)/V2

Plugging in the given values, we get:

M2 = (0.150 M)(18.0 mL)/(25.0 mL) = 0.108 M

Therefore, the concentration of the HCl solution is 0.108 M.

2. To find the concentration of the sulfuric acid solution, we can use the same equation, M1V1 = M2V2. Rearranging the equation to solve for the concentration of the sulfuric acid solution, we get:

M2 = (M1V1)/V2

Plugging in the given values, we get:

M2 = (0.210 M)(12.0 mL)/(10.0 mL) = 0.252 M

Therefore, the concentration of the sulfuric acid solution is 0.252 M.

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In a spectrophotometer, both absorbance and transmittance indicate the amount of light passing through a sample. A high absorbance corresponds to a low transmittance.

Absorbance and transmittance are light-sample interactions measured by spectrophotometers. Absorbance and transmittance are inversely connected and can quantify how much light a sample absorbs at a specific wavelength.

"A" represents a sample's light absorption, which is proportional to its absorbing material concentration. A beam of light is sent through the sample to measure absorbance. Concentration increases light absorption and absorbance.

Transmittance (T) measures how much light travels through a sample without being absorbed. Transmittance is the ratio of light that goes through the sample to light that hits it. Transmittance increases as light absorption decreases.

In summary, absorbance and transmittance measure light's interaction with a sample and estimate the concentration of an absorbing substance.

The complete question is;

In a spectrophotometer, both absorbance and transmittance indicate _______Passing through a sample. A high absorbance corresponds to a _______Transmittance.

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Answer:

Strong acid: HCl, HClO4, HNO3, HBr, H2SO4

Strong Base: Ba(OH)2, KOH, Sr(OH)2, LiOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2

Weak Acid: HF, CH3COOH, H3PO4

Weak Base: NH3

Explanation:

The statement (when combining a strong acid with water to dilute it, you should add the acid to the water) is false because adding acid to water can cause the acid to splash and perhaps cause harm.

Always add the acid to the water rather than the water to the acid when diluting a strong acid with water. This is so that the solution won't boil over or spatter when mixing a strong acid with water, which can generate a lot of heat. When acid is added to water, any splattering is contained within the larger volume of water.

The proper way to ensure that the heat is dispersed and the acid is diluted properly is to add the concentrated acid to a big amount of water slowly, cautiously, and while stirring the mixture.

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10mL of water in SX at 0.00003 g/cm3 The average density value in g/cm3 is 0.9982 and was calibrated at 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C.

Two teaspoons are equal to 10 mL. (2tsp). Three teaspoons make to one tablespoon, which is three times larger than a teaspoon (1Tbsp or 1Tb). 15 mL is also equal to one tablespoon.

The result is calculated by multiplying the entered milligramme by 0.001, since 1 milligramme is equal to 0.001 millilitres. When there are 15 milligrammes, for instance, 15 x 0.001 is 0.015 mL in the conversion of milligrammes to milliLitres.

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A disaccharide called sucrose is made up of glucose connected to fructose, not galactose.

Two monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages in either the or orientation to form disaccharides. Succrose, lactose, and maltose are the three most significant ones. The most prevalent sugar is sucrose, which is composed of a molecule of α-glucose and β-fructose bonded together.

A glycosidic bond connects the two monosaccharide units that make up a disaccharide. The O-glycosidic linkages, which link the oxygen from a hydroxyl group to the carbonyl carbon, are the most typical glycosidic connections joining monosaccharide units.

The disaccharide sucrose is created through the condensation process between glucose and fructose. One type of disaccharide exists sucrose, also referred to as table sugar. Two monosaccharides are joined to create a disaccharide, which is a type of carbohydrate. Maltose and lactose are two other typical disaccharides.

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The ratios are 1:2:1. The ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in most carbohydrates is 1:2:1.

This means for every one carbon atom and there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It forms the structure of even the most complex carbohydrates such as starch and glycogen. Carbohydrates are the organic molecules madeup of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

The ratio of these three atoms in carbohydrates is most commonly 1:2:1, meaning for every carbon atom, there are two hydrogen atoms and a oxygen atom. This ratio is the same for both monosaccharides and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates and are composed of single sugar molecules, while polysaccharides are larger molecules composed of multiple sugar molecules linked together.

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Answer:

The answer is 1050

:

Partial pressure of nitrogen in the mixture is calculated as 1050 kPa.

The pressure exerted by a (specified) component in a mixture of gases is called partial pressure.

The reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) -> 2NH3(g) shows that one molecule of nitrogen reacts with three molecules of hydrogen to produce two molecules of ammonia. This means that the ratio of moles of nitrogen to moles of hydrogen in the reaction is 1:3.

X(N2) = (moles of N2) / (total moles of gas)

As the ratio of moles of nitrogen to moles of hydrogen in the reaction is 1:3, we can use the mole fraction of nitrogen to determine the mole fraction of hydrogen:

X(H2) = 3 * X(N2)

moles of gas = (total pressure) / (gas constant * temperature)

where gas constant = 8.31 J/mol*K and temperature is in kelvin.

moles of N2 = X(N2) * moles of gas

so, partial pressure of N2 = X(N2) * total pressure

X(N2) = moles of N2 / moles of gas = 1 / (1 + 3) = 0.25

X(H2) = 3 * X(N2) = 0.75

moles of gas = (4200 kPa) / (8.31 J/mol*K * 298 K) = 1.789 mol

moles of N2 = X(N2) * moles of gas = 0.25 * 1.789 mol = 0.447 mol

partial pressure of N2 = X(N2) * total pressure = 0.25 * 4200 kPa = 1050 kPa

Therefore, the partial pressure of nitrogen in the mixture is 1050 kPa.

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The J-value Proton B possesses to be A. 3.0 Hz that is explained in the below section.

The J value is described because the elastic capacity distinction among the linear and nonlinear elastic our bodies with the identical geometric variable. The J value of a quartet can usually be decided via way of means of measuring the distances among man or woman lines. With actual data, it's miles fine to take the common distance among lines (which is likewise the space among the primary and closing line divided via way of means of three). Example: t, J = 6 Hz (DRAW A SPLITTING TREE AND GRAPH THE MULTIPLET. The coupling constant, J (typically in frequency units, Hz) is a degree of the interplay among a couple of protons.

Thus, option A is the correct choice.

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The number of grams of potassium sulfate dissolved in 700 mL of a 0.5M is 60.991g.

The mass of a substance can be calculated by multiplying the number of moles in the substance by its molar mass as follows:

mass = no of moles × molar mass

However, the number of moles can be calculated from the molarity as follows:

0.5M = moles ÷ 0.7L

moles of pottasium sulfate = 0.35 moles

Molar mass of pottasium sulfate = 174.259 g/mol

Mass = 174.26 × 0.35 = 60.991g

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Ionic bonds themselves do not have shapes, as they involve the electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.

Ionic bonds are a type of chemical bond that involves the transfer of electrons between atoms. Ionic bonds occur when one atom, typically a metal, loses one or more electrons and another atom, typically a nonmetal, gains those electrons. This transfer of electrons results in the formation of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, which then attract each other through electrostatic forces to form an ionic compound. Ionic bonds tend to be strong and stable, and ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points due to the strong attraction between the positively and negatively charged ions. They also tend to be brittle and hard, and often form crystalline structures. Examples of common ionic compounds include table salt (sodium chloride), magnesium oxide, and calcium carbonate.

Here,

However, when ionic compounds are formed, they can take on different shapes depending on the arrangement of the ions in the crystal lattice. The crystal lattice structure of an ionic compound is determined by the relative sizes and charges of the ions involved, as well as by the conditions under which the compound was formed (e.g., temperature, pressure, and other environmental factors).

For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) has a crystal lattice structure that forms a cubic shape, while calcium fluoride (CaF2) has a crystal lattice structure that forms a more complex, cubic shape with additional voids in the lattice. In general, ionic compounds tend to have relatively high melting and boiling points, as well as a tendency to form brittle, crystalline solids.

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Answer:

normal

Explanation:

a. To find the specific heat ratio γ, we can use the adiabatic compression equation:

P₁V₁^γ = P₂V₂^γ

where P is pressure, V is volume, and γ is the specific heat ratio.

We are given that the volume is halved, which means V₂ = (1/2)V₁. We are also given that the pressure increases by a factor of 2.5, which means P₂ = 2.5P₁. Substituting these values into the equation and solving for γ, we get:

P₁V₁^γ = P₂V₂^γ

P₁V₁^γ = 2.5P₁(1/2V₁)^γ

1 = 2.5(1/2)^γ

γ = ln(1.4)/ln(1/2)

γ ≈ 1.88

Therefore, the specific heat ratio γ is approximately 1.88.

b. To find the factor by which the temperature increases, we can use the adiabatic compression equation again, but this time we'll use the relationship between temperature and pressure:

P₁V₁^γ/T₁ = P₂V₂^γ/T₂

where T is temperature.

We know that the pressure increases by a factor of 2.5, which means P₂ = 2.5P₁. We also know that the volume is halved, which means V₂ = (1/2)V₁. Substituting these values into the equation, we get:

P₁V₁^γ/T₁ = 2.5P₁(1/2V₁)^γ/T₂

T₂/T₁ = (2.5/2^γ)

T₂/T₁ ≈ 1.8

Therefore, the temperature increases by a factor of approximately 1.8.

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Step-by-step Explanation:

a. [tex]CaCO_{3}[/tex] → [tex]CaO[/tex] + [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]

This is the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of Calcium carbonate.

b. Properties of [tex]CaCO_{3}[/tex] :

   Properties of [tex]CaO[/tex] :

   Properties of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] :

c. According the above equation, number of atoms on both sides are equal.

Before reaction: Ca = 1, C = 1, O = 3

After reaction: Ca = 1, C = 1, O = 1 + 2 = 3

d. The law of conservation of matter states that the total mass and kind of elements in the reactants is equal to the total mass and kind of elements in the products. Thus matter cannot be created not destroyed, it can only be conserved. From the chemical equation, we get to know that the mass and number of atoms of all the elements is equal in the reactants and products. Thus we can prove the conservation of matter.

e. Combustion of Sodium Carbonate:

[tex]Na_{2} CO_{3}[/tex] → [tex]Na_{2}O + CO_{2}[/tex]

In this reaction, sodium carbonate undergoes combustion at temperature > 500°C and forms sodium oxide and carbon dioxide.

f. The following results are achieved when a chemical reaction occurs:

Water and calcium oxide react quickly to form calcium hydroxide. A significant amount of heat is also released during this process, raising the system's temperature. This demonstrates that there was a chemical reaction.

Calcium carbonate breaks down into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when heated. Here, the evolution of gas (carbon dioxide) proves that a chemical reaction has occurred.