If China’s GDP was proportional to that of the U.S., what would China’s expected GDP be?

Answers

Answer 1

The China’s expected GDP is 17lac crore.

What is a proportion?

A proportion is a fraction of a total amount, and the measures are related using a rule of three.

The relations between variables, either direct or inverse proportional, can be built to find the desired measures in the problem.

Given that China’s GDP was proportional to that of the U.S

Now,

Economic growth is defined as a rise in economic activity and product availability. Real GDP has grown throughout this time period as well proportional to that of the U.S. In light of the current circumstances, the level of prices in the United States would increase, and the GDP would increase, as there is economic growth in China and Europe.

Therefore, by the given proportion the answer will be 17lac crore.

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Related Questions

One solution to a quadratic function, h, is given.
-4 + 7i
Which statement is true?
A.
Function h has no other solutions.
B.
The other solution to function h is -4 − 7i.
C.
The other solution to function h is4 − 7i.
D.
The other solution to function h is 4 + 7i.

Answers

The correct statement is the other solution to the quadratic function h is -4-7i.

What is a quadratic function?

A quadratic function is a polynomial function with one or more variables in which the highest exponent of the variable is two.

Given that, one of the solution to a quadratic function, h, is given, -4 + 7i,

We know that,

The solution of a quadratic function, can be found by using the quadratic formula, which is given by,

x = -b±√b²-4ac / 2a

Here, ± is showing that there are two values of x one in positive and another in negative,

We have one solution = -4 + 7i

Therefore, another solution will be its opposite = -4 - 7i

Hence, the correct statement is the other solution to the quadratic function h is -4-7i.

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in a ballroom dance competition, each couple is identified by a number worn on the leader's back. at a recent competition, forty couples competed. their numbers are listed below:

Answers

The average value of the competition is 193.525.

To find the average value of the competition, we need to add up all the assigned numbers and divide by the total number of couples. In other words, we need to find the arithmetic mean of the data set.

In a ballroom dance competition, each couple is assigned a number for identification purposes. In this particular competition, forty couples competed, and we are interested in finding the average value of their assigned numbers.

First, we add up all the numbers:

=> 103 + 105 + 112 + 116 + 117 + 122 + 126 + 130 + 139 + 147 + 154 + 159 + 165 + 170 + 176 + 178 + 182 + 184 + 187 + 193 + 196 + 199 + 206 + 207 + 211 + 216 + 224 + 227 + 230 + 237 + 242 + 246 + 249 + 252 + 258 + 264 + 267 + 270 + 275 + 281 = 7741

Next, we divide by the total number of couples, which is 40:

7741 ÷ 40 = 193.525

It is important to note that the average is not necessarily a value that is present in the data set. In this case, none of the couples were assigned the exact number 193.525.

Instead, the average represents a central tendency of the data set, which can be useful in comparing and analyzing different competitions.

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Complete Question:

In a ballroom dance competition, each couple is identified by a number worn on the leader's back. At a recent competition, forty couples competed. Their numbers are listed below: 103 105 112 116 117 122 126 130 139 147 154 159 165 170 176 178 182 184 187193 196 199 206 207 211 216 224 227 230 237 242 246 249 252 258 264 267 270 275 281

Find the average value of the competition

Using the PERIOD method, design an experiment that compares how four different tires perform. You decide to run an experiment that tests all four tires on dry, damp, and wet roads for decelerations
lerations of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 m/s². If each experiment is repeated two times, how many measurements are needed?
measurements are needed. (Type a whole number)

Answers

640 measurements are needed to compare the performance of four different tires on dry, damp, and wet roads for decelerations of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 m/s², with two measurements per experiment.

How did we get the value?

The PERIOD method stands for:

P: Performance metric (Deceleration)

E: Environmental condition (Dry, Damp, Wet)

R: Replicates (Two measurements per experiment)

I: Inputs (Four tires)

O: Output (Measurement result)

D: Design (Full factorial)

The number of measurements can be calculated as:

Measurements = R * (number of inputs)^E * P

In this experiment, there are:

R = 2 replicates

E = 3 environmental conditions (Dry, Damp, Wet)

P = 5 different decelerations (1, 3, 5, 7, 9 m/s²)

Inputs = 4 tires

Therefore, the number of measurements can be calculated as:

Measurements = 2 * 4^3 * 5 = 2 * 64 * 5 = 640

So, 640 measurements are needed to compare the performance of four different tires on dry, damp, and wet roads for decelerations of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 m/s², with two measurements per experiment.

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Andrew's bank account started off with a deposit of $750, and after 4 years he earned $165 in interest. The interest is simple interest, calculated on the basis of the initial deposit. What is the interest rate that Andrew's bank provides? Give your answer as a percentage to the nearest tenth of a percent.

Answers

The solution is, 5.5% is the interest rate that Andrew's bank provides.

What is interest?

Interest is the price you pay to borrow money or the cost you charge to lend money. Interest is most often reflected as an annual percentage of the amount of a loan. This percentage is known as the interest rate on the loan.

here, we have,

Andrew's bank account started off with a deposit of $750,

and after 4 years he earned $165 in interest.

we know,

formula: I = Prt.

let, the interest rate that Andrew's bank provides = r%

so, solving we get,

r = 5.5%

Hence, The solution is, 5.5% is the interest rate that Andrew's bank provides.

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c) Find the perimeter

Answers

The measure of the perimeter of the shape is 12.78cm

Finding the perimeter of a composite figure

The given figure consists if a right triangle and a semicircle. The perimeter of the shape is calculated using the expression;

Perimeter = perimeter of the semicircle + 4.5cm + 2cm

Perimeter of the figure = πr + 6.5cm

Perimeter of the figure = 3.14(2) + 6.5

Perimeter of the figure = 6.28 + 6.5

Perimeter of the figure = 12.78cm

Hence the perimeter of the given composite figure is 12.78cm

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A flagpole casts a 17-foot shadow on the ground when the sun is at a 59° angle of
elevation. Which of the following expressions can be used to determine the height (h), in
feet, of the flagpole? (Assume the flagpole is perpendicular to the ground.)
A. cos59° =h/17
B. tan59° =h/17
C. sin59° =h/17
D. cot59° =h/17

Answers

The expression tan59° = h/17 can be used to determine the height (h), in feet, of the flagpole.

What is the right triangle?

A right triangle is defined as a triangle in which one angle is a right angle or two sides are perpendicular.

The height of the flagpole is the opposite side of the right triangle formed by the flagpole, its shadow on the ground, and the line from the top of the flagpole to the end of the shadow.

The angle of elevation of the sun is opposite the height of the flagpole, and the length of the shadow is the adjacent side.

Therefore, the tan of the angle of elevation is equal to the height of the flagpole divided by the length of the shadow:

tan59° = h/17

Thus, the correct expression to determine the height of the flagpole is:

B. tan59° = h/17

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Let f(x) = 4x2 – 63. We want to estimate f(3.05) using linear approximations. That is, using an appropriate tangent line. First, we will build the tangent line at (x, y)=_____ Enter as an ordered pair (a,b). The slope of the tangent line comes from f'. For this problem, f'(x) = ______
And mtan = _____
The equation of the tangent line, in slope intercept form, is y = T(x) = ______
Now, f(3.05) = T(3.05) =______
Compare to actual value f(3.05) =_____

Answers

The tangent line at (x, y) = (3, 33) is y = 25x + 8.Enter as an ordered pair (a,b). The slope of the tangent line comes from f'. For this problem,f'(x) = 8x. And mtan = f'(3) = 24.The equation of the tangent line in slope-intercept form is y = T(x) = 24x - 69.

T(3.05) = 24(3.05) - 69 = -18.2.

f(3.05) = 4(3.05)^2 - 63 = -16.73.

We want to estimate the value of f(x) = 4x^2 - 63 at x = 3.05 using linear approximations. This means we need to find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f at x = 3, which will give us a good approximation of f(3.05) near x = 3.

To find the tangent line, we first need to find the slope of the tangent line, which is given by the derivative of f at x = 3. We have f(x) = 4x^2 - 63, so f'(x) = 8x. Therefore, f'(3) = 24, which is the slope of the tangent line at x = 3.

Next, we need to find a point on the tangent line. We can use the point (x, y) = (3, 33), which is on the graph of f and also happens to be at x = 3. This means the tangent line at (3, 33) will be very close to the graph of f near x = 3.

Using the point-slope form of a line, we can find the equation of the tangent line at (3, 33):

y - 33 = 24(x - 3)

Simplifying this equation gives us the slope-intercept form of the tangent line:

y = 24x - 69

Now we can use this equation to estimate the value of f(3.05) by plugging in x = 3.05:

T(3.05) = 24(3.05) - 69 = -18.2

This means the tangent line predicts that f(3.05) is approximately -18.2.

To compare this to the actual value of f(3.05), we can plug it into the original function:

f(3.05) = 4(3.05)^2 - 63 = -16.73

So the actual value of f(3.05) is approximately -16.73, which is close to the estimate given by the tangent line.

In summary, using linear approximations, we found that the tangent line at (3, 33) has a slope of 24 and passes through the point (3, 33). The equation of the tangent line is y = 24x - 69. Using this equation, we estimated that f(3.05) is approximately -18.2, which is close to the actual value of -16.73.

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When comparing the machining techniques for stainless steel sheet material to those for aluminum alloy sheet, it is normally considered good practice to drill the stainless steel at a
answer choices
A-higher speed with less pressure applied to the drill.
B-lower speed with more pressure applied to the drill.
C-lower speed with less pressure applied to the drill.

Answers

When comparing the machining techniques for stainless steel sheet material to those for aluminum alloy sheets, it is normally considered good practice to drill the stainless steel at a lower speed with less pressure applied to the drill. Hence, option C is the required accurate answer.

Stainless steel is a much harder and tougher material compared to aluminum, which makes it more difficult to machine.

Drilling at a higher speed with more pressure applied to the drill can cause the drill to overheat and wear out faster, resulting in lower-quality holes and increased production time.

Whereas, drilling at a lower speed with less pressure applied to the drill helps to reduce the risk of overheating, allows the drill to maintain its sharpness, and helps to produce higher-quality holes.

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5) h(x) = -2x² - 5
g(x) = 2x - 1
Find (h•g)(x)

Answers

The value of of function is  -8x² + 8x - 7.

What is a function?

Function is a type of relation, or rule, that maps one input to specific single output.

In mathematics, a function is an expression, rule, or law that describes the relationship between one variable (the independent variable) and another variable (the dependent variable) (the dependent variable). In mathematics and the physical sciences, functions are indispensable for formulating physical relationships.

Linear function is a function whose graph is a straight line

We are given that;

The function h(x) = -2x² - 5 and g(x) = 2x - 1

Now,

To find (h•g)(x), we need to first evaluate the composition of functions h(g(x)):

h(g(x)) = -2(2x - 1)² - 5 [substituting g(x) into h(x)]

= -2(4x² - 4x + 1) - 5

= -8x² + 8x - 7

Therefore, the function (h•g)(x) will be equal to -8x² + 8x - 7.

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14 friends are saving money for a trip to the movies. 6 of the friends put $1.50 into the
pile every day, while others put $1.50 into the pile every even day, and the rest of the
friends put $1.50 into the pile every odd day. If $12 was put into the pile on February
3rd, how much money will be put into the pile on February 4th?

Answers

Answer:

UM I THINK ITS 1500

Step-by-step explanation:

, $18 will be put into the pile on February 4th.

What is expression?

Mathematical expressions consist of at least two numbers or variables, at least one arithmetic operation, and a statement. It's possible to multiply, divide, add, or subtract with this mathematical operation.

Given, 14 friends are saving money for a trip to the movies

On February 3rd, a total of $12 was put into the pile. Let's find out how many friends put money into the pile that day.

The 6 friends who put $1.50 into the pile every day contributed:

6 friends x $1.50/friend/day = $9/day

So, on February 3rd, they would have contributed $9.

Let's assume that there are x friends who put $1.50 into the pile every even day.

Since February 3rd was an odd day, none of these friends would have contributed on that day.

Similarly, let's assume that there are y friends who put $1.50 into the pile every odd day.

Since February 3rd was an odd day,

y friends would have contributed $1.50 each, for a total of $1.50y.

Therefore, we can set up an equation to solve for y:

$9 + $1.50y = $12

Simplifying this equation, we get:

$1.50y = $3

y = 2

So, there are 2 friends who put $1.50 into the pile every odd day.

Thus, friends who contribute on even day are = 14 -6 -2 = 6

So,

on 4th February total money collected = money added by the friends who adds money  every day + money added by the friends who adds money on even days.

Thus,

on 4th February total money collected = 6*1.5 + 6*1.5 = 9 + 9 =18

Therefore, $18 will be put into the pile on February 4th.

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Work out
a) √11 × √11
b) √5 × √5 x√√2 × √2
c) √6 × √6 × √6 x
Note: Please leave your answer in surd form when appropriate.

Answers

The result of the evaluation of each of the expression are as follows;

a). 11b). 10c). 6√6 x.

What are the results of.the expressions evaluation?

Recall that; √a × √a = a.

As evident in the task content; the results of the expressions are as follows;

a). √11 × √11 = 11.

b). √5 × √5 x √2 × √2 = 5 × 2 = 10.

c). √6 × √6 × √6 x = 6√6 x.

Ultimately, the results are as evaluated above.

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Please help answer this math problem!

Answers

Answer:

357

Step-by-step explanation:

0.22x=49.95+0.08x

Answers basically x+1

can you plese do this

Answers

The vector is (-3, 4) and its x and y components are -3 and 4.

What are Vectors?

A quantity or phenomena with independent qualities for both magnitude and direction is called a vector. The term can also refer to a quantity's mathematical or geometrical representation. Examples of vectors in nature are velocity, momentum, force, electromagnetic fields and weight.

Given:

Vector v have an initial point at (3, -5) and a terminal point at (0, -1).

It initial point of a vector is (a, b) and terminal point is (c, d), then the vector is

v= (c-a, d-b)

We have (a, b) = (3, -5) and (c, d) = (0, -1)

Then, vector v is defied as

v = (0 - 3, -1 - (-5))

v = (-3, -1+5)

v = (-3, 4)

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use the distributive property to create an equivalent expression.
7(x +2y + 3z)

Pls help

Answers

7 (x + 2y + 3z)

Distribute 7

7x + 7 x 2y + 7 x 3z

Calculate

7x + 14y + 21z should be your answer.

Write and evaluate the definite integral that represents the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region about the y-axis. y = √49 - x^2

Answers

The volume of the solid formed by revolving the region about the y-axis is (1372/3)π.

The given region is a semicircle with a radius of 7 centered at the origin, so we can find its volume by revolving it about the y-axis using the disk method.

The area of a disk at a distance y from the y-axis is given by π(√(49 - y²))², so the volume of the solid is given by the integral:

V = ∫(from -7 to 7) π(√(49 - y²))² dy

Simplifying the integrand, we get:

V = ∫(from -7 to 7) π(49 - y²) dy

Evaluating this integral, we get:

V = π[(49y - (1/3)y³)](from -7 to 7)

V = π[(49(7) - (1/3)(7³)) - (49(-7) - (1/3)(-7³))]

V = π[686/3 + 686/3]

V = (1372/3)π

So the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region about the y-axis is (1372/3)π.

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In the figure, triangle UVW is similar to triangle RST, VU=48, VW=26, and SR=24.

What is the value of x? Show all your work.

Answers

x = 13

set the problem up using ratios.

given VU = 48, VW = 26 and SR = 24, find ST = x

VW / VU = ST / SR

26 / 48 = x / 24 and solve for x.

x = 13

Witch equation is equivalent to n+4=11

Answers

The Equation which is Equivalent to n+4=11 is (n + 4) x 2 = 11 x 2.

What is Equivalent Expression?

Expressions that are equivalent do the same thing even when they have distinct appearances. When we enter the same value for the variable, two algebraic expressions that are equivalent have the same value.

Given:

n+4=11

Solving the Equation

n= 11-4

n= 7

1. (n + 4) x 2 = 11

2n + 8 = 11

2n = 3

n= 3/2

2. (n + 4) x 2 = 11 / 2

2n + 8 = 11/2

2n = -5/2

n = -5/4

3. (n+ 4) x2 = 11 x 4

2n+ 8 = 44

2n = 36

n= 18

4. (n + 4) x 2 = 11 x 2

2n+ 8 = 22

2n = 14

n= 7

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The Question attached here is missing the options which are as follow:

(n + 4) x 2 = 11

(n + 4) x 2 = 11 / 2

(n+ 4) x2 = 11 x 4

(n + 4) x 2 = 11 x 2

What is the length of the third side, or c?

Answers

The length of the third side or c=30 feet.

What is length?

Length is defined as the measurement of distance of an object from one end to the other.

The  length of the sides of a triangle is given by ,

a=24 feet, b=18 feet. c=?.

By Pythagorean theorem,

“In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of squares of the other two sides“.

[tex]c^{2}=a^{2} +b^{2}[/tex]

[tex]c^{2} = 24^{2} +18^2[/tex]

   = 900

c=30 feet.

Hence, the length of the third side or c=30 feet.

Question:

The given diagram forms the triangle with the length of the sides ,

a=24 feet, b=18 feet. Find the length of the side c.

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I’m stuck on this one, please help me!

Answers

x+2+x+7=6+8

x+x+2+7=14

2x+9=14

2x=14-9

2x=5

2x/2=5/2

x=5/2. or 2.5 in a decimal form.

write the expression as a square of a monomial. 64x^6

Answers

The expression 64x^6 can be written as a square of a monomial by taking the square root of both sides of the expression:

√(64x^6) = √(64) * √(x^6) = 8 * x^3

So, the expression 64x^6 can be written as the square of the monomial 8x^3.

Answer: √(64x^6) = √(64) * √(x^6) = 8 * x^3 So, the expression 64x^6 can be written as the square of the monomial 8x^3. The exact thing that legoslucaswang had said but it's just a different way of saying it.

write a function count element : 'a list -> 'a -> int such that count element l m returns the number of elements in the input list l that are equal to m. the function is required to use (only) tail recursion (no other form of recursion). you may not use any library functions.

Answers

Here's an implementation of the "count_element" function in OCaml:

 | x :: xs -> count (if x = m then acc + 1 else acc) xs

 in count 0 l

ocaml

let count_element l m =

 let rec count acc = function

   | [] -> acc

  x = m, then acc + 1; otherwise, acc) | x:: xs -> count 0 xs in count

The function takes a list l and a value m to count, and returns the number of elements in the list that are equal to m. The function uses tail recursion by accumulating the count of matching elements in the acc variable, which is passed along with the remaining list to the recursive call.

The base case is when the input list is empty, in which case the accumulated count is returned. The recursive case checks whether the head of the list matches the target value, and updates the accumulator accordingly. The function then recurses on the tail of the list.

Note that the function is not specific to any particular type of elements in the list, so it should work with any type that supports equality.

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I need to complete the tables using the equation..

Answers

The values of y when the equation is y = 8x + 5 will be -3,5,13,21,29.

How to calculate the values

An equation simply has to do with the statement that illustrates the variables given. In this case, it is vital to note that two or more components are considered in order to be able to describe the scenario.

Since y = 8x + 5

when x = -1, y will be:

= 8(-1) + 5

= -3

when x = 0, y will be:

= 8(0) + 5

= 5

when x = 1, y will be:

= 8(1) + 5

= 13

when x = 2, y will be:

= 8(2) + 5

= 21

when x = 3, y will be:

= 8(3) + 5

= 29

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write each number as fraction or mixed number in simplest form 9.355

Answers

The fraction form or mixed number in simplest form of number 9.355 is,

⇒ 1871 / 200

What is mean by Fraction?

The number is expressed as a quotient in which the numerator is divided by the denominator is called fraction.

Given that;

The number is,

⇒ 9.355

Now, We can simplify the number to change in fraction as,

⇒ 9.355

Multiply and divide by 1000;

⇒ 9355/1000

Multiply and divide by 5;

⇒ 1871 / 200

Thus, We get;

The fraction form or mixed number in simplest form of number 9.355 is,

⇒ 1871 / 200

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The following box plot shows the typical gas mileage, in miles per gallon, for 20 different car models. Based on the box plot, the top 25 percent of the cars have a typical gas mileage of at least how many miles per gallon?

Answers

By using the box plot, the top 25 percent of the cars have a typical gas mileage of at least 30 miles per gallon.

To find the value of the typical gas mileage for the top 25 percent of cars, we need to look at the upper quartile (Q3) of the box plot. The upper quartile is the point that separates the highest 25 percent of the data from the lowest 75 percent.

In the box plot, the upper quartile (Q3) is represented by the top of the box (the horizontal line inside the box) and the vertical line extending from the top of the box (the "whisker" above the box). We can estimate the value of Q3 by looking at the scale on the vertical axis and reading off the approximate value at the top of the box and the end of the whisker.

Assuming the scale on the vertical axis is in miles per gallon, we can estimate that Q3 is around 30 miles per gallon. Therefore, we can conclude that the top 25 percent of the cars have a typical gas mileage of at least 30 miles per gallon.

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I need help please i dont understand this

Answers

The distance from where it is tied to the base of the pole is 7.25ft

Solving angles of elevation and depression

Then given resulting figure that translated the statement is a right triangle with the following

Hypotenuse = 28 feet

Angles made with the base = 15 degrees

The distance from where it is tied to the base of the pole (height of the triangle) is required

Using the trigonometry identity

sin theta = opposite/hypotenuse

sin 15 = h/28

h = 28sin15

h = 7.25ft

Hence the distance from where it is tied to the base of the pole is 7.25ft

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Tim and Jessica plan to rent a camper van for a vacation. The can costs $183 per day. The rental includes 120 miles for free then charges $0.39 per mile.

The total price Tim and Jessica paid to rent the camper van is 598.74. An equation that models the cost of the van rental in terms of miles traveled, m, is 598.74 = 183 + 0.39 (m - 120)

Use the equation to determine how many miles Tim and Jessica tracked if they paid 598.74

Answers

The equation that represents the cost of the van rental is $598.74 = 136.20 + $0.39m .

What is equation?

Equations are mathematical statements with two algebraic expressions flanking the equals (=) sign on either side.

It demonstrates the equality of the relationship between the expressions printed on the left and right sides. LHS = RHS is a common mathematical formula.

Coefficients, variables, operators, constants, terms, expressions, and the equal to sign are some of the components of an equation. The "=" sign and terms on both sides must always be present when writing an equation.

The general form of linear equations is:

y = a + bx

Where:

a = intercept

b = slope

The form of the equation that models the cost is:

Total cost = cost of renting the van + [cost per mile x (m - 120 miles)

$598.74 = $183 + [$0.39 x (m - 120)

$598.74 = $183 + $0.39m - 46.80

$598.74 = 136.20 + $0.39m

Thus, they travelled 1186 miles.

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How much does the water in a 6-person hot tub weigh?

Answers

Answer: A six-person model typically weighs approximately 1,000 pounds empty or 6,000 pounds full.

A function is defined by the equation f(x) = 2x - 5.
a. What is f(0)?
b. What is ƒ(1/2)?
c. What is f(100)?
d. What is x when f(x) = 9?

Answers

Answer:

a. f(0)= -5

b. f(1/2) = -4

c. f(100) = 195

d. x = 7

Step-by-step explanation:

Given that,

f(x) = 2x - 5 .........(1)

a)

Putting x = 0 in equation (1), we have

f(0) = 2(0) -5 = 0 - 5 = -5

b)

Putting x = 1/2 in equation (1), We have

f(1/2) = 2(1/2) -5 = 1 - 5 = -4

c)

Putting x = 100 in equation (1), We have

f(100) = 2(100) -5 = 200 - 5 = 195

d)

Putting f(x) = 9 in equation (1), We have

9 = 2x - 5

⇒ 2x = 9 + 5

⇒ 2x = 14

⇒ x = 14/2

x = 7

The tailgate of a truck is 2 feet above the ground. The incline of a ramp used for loading the truck is 11°, as shown below. 2' 11° Find, to the nearest tenth of a foot, the length of the ramp.​

Answers

The required length of the ramp is approximately 10.4 feet.

What is trigonometry?

Trigonometry is essentially the study of triangle calculations (hence the name trigonometry). It is a mathematical study of connections involving the lengths, heights, and angles of various triangles. The discipline was created in the third century BC as a result of the use of geometry in astronomical research.

According to question:

Let's call the length of the ramp "x". We can then use the sine function to relate the angle and the height of the ramp:

sin(11°) = opposite/hypotenuse

sin(11°) = 2/x

We can then solve for x:

x = 2/sin(11°)

x ≈ 10.4 feet

Therefore, the length of the ramp is approximately 10.4 feet.

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let fxn; n 0g be a dtmc on state space f1; 2; : : : ; ng. suppose it incurs a cost of c.i / dollars every time it visits state i. let g.i / be the total expected cost incurred by the dtmc until it visits state n starting from state i. derive the following equations: g.n / d0; g.i / dc.i / c pn jd1 pi;j g.j /; 1 j n 1

Answers

We can derive the equations using the principle of optimality for Markov decision processes. This principle states that an optimal policy for a process must satisfy the property that whatever the initial state and initial decision are, the remaining decisions must constitute an optimal policy with regard to the state resulting from the first decision.

Let g(i) denote the total expected cost incurred by the DTMC until it visits state n starting from state i. We can express this as:

g(i) = c(i) + p(i, i+1)g(i+1) + p(i, i+2)g(i+2) + ... + p(i, n-1)g(n-1)

Here, p(i, j) denotes the transition probability from state i to state j. The first term c(i) represents the cost incurred by visiting state i for the first time, and the second term p(i, i+1)g(i+1) represents the expected cost of moving from state i to state i+1 and continuing optimally from state i+1. The same applies to the following terms, with the last term p(i, n-1)g(n-1) representing the expected cost of moving from state i to state n-1 and continuing optimally from state n-1 to state n.

To solve for g(n), we note that the expected cost to reach state n from state n is zero since we are already at the target state. Therefore, we have:

g(n) = 0

Now, we can use the principle of optimality to solve for the remaining g(i)'s. Specifically, we consider the expected cost of moving from state i to state i+1 and continuing optimally from state i+1. This can be expressed as:

c(i) + p(i, i+1)g(i+1)

The optimal decision is to minimize this cost, which can be achieved by choosing the state j that minimizes the cost of moving from state i to state j and continuing optimally from state j. Therefore, we have:

g(i) = c(i) + min_j{p(i, j)g(j)}, for 1 <= i < n

This equation states that the expected cost of visiting state i and continuing optimally to state n is the sum of the cost of visiting state i and the expected cost of moving from state i to the state j that minimizes the expected cost of moving from state i to state j and continuing optimally from state j.

Combining the two equations, we obtain the desired results:

g(n) = 0

g(i) = c(i) + min_j{p(i, j)g(j)}, for 1 <= i < n

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