If 32. 0g of Fe2O3 reacts with 16. 2g of Al, what is the limiting reagent?

Balanced equation: Fe(NO₃)₂(aq) + Na₂CO₃(aq) ----> FeCO₃(s) + 2NaNO₃(aq) Ionic equation:  Fe²⁺(aq) + 2NO₃⁻(aq) + 2Na⁺(aq) + CO₃²⁻(aq) ----> FeCO₃(s) + 2Na⁺(aq) + 2NO₃⁻(aq).

An equation for a chemical reaction is said to be balanced if both the reactants and the products have the same number of atoms and total charge for each component of the reaction.

It is typical to balance chemical equations for both mass and charge in aqueous solutions. Equal numbers and types of atoms are produced on both sides of the equation when balancing for mass.

When the charge is balanced, there is no net charge on either side of the equation. Only the ions are depicted in the equation's state of matter (aq), which denotes that they are in water.

Therefore, Balanced equation: Fe(NO₃)₂(aq) + Na₂CO₃(aq) ----> FeCO₃(s) + 2NaNO₃(aq) Ionic equation:  Fe²⁺(aq) + 2NO₃⁻(aq) + 2Na⁺(aq) + CO₃²⁻(aq) ----> FeCO₃(s) + 2Na⁺(aq) + 2NO₃⁻(aq).

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According to the stoichiometry of the given chemical equation, 74.13 g of aluminium chloride and 1.66 g of hydrogen gas are formed.

It is the determination of proportions of elements or compounds in a chemical reaction. The related relations are based on law of conservation of mass and law of combining weights and volumes.

Stoichiometry is used in quantitative analysis for measuring concentrations of substances present in the sample.

53.96 g aluminium gives 266.68 g aluminium chloride, thus 15 g aluminium will give 15×266.68/53.96=74.13 g and 53.96 g aluminium gives 6 g hydrogen , thus 15 g will give 15×6/53.96=1.66 g  of hydrogen.

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The behaviour of a red blood cell in each of the solutions can be explained by osmosis:

Solution A (4.47% NaCl): Red blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, meaning the concentration of solute (NaCl) is higher outside the cell than inside. This results in a net movement of water out of the cell, causing the cell to shrink or "crenate."

Solution B (3.73% glucose): Red blood cells are placed in an isotonic solution, meaning the concentration of solute (glucose) is equal inside and outside the cell. This results in no net movement of water and no change in the shape of the cell.

Solution C (distilled water): Red blood cells are placed in a hypotonic solution, meaning the concentration of solute is lower outside the cell than inside. This results in a net movement of water into the cell, causing the cell to swell and potentially burst, which is known as "haemolysis."

Solution D (8.81% glucose): Like solution A, red blood cells placed in this hypertonic solution will experience crenation.

Solution E (5.0% glucose and 0.9% NaCl): Red blood cells placed in this solution will experience neither haemolysis nor crenation because the concentration of solute is not high enough to cause either effect.

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You would need 50 μl of the 10 mg/ml bovine gamma-globulin solution to prepare 50 μl of 0.5 mg/ml bovine gamma-globulin solution.

How to prepare the bovine gamma-globulin solution?

To calculate the amount of 10 mg/ml bovine gamma-globulin needed to prepare 50 μl of 0.5 mg/ml bovine gamma-globulin, we can use the following formula:

C1 * V1 = C2 * V2

where C1 is the concentration of the starting solution (10 mg/ml), V1 is the volume of the starting solution needed, C2 is the desired concentration (0.5 mg/ml), and V2 is the desired volume (50 μl).

We want to find V1, so we can rearrange the formula to:

V1 = (C2 * V2) / C1

Plugging in the values, we get:

V1 = (0.5 mg/ml * 50 μl) / (10 mg/ml)

V1 = 0.05 ml = 50 μl

So, you would need 50 μl of the 10 mg/ml bovine gamma-globulin solution to prepare 50 μl of 0.5 mg/ml bovine gamma-globulin solution.

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Nonpolar molecules tend to aggregate in water because they are forced to come into close proximity with each other due to hydrophobic interactions.

Nonpolar molecules are compressed together because they are hydrophobic and do not readily dissolve in water. The water-averse portions of the molecules all face in the same direction and push together to create cell membranes in this manner. This prevents water from reaching the molecules. The membrane prevents water from passing through.

The propensity of nonpolar compounds to collect in an aqueous solution and keep out water molecules is known as the hydrophobic effect. The difference between water and nonpolar substances, which increases hydrogen bonds between water molecules and limits the area of contact between them, is known as being hydrophobic, which literally translates as "fearful of water."

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Charged molecules cannot be dissolved in water. This claim regarding water is untrue. The best choice is A.

Positive and negative charges make up each molecule; the positive charges are referred to as anions, and the negative charges are referred to as anions that form during dissociation. Water is a polar solvent with the inherent ability to dissociate into charge-containing molecules and make bonds with other solvents, although it cannot form bonds with any solvent. As a result, Option A is accurate, refuting the claim that charged molecules cannot dissolve in water. The measure of disorder or unpredictability in a system or element is called entropy. Entropy, often known as the hydrophobic effect in thermodynamics, is the free energy shift caused by water around a solute. The effect of hydrophilic is thereby enhanced by the present negative free charges, leading to the aggregation of non-polar molecules.

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The remaining amount after 1000 years is 323.33 mg.

What is radioactivity decay?

An atom's nuclei exhibit radioactivity as a result of nuclear instability. Henry Becquerel made this discovery in 1896. The process of radioactivity is when an unstable atom's nucleus releases radiation to lose energy. In a drawer containing photographic plates, a small quantity of uranium compound was placed after being wrapped in black paper. When these plates were later examined, the findings showed that an exposure had occurred. The phrase "radioactive decay" is used to describe this occurrence. Radioactive elements are those elements or isotopes that emit radiation and undergo radioactivity.

The formula of half-life is

[tex]t_{\frac{1}{2}[/tex] = ln 2/λ

Given that the half-life of radium-226 is 1590 years.

λ = ln 2/ 1590

The formula of radioactivity decay is

N = N₀e^(-λt)

N = final amount

N₀ = initial amount

t = time

Given that

The initial amount is N₀ = 500 mg, λ = ln 2/ 1590, and t = 1000 years

N =  500 e^(- (ln 2/ 1590) ×1000)

N = 323.327737322

N = 323.33

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The pH of 0.10 m HClO2(aq) was measured, and it was determined to be 1.2, with chlorous acid concentrations of 0.1072 and 0.9695. A 0.10 m propylamine, C3H7NH2, the aqueous solution was tested.

the pH was found to be 11.86 with propylamine concentrations of 5.65 x 104 and 3.25.

In order to figure this out, we must put down the chemical equation describing the two processes in question.

a) A 0.10 M solution of HClO2 with a pH of 1.2

Let's get first with the pH the concentration of the H3O+ in equilibrium:

[H₃O⁺] = 10^(-pH)

[H₃O⁺] = 10^(-1.2) = 0.063 M

Now, let's write the equilibrium reaction for this acid:

HClO₂ + H₂O <-------> H₃O⁺ + ClO₂⁻

Now, an ICE chart for this reaction:

HClO₂ + H₂O <-------> H₃O⁺ + ClO₂⁻

I:      0.1                                0          0

C:      -x                               +x         +x

E:   0.1-x                               x          x

This allows us to create the following expression for Ka:

Ka = [H₃O⁺] [ClO₂⁻] / [HClO₂] = x² / 0.1 - x

calculate it above and it's 0.063 M, so, all we have to do is replace this value in the expression, and solve for Ka:

Ka =  (0.063)² / 0.1 - 0.063

Ka = 0.1072

Then the pKa is:

pKa = -logKa

pKa = -log(0.1072)

pKa = 0.9695

With this, we use the same procedure for part b) but instead of using pH and H₃O⁺, we will use OH⁻ and pOH.

b) 0.1 M of a C₃H₇NH₂ solution with pH = 11.86

Like in part a) we calculate the concentration of [OH⁻] instead because this is a base so, to get that, we use pOH:

14 = pH + pOH

pOH = 14 - pH

pOH = 14 - 11.86 = 2.14

[OH⁻] = 10^(-pOH)

[OH⁻] = 10^(-2.14) =7.24x10⁻³ M

Now, we use an ICE chart again and do the same procedure as part a) so:

C₃H₇NH₂ + H₂O <-------> C₃H₇NH₃⁺ + OH⁻

I:      0.1                                0          0

C:      -x                               +x         +x

E:   0.1-x                               x          x

Kb = (7.24x10⁻³)² / (0.1 - 7.24x10⁻³)

Kb = 5.65x10⁻⁴

pKb = -log(5.65x10⁻⁴)

pKb = 3.25

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The required Ka and pKa of HClO2 are 0.1072 and 0.9695 while the values of Kb and pKb of propylamine are 5.65x10⁻⁴ and 3.25 respectively.

Given the pH of HClO2 = 1.2

The concentration of HClO2 = 0.1M

(a) We know that [H₃O⁺] = 10^(-pH) then,

[H₃O⁺] = 10^(-1.2) = 0.063 M

the equilibrium reaction for this acid be:

[tex]HClO2 + H2O < ------- > H3O+ + ClO2-[/tex]

The ICE chart for this equation is :

     [tex]HClO2 + H2O < --- > H3O+ + ClO2-[/tex]

I:      0.1                                0          0

C:      -x                               +x         +x

E:   0.1-x                               x          x

Then, Ka = [H3O+] [ClO2-] / [HClO2] = x² / 0.1 - x = 0.63 * 0.63/1 - 0.63

Ka = 0.1072

Then, pKa = -logKa

pKa = -log(0.1072)  = 0.9695

(b) concentration of propylamine = 0.1M

The pH of propylamine = 11.86

As [OH] is a base, we determine the concentration of [OH].

14 = pH + pOH

pOH = 14 - 11.86 = 2.14

[OH⁻] = 10^(-pOH) = 10^(-2.14) = 7.24x10⁻³ M

The ICE chart for this reaction be:

[tex]C3H7NH2 + H2O < --- > C3H7NH3+ + OH-[/tex]

I:      0.1                                               0              0

C:      -x                                              +x            +x

E:   0.1-x                                              x               x

Kb = (7.24x10⁻³)² / (0.1 - 7.24x10⁻³) =  5.65x10⁻⁴

pKb = -log(5.65x10⁻⁴) = 3.25

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complete question: When the pH of 0.10M HClO2(aq) was measured, it was found to be 1.2. (a). What are the values of Ka and pKa of chlorous acid? (b). The pH of a 0.10M propylamine, C3H7NH2, aqueous solution was measured as 11.86. What are the values of Kb and pKb of propylamine?

An amino acid is considered "limiting" if it is absent from food in sufficient quantities to meet a person's needs. Option c is the correct option.

What is an amino acid?

Organic substances known as amino acids have both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Alpha-amino acids, which make up proteins, are by far the most significant of the hundreds of amino acids found in nature. In the genetic code, only 22 alpha amino acids are present.

The building blocks of proteins and amino acids are essential for the structure and operation of all living cells. The body cannot synthesize essential amino acids, so they must be consumed through diet. An amino acid is considered "limiting" if it is absent from food in sufficient quantities to meet a person's needs. If a protein lacks enough of one or more essential amino acids, it is said to be "limiting". This indicates that the protein cannot be utilized effectively by the body and, if consumed in large amounts, may result in deficiencies. Taking essential amino acid supplements can help to make up for these deficiencies and enhance general health.

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The mass of sodium chloride added should be, 2.93 grams.

What is the solution?

A solution is a specific kind of homogeneous mixture made up of two or more substances that are used in chemistry. A solute is a substance that has been dissolved in a solvent, which is the other substance in the mixture.

Molality: It is defined as the number of moles of solute present in kilograms of solvent.

Formula for molarity is

Molality= (moles of solute)/(kg of solvent)

Molality= (Mass of solute×1000)/(Molar mass of solute × mass of solvent)

The solute is Nacl and the solvent is water.

Given:

The molality of NaCl = 0.159  mol/kg

Molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mole

Mass of water = 315 g

Now put all the given values in the above formula, and we get:

0.159  mol/kg = (Mass of NaCl × 1000)/(58.44 g/mole × 315 g)

Mass of NaCl = (0.159  mol/kg× 58.44 g/mole × 315 g)/ 1000

Mass of NaCl = 2.93 g

Thus, the mass of NaCl added should be, 2.93  grams.

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The covalent bond formed between two amino acids is called a peptide bond.

Peptide bonds are formed by the condensation reaction between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of one amino acid and the amino group (-NH2) of another, resulting in the release of a molecule of water (H2O). This reaction forms a covalent bond, known as a peptide bond, which links the two amino acids together in a linear sequence.

Peptide bonds are critical in the formation of polypeptides and proteins, as they determine the sequence and structure of these biomolecules. The peptide bond is a single bond, and its formation and stability are due to the partial double bond character that it possesses. This partial double bond character is due to the delocalization of electrons in the bond and the contribution of resonance from the atoms on either side of the bond.

In summary, a peptide bond is a type of covalent bond that forms between two amino acids and is critical in the formation and stability of polypeptides and proteins.

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decrease the pressure of a 2.0 L container of oxygen from 3.2 atm to 1.0 atm, the volume of the container would need to be 6.4L

In order to decrease the pressure of a 2.0 L container of oxygen from 3.2 atm to 1.0 atm, the volume of the container would need to be increased. This can be calculated using Boyle's Law, which states that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional. Therefore, in order to reduce the pressure from 3.2 atm to 1.0 atm, the volume would need to be increased to 6.4 L. This can be found by solving the equation PV = nRT for V, with P1 being 3.2 atm, P2 being 1.0 atm, n being 1 mol, R being 0.0821, and T being 300 K. Solving this equation gives V2 = 6.4 L. Thus, the volume of the container would need to be increased to 6.4 L in order to decrease the pressure to 1.0 atm.

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The distribution of water vapor across the globe changes in response to differences in temperature, pressure, and humidity. As temperatures increase, the air can hold more water vapor and the relative humidity decreases.

Humidity is the amount of water vapor or moisture present in the air. It is measured in terms of relative humidity, which is the amount of water vapor present in the air relative to the amount that would be present if the air were saturated. Humidity levels can vary greatly from place to place, and different amounts of humidity can make the air feel more or less comfortable. High humidity levels can cause discomfort due to the feeling of sticky air, while low levels of humidity can lead to dryness in the skin, eyes, and throat. Humidity also affects the rate of evaporation, which can influence the rate of cooling in hot climates. Additionally, humidity can affect the human body's ability to cool off through perspiration, as the sweat won't evaporate as quickly in high humidity.

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According to chemical equilibrium, [tex]\frac{d[I_2]}{dt}[/tex] and [tex]\frac{d[NO]}{dt}[/tex] is  the expressions for the rates of appearance of I₂ and NO respectively.

Chemical equilibrium is the state that develops during a reversible chemical reaction when there is no net change in the ratio of reactants to products. When a chemical reaction is reversible, the products immediately after they are generated combine to form the reactants once more. There is no net change in the quantity of the chemicals involved in the chemical reaction when the two opposing processes are in equilibrium and happening at equal rates. When the reaction is in equilibrium, it is deemed finished. The quantitative formulation identifies the conditions needed for equilibrium. Changes in concentration, changes in pressure and temperature, and the presence of a catalyst are all factors that influence chemical equilibrium.

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It is likely that the creature won't be adversely impacted if a genetic error occurs in a mystery creature's genetic coding but does not modify the amino acid that is generated.

A divergence or mistake from the anticipated or desired result is referred to as an error. Various circumstances, such as those involving technology, science, and human behaviour, can give rise to it. Data loss, system breakdowns, or security breaches can happen from faults in computing that are brought on by bugs, glitches, or defective hardware. Erroneous measurements or insufficient controls are just two examples of faults that can occur in scientific research and produce unreliable or inaccurate results. Errors in human behaviour can result from misunderstandings, poor communication, or errors in judgement and have detrimental effects. In many professions, it is crucial to recognise errors and take steps to prevent them because doing so can boost safety, improve outcomes, and advance research.

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you need to add 9L of water to 10mL of the solution of HCl with a pH of 3 to change the pH of 6.

First, calculate the amount of HCl present in 10mL of the solution with a pH of 3:

10mL x 0.1M = 1 mmol HCl

Then, calculate the amount of HCl required to raise the pH to 6:

1 mmol HCl x (10^3 - 10^6) = 9 mmol HCl

Finally, calculate the amount of water required to add 9 m mol of HCl to the solution:

9 mmol HCl x (1L/1000 mmol HCl) = 9L water

Hence, you need to add 9L of water to 10mL of the solution of HCl with a pH of 3 to change the pH of 6.

What is ph?

pH is a measure of acidity and alkalinity. It is measured on a scale of 0 to 14, with 0 being the most acidic and 14 being the most basic (alkaline). A pH of 7 is neutral.

Therefore, you need to add 9L of water to 10mL of the solution of HCl with a pH of 3 to change the pH of 6.

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The specific heat for the given sample will be 0.522 J/g°C

Q= mcΔT,

here Q is the heat energy absorbed,

m is the mass of the sample,

ΔT is the change in temperature.

Q= m*c*ΔT,

Q= m*c*(T2-T1)

since we have to find the specific heat capacity therefore,

c= Q*(T2-T1)/m

putting values,

c= 392/(65.3-42.1)*32.3

c= 392/23.2*32.3

c= 392/749.36

c=0.522 J/g°C

The specific heat capacity is the amount of heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material when it's temperature is increased by 1°C.

The S.I unit for Specific heat capacity is Joule per kelvin per kilogram.

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The pressure of the steam is 2319.6 kPa and the density of the mixture is 287.86 kg/m³.

The pressure of the steam is P_220=2319.6 kPa,

We need to know the masses of the liquid and vapor in order to calculate the quality, and we need to know their respective precise volumes to do that.

m_liq  = V_liq/α_liq

          = 504.2 kg

m_vap = V_vap/α_vap

           = 13.94 kg

       q = m_vap/m_liq

         = 0.027

So, the density is calculated as follows:  

       p = m tot/V tot

          = 518.14 kg/1.8 m³

          = 287.86 kg/m³

Therefore, the pressure of the steam is 2319.6 kPa and the density of the mixture is 287.86 kg/m³.

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When volume is halved, pressure and temperature are doubled, but the number of molecules in an ideal gas remains constant.

This is thus because the number of molecules in a gas depends only on the number of atoms present, and is not affected by factors like pressure, temperature, or volume. PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R and T are constants, is the formula for the ideal gas law. The number of molecules in the gas remains constant since the number of moles, n, does not change. The only way to change the number of molecules of an ideal gas is to add or remove atoms from the gas. When pressure and temperature are doubled and volume is halved, the density of the gas increases, meaning that the same number of molecules are now occupying a smaller space. This can create greater pressure on the walls of the container, which can be observed as an increase in pressure.

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The volume (in liters) of the carbon dioxide gas produced if the reaction is carried out at STP is 65.5 L

We'll begin by examining the eqaution for the reaction to get useful information about the reaction. Details below:

CH₄ +2O₂ -> CO₂ + 2H₂

From the balanced equation above,

1 L of methane, CH₄ reacted to produce 1 L of carbon dioxide, CO₂

With the above information, we can obtain the volume of carbon dioxide, CO₂ produced when 65.5 L of methane, CH₄ reacts at STP. Details below:

1 L of methane, CH₄ reacted to produce 1 L of carbon dioxide, CO₂

Therefore

65.5 L of methane, CH₄ will also react to produce 65.5 L of carbon dioxide, CO₂

Thus, the volume of carbon dioxide, CO₂ produced is 65.5 L

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You'll have 20.5 g of hydrochloric acid (HCl) left, which is the answer to your query.

Data

HCl = 31.4 g

NaOH = 12 g

insufficient HCl =?

equilibrium in a chemical reaction

NaCl and H2O are produced from HCl and NaOH.

HCl's molar mass is equal to 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 g.

NaOH's molar mass is 40 g (23 + 16 + 1)

Figure out the limiting reactant.

Theoretical yield: 36.5/40 = 0.9125 for HCl/NaOH.

Research yield: HCl/NaOH = 31.4/12 = 2.62

Conclusion

Because of the increasing experimental yield, NaOH is the limiting reactant.

The excess reactant's mass should be determined.

35. 5 g of HCl ———————— NaOH weight 40 g

x ———————— NaOH in 12 g

x = (12 x 36.5) / 40

x = 438 / 40

x = 10.95 grams of HCl

Surplus HCl = 31.4 - 10.95

= 20.5 g

You'll have 20.5 g of HCl left, which is the answer to your query.

The complete question is,

To create aqueous sodium chloride and liquid water, aqueous hydrochloric acid must be combined with solid sodium hydroxide. Consider combining 12.g of sodium hydroxide with 31.4g of hydrochloric acid. Determine the smallest amount of hydrochloric acid that could possibly remain after the reaction. The quantity of significant digits in your response must be accurate.

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The temperature change that propane undergoes as it is throttled from its saturation pressure to the ambient pressure in a burner depends on the specific conditions and pressure changes involved.

However, it is generally known that throttling a gas leads to a decrease in temperature due to the reduction in pressure. Propane is indeed a gas. Saturation pressure refers to the pressure at which a substance (typically a liquid) changes phase into a gas at a specific temperature. It is the pressure at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid. When a liquid is heated at constant pressure, its temperature will increase until it reaches its boiling point and begins to vaporize into a gas. At this point, the saturation pressure is reached and further increases in temperature will cause the liquid to boil rapidly, converting it into a gas.

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We can separate the mixture of copper and salt by putting both mixtures in water. Salt will dissolve and copper will not. We can separate them easily.

Salt can dissolve in water because it is a soluble substance. Salt is made up of the negative ion of an acid and the positive ion of the base. When an acid and base dissolve neutralization reaction occurs.

Copper doesn't dissolve in water because copper is a metal. Not even in salty water. Copper has great metal conductivity. The melting and boiling point of copper is very high, that is, 1084.32 degrees Celsius and 2562 degrees Celsius.

Copper metal doesn't dissolve in water however exposure to such metals to air adds a layer of oxide to the metal. The oxide layer does dissolve in water to a slight extent.

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The balanced chemical reaction between lithium bromide and silver nitrate is written as follows:

[tex]\rm LiBr (aq) + AgNO_{3} (aq) \rightarrow LiNO_{3} (aq) + AgBr (s)[/tex]

Here, the spectator ions are Li+ and NO₃-. Hence, the net ionic equation is:  [tex]\rm Ag^{+} (aq) + Br^{-}(aq) \rightarrow AgBr (s)[/tex]

The balanced equation  of a reaction shows the perfect stoichiometry of reactants and products. The number of each elements in the reactants must be equal to their number in the product side.

Net ionic equation of a reaction is written in terms of the ions which are giving the solid product. Remaining ions are called spectator ions.

The remaining reactions can be completed as following :

[tex]\rm NH_{4}I (aq) + Pb(NO_{3}) _{2}(aq) \rightarrow NH_{4} NO_{3} (aq) + PbI_{2} (s)[/tex]

Here, the spectator ions are NH4+ and NO₃-.

Then, net ionic equation is:

[tex]\rm Pb^{2+} (aq)+ I^{-} (aq) \rightarrow PbI_{2} (s)[/tex]

The third reaction can be written as follows:

[tex]\rm (NH_{4})_{2}S + KOH \rightarrow NH_{4}OH + K_{2}S[/tex]

Here, the solid product is potassium sulphide. The net ionic reaction is written as follows:

[tex]\rm K^{+} (aq) + S^{2-} (aq) \rightarrow K_{2} S(s)[/tex]

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There are 0.560 formula units  in a 35.6 g sample of an imaginary compound XM₃.

Compound is defined as a chemical substance made up of identical molecules containing atoms from more than one type of chemical element.

Molecule consisting atoms of only one element is not called compound.It is transformed into new substances during chemical reactions. There are four major types of compounds depending on chemical bonding present in them.They are:

1)Molecular compounds where in atoms are joined by covalent bonds.

2) ionic compounds where atoms are joined by ionic bond.

3)Inter-metallic compounds where atoms are held by metallic bonds

4) co-ordination complexes where atoms are held by co-ordinate bonds.

Formula units are calculated as 29+ 34.5/35.6=0.560

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The phase with the greatest intermolecular forces compared to their kinetic energies is the solid phase.

In a solid, the particles are packed closely together and are held in fixed positions by strong intermolecular forces such as covalent bonds or hydrogen bonds. These strong forces keep the particles from moving freely, giving the solid its characteristic rigidity and resistance to change of shape. The kinetic energy of the particles in a solid is much lower than in a liquid or gas, where the particles are more free to move and are not held in fixed positions. This difference in intermolecular forces and kinetic energy gives solids their unique physical properties and makes them behave differently than liquids or gases.

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Exothermic, where less heat is released than it is taken and in exothermic more heat is released in making bonds.

Exothermic reactions in solution give out energy and the temperature increases, while endothermic reactions take in energy and the temperature decreases. Bonds are broken and made in reactions.

Breaking and making bonds can be described as follows-

exothermic - if more heat energy is released in forming bonds in the products than is taken in when breaking bonds in the reactants. Bond energy is less.

endothermic - if less heat energy is released in forming bonds in the products than is taken in when breaking bonds in the reactants. Bond energy is more.

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The functional groups associated with a dehydration reaction are the "OH" (hydroxyl) and "H" (hydrogen) groups.

A dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water (H2O) is eliminated from a reactant, usually an alcohol or an acid. This reaction results in the formation of a new bond between the carbon and the oxygen atoms that were previously bonded to the hydroxyl group.

During a dehydration reaction, the hydroxyl group (OH) loses a hydrogen ion (H) and becomes a double bond between the oxygen and carbon atoms. This results in the elimination of a water molecule and the formation of a new, stronger bond between the carbon and oxygen atoms.

So, the functional groups associated with a dehydration reaction are the "OH" (hydroxyl) and "H" (hydrogen) groups.

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The Volume of water contains 165 mg of pb is 0.165ml

The amount of matter in a particle or object is represented by the dimensionless quantity mass (symbolised m). The kilogramme (kg) is the accepted unit of mass in the International System (SI).

We can use the following formula to determine how much water has 165 mg of lead in it:

Volume times Density = Mass

Since we are aware of the density of water (1.0 g/ml) and the amount of

lead (165 mg), we can modify the formula to determine the volume:

Mass x Density = Volume

Unit conversion to SI units:

165 mg is equal to 0.165 g

We can now determine the volume:

volume is equal to 0.165 g / 1.0 g/ml (0.165 ml).

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There are 2 moles of excess reactant remain unused.

The given reaction: -

3H2(g) + N2 -----> 2NH3(g)

3 mole  1 mole       2 mole

Here in the given reaction we see that 3 mole of H2 reacts with 1 mole of N2 to produced 2 mole of NH3.

The mixture contain 3.0 mole of H2 and 3.0 mole of N2,

So, 1.0 mole of N2 can react with 3.0 mole of H2.

So (3.0 - 1.0) = 2.0 moles of N2 remain unused.

2.00 mole of N2 reactant remain unused.

Reactants are the substances that are involved in a chemical reaction and undergo changes to produce new substances, known as products. In a chemical reaction, the reactants are the starting materials that are combined to form the end products. These reactants are characterized by their molecular formula and chemical properties, which determine the type of reaction that will occur.

The amount of reactants used in a reaction is an important factor in determining the amount of product produced. In some reactions, only a small amount of reactant is needed to produce the desired product, while in others, large amounts of reactants are required. The type of reactants used in a reaction also determines the rate at which the reaction will proceed and the amount of energy required to initiate the reaction.

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The molecular mass Ca(OH)2 = 40.078 g/mol

Grams of Ca(OH)2 = 275.935 g

Ca(OH)2 is calcium hydroxide, a compound composed of calcium, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms.  The chemical formula for calcium hydroxide is Ca(OH)2, and the equation for its formation is:  CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

Ca(OH)2 -> Ca2+ + 2OH-

The equation represents the dissociation of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, in water to form calcium ions (Ca2+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.

Molarity (M) = [tex]\frac{moles of solute}{liter of solution}[/tex]

Moles of Ca(OH)2 = Molarity x Volume x Molecular Weight

Moles of Ca(OH)2 = [tex]0.50 M * 0.100 L * 74.10 g/mol[/tex]

Moles of Ca(OH)2 = [tex]3.705 moles[/tex]

Grams of Ca(OH)2 = Moles of Ca(OH)2 x Molecular Weight

Grams of Ca(OH)2 = [tex]3.705 moles * 74.10 g/mol[/tex]

Grams of Ca(OH)2 = [tex]275.935 g[/tex]

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