The number of protons is equal to atomic number; the number of neutrons = mass number – the atomic number.
Protons are the kind of subatomic particles that, together with neutrons, are prominently found in the nucleus of an atom.
An element's atomic number may be thought of as the number of a chemical element in the periodic system, where the elements are grouped in ascending order of the number of protons in the nucleus.
The difference between the atomic number and the mass number of the atom may be used to compute the number of neutrons.
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2. 100cm³ of 0. 05M tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid was placed in a flask and a small quantity of anhydrous sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) was added. The mixture was boiled to expel CO2, cooled and the volume restored by the addition of distilled water to 100cm³. 22cm³ of the solution then required 15cm³ of 0. 10M NaOH solution to neutralize it. What was the mass of sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) added?
The mass of sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) added is 0.106 g.
To find the mass of sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) added, we need to use the balanced chemical equation and the concept of molarity.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
H₂SO₄ + Na₂CO₃ → Na₂SO₄ + H₂O + CO₂From the question,
We know that the volume of tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid is 100 cm³ and its molarity is 0.05 M. We also know that the volume of NaOH solution required to neutralize the solution is 15 cm³ and its molarity is 0.10 M.1. Using the formula M₁V₁ = M₂V₂, where M₁ and V₁ are the molarity and volume of the first solution and M₂ and V₂ are the molarity and volume of the second solution, we can find the moles of NaOH required to neutralize the solution:
0.10 M × 15 cm³ = 0.05 M × V₂V₂ = 30 cm³
2. Since the balanced chemical equation shows that 1 mole of NaOH is required to neutralize 1 mole of H₂SO₄, we can use the same formula to find the moles of H₂SO₄ in the solution:
0.05 M × 100 cm³ = 0.10 M × V₂V₂ = 50 cm³
3. Since the volume of the solution after the addition of sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) is 100 cm³, the moles of H₂SO₄ that reacted with sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) is:
50 cm³ - 30 cm³ = 20 cm³Using the formula M₁V₁ = M₂V₂,
4. We can find the moles of sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) that reacted with H₂SO₄:0.05 M × 20 cm³ = 0.10 M × V₂V₂ = 10 cm³
Since the balanced chemical equation shows that 1 mole of Na₂CO₃ is required to react with 1 mole of H₂SO₄, the moles of Na₂CO₃ is equal to the moles of H₂SO₄:10 cm³ × 0.10 M = 1 × 10⁻³ moles of Na₂CO₃
5. To find the mass of sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) added, we can use the formula mass = moles × molar mass:The molar mass of Na₂CO₃ is 106 g/mol, so the mass of sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) added is:1 × 10⁻³ moles × 106 g/mol = 0.106 gTherefore, the mass of sodium trioxocarbonate (IV) added is 0.106 g.
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At what position(s) will electrophilic aromatic substitution occur for the following compound?bromobenzene
In bromobenzene, the bromine atom is an electron-withdrawing group that deactivates the ring towards electrophilic substitution reactions. However, since the bromine atom is ortho-para directing, it directs incoming electrophiles to the ortho and para positions relative to itself.
Therefore, electrophilic aromatic substitution can occur at either the ortho or para positions in bromobenzene, and the meta position is less favored due to the deactivating nature of the bromine atom.
The reaction could be summarized as follows:
+ E+ + HX
| |
Ar-Br + E+ → Ar-E + HBr
| |
+ E+ + HX
where Ar represents the aromatic ring, Br represents the bromine atom, E+ represents the electrophile, and HX represents the acid catalyst.
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in cold water climates, road crews salt the roads to lower the freezing point of water. how many grams of cacl2 should be added to 1000 l of water to lower its freezing point from 0.0 °c to –10.0 °c? the freezing point depression constant for water is 1.86 °c/m, and the density of water is 1.00 g/ml.
The grams of CaCl2 required to be added to 1000l of water to lower its freezing point from 0.0 °c to –10.0 °c is 0.29 kg.
How to calculate grams ?The quantity of solute dissociation in the solvent is measured by the van 't Hoff factor, or i. I = 1 applies to things like sugar that do not dissociate in water. I = 2 for solutes that totally split into two ions. For the purposes of this illustration, CaCl2 entirely splits into the ions Ca+2 and Cl-. Consequently, I = 2 T in this instance is equal to 10 °C.kg water = 1 kg water Equals density x volumeKf water is also 1.86 °C kg/mol.T = iKfm 10 = 2 x 1.86 °C kg/mol m = 2.69 MThe formula for molality is now molecular mass = grams of CaCl2/kg water.CaCl2 has a molar mass of 110.98 g/mol, Molar mass of CaCl2 is 110.98 g/molm= grams of CaCl2 / 0.110 × 12.69 = grams of CaCl2 /0.110×1Grams of CaCl2= 0.29 kgFor more information on freezing point kindly visit to
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what are the equilibrium partial pressures of pcl3 , cl2 , and pcl5 , respectively?
Equilibrium partial pressures of PCl₃ , Cl₂ , and PCl₅ are 0.3atm,0.2atm and 0.6atm respectively.
In a combination of gases, every constituent gas has a partial pressure which is the notional pressure of that constituent gas as though it alone involved the whole volume of the first blend at the equivalent temperature.[1] The complete tension of an ideal gas blend is the amount of the halfway tensions of the gases in the blend (Dalton's Regulation).
The partial pressure of a gas is a proportion of thermodynamic action of the gas' particles. Gases break down, diffuse, and respond as per their halfway tensions yet not as per their focuses in gas blends or fluids. This overall property of gases is additionally evident in compound responses of gases in science. For instance, the fundamental measure of oxygen for human breath, and the sum that is harmful, is set by the halfway tension of oxygen alone.
This is valid across an exceptionally extensive variety of various groupings of oxygen present in different breathed in breathing gases or broke down in blood;[2] subsequently, blend proportions, similar to that of breathable 20% oxygen and 80%, not entirely settled by volume rather than by weight or mass.
Besides, the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide are significant boundaries in trial of blood vessel blood gases. All things considered, these pressure can likewise be estimated in, for instance, cerebrospinal liquid.
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how many moles are in 100 gram?
There are approximately 0.555 moles in 100 grams of glucose.
One mole of a substance is defined as the amount of that substance which contains the same number of entities (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12. This number is known as Avogadro's number and is approximately 6.022 x 10²³ entities per mole.
The number of moles in 100 grams of a substance depends on its molar mass. To calculate the number of moles, we need to divide the given mass by the molar mass of the substance. The formula is:
Number of moles = given mass / molar mass
For example, if we want to find the number of moles in 100 grams of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), which has a molar mass of 180.16 g/mol, the calculation would be:
Number of moles = 100 g / 180.16 g/mol
Number of moles = 0.555 moles
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Amino acids with hydrophobic R groups are most often found buried in the interior of folded proteins.
True/False
The given statement "mino acids with hydrophobic R groups are most often found buried in the interior of folded proteins" is true statement because amino acids with hydrophobic (water-fearing) R groups tend to be nonpolar, and are therefore typically not attracted to water.
This means that when they are incorporated into a protein, they are more likely to be found buried in the interior of the protein where they are shielded from the surrounding aqueous environment. This is because the hydrophobic R groups of these amino acids prefer to interact with other nonpolar groups rather than with water molecules. In contrast, amino acids with hydrophilic (water-loving) R groups are more likely to be found on the surface of the protein, where they can interact with water and other polar molecules.
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How is the mass of the vaporized liquid determined in this experiment
The mass of the vaporized liquid can be determined by measuring the mass of the container before and after the vaporization process.
The difference in mass can be used to calculate the mass of the vaporized liquid. Vaporization is a type of phase transition in which a substance in its liquid state is converted into a gaseous state. During this process, molecules in the liquid state absorb enough energy to break the bonds that hold them together, allowing them to move freely in the gas phase.For example, if the container had a mass of 100 grams before the vaporization process, and had a mass of 90 grams after the vaporization process, then the mass of the vaporized liquid would be 10 grams.
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metal and dirt are not considered contaminants to oil. t/f
The statement "Metal and dirt are not considered contaminants to oil" is false.
What is meant by metal?Chemical elements known as metals have a high thermal conductivity, are ductile, and have high electrical conductivity. Metals include gold, silver, magnesium, helium, and others. They contain both solids and gases, and they are exceedingly reactive.Contamination of oil is referred to as oil and dirt. There is an issue with oil pollution because it generates a chemical reaction in the oil. Depletion or oxidation are some of the reactions it produces.There are numerous opportunities for metals, oxides, and other contaminants to be present in motor oils. As a result, the lubrication of engine components performs less effectively, resulting in debris and friction.When newly produced, polished, or shattered, a material exhibits a glossy look and quite good electrical and thermal conductivity. This substance is called a metal. The majority of metals are malleable and ductile. The metallic link that exists between the atoms or molecules of the metal is what gives rise to these characteristics.To learn more about metal refer to:
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Consider the nuclear equation below.
22
NaNe +6
Which is the missing value that will balance the equation?
+2
Answer:
The Correct option is "+1"
In general, as activation energy increases, reaction rate _____.
A) goes down if the reaction is exothermic.
B) goes down if the reaction is endothermic.
C) stays the same regardless of whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
D) goes down regardless of whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
E) none of the above.
Reaction Rate:
The rate of a reaction shows how fast a reaction is completed. This can be affected by the temperature of the system, and some other factors including stirring, etc. These affect the rate of collision of the particles in the reaction mixture which also affects whether the particles will have good orientation.
In general, as activation energy increases, reaction rate D: "goes down regardless of whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic".
The activation energy is the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction by breaking the bonds of the reactants. If the activation energy is high, fewer molecules will have enough kinetic energy to overcome this energy barrier, leading to a lower reaction rate. This is true for both exothermic and endothermic reactions. Therefore, as the activation energy increases, the reaction rate will decrease regardless of whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
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what is the role of detergent, ethanol, and salt in the extraction process?
The use of detergent, ethanol, and salt in the extraction process can help to improve the efficiency and selectivity of the extraction process, depending on the specific requirements of the experiment or application.
Detergent can be used to break up cell membranes and other barriers that might prevent the desired molecules from being extracted. It can also help to solubilize hydrophobic molecules by forming micelles.
Ethanol can be used as a solvent to extract polar and non-polar compounds. It can also be used to precipitate certain molecules, such as nucleic acids, by disrupting the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions between molecules.
Salt can be used to disrupt the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions between molecules, and can also be used to increase the solubility of certain molecules. In addition, it can be used to create a salt gradient, which can be useful for separating molecules based on their size or charge using techniques such as dialysis or gel filtration chromatography.
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What is the appearance of 9,10-dihydroanthracene 9 10 α β succinic acid anhydride?
In its relatively pure form, (9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-succinic acid anhydride) is probably white and very crystalline.
What is the literature melting point of 9,10-dihydroanthracene 9 10 α β succinic anhydride?Anthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that gives rise to the chemical molecule 9,10-dihydroanthracene. Dihydroanthracene has a number of isomers, although the most prevalent one is its 9,10 derivative.
This substance's CAS registry number is 5443-16-3 and it is also known as 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-succinic acid anhydride. Even with this number, it may be challenging to locate physical information on this substance. Its melting point is 261-262 °C, and its molecular weight is 267.2861 g/mol.
In its relatively pure form, (9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-succinic acid anhydride) is probably white and very crystalline. Crystals without colour are produced after recrystallization; their melting point is 260–263 °C.
The remaining substance in the vial most likely ranges in hue from yellow-green to dark green and is primarily composed of 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-succinic acid anhydride. It is coloured due to minute levels of oxidised anthracene.
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All of the following pairs of ions are isoelectronic except which one?A) Al^3+ and N^3-B) Fe^2+ and Co^3+C) Fe^2+ and Mn^3+D) K^+ and Ca^2+E) Zn^2+ and Cu^+
Isoelectronic ions include O2, F, Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+.
Are Al3+ and Na+ isoelectronic?Despite the fact that Na+ and Al3+ have identical electron configurations, Al3+ has a smaller ionic radius than Na+. Reason: Compared to Na+, Al3+ has a larger effective nuclear charge on the outer shell electrons. Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Assertion's explanation by Reason is accurate.
N3 and Ne are they both electronic?Atoms with the same electronic configuration or equal numbers of electrons are referred to as isoelectronic species. N3-, O2-, F-, Ne, Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+, for instance, are a number of isoelectronic species.
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what is orders of reaction mean ?
Orders of reaction are an important aspect of chemical kinetics, as they are used to determine how the rate of a reaction is affected by the concentration of the reactants.
The order of a reaction with respect to a particular reactant is the power to which the concentration of that reactant is raised in the rate law. For example, if the rate law for a reaction is: rate = k[A]^2[B]
Then the order of the reaction with respect to reactant A is 2, and the order with respect to reactant B is 1. The overall order of the reaction is the sum of the orders with respect to each reactant, so in this case the overall order is 2 + 1 = 3.
Orders of reaction can be determined experimentally by measuring how the rate of a reaction changes as the concentration of the reactants is varied. They are important for understanding the mechanism of a reaction and for predicting how the rate of a reaction will change under different conditions.
Orders of reaction are used to describe how the rate of a reaction is affected by the concentration of the reactants, and they are determined experimentally by measuring how the rate changes as the concentration of the reactants is varied.
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How does nitrogen fixation lead to enhanced plant growth?ONitrogen fixation prevents pathogens from infecting the plant. ONitrogen fixation directly by the plant is very expensive in terms of metabolic energy. ONitrogen fixation prevents herbivores from eating the plant. OFixed nitrogen can be used by plants to produce protein ONitrogen fixation enables prokaryotes to supply the plant with proteins directly
Nitrogen fixation can lead to enhanced plant growth with Fixed nitrogen can be used by plants to produce protein. Option D is correct.
Fixed nitrogen can be used by plants to produce protein, which is necessary for growth and development. Nitrogen is a key component of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Amino acids are used by plants to make enzymes, chlorophyll, and other important molecules.
However, atmospheric nitrogen gas (N₂) cannot be directly used by plants. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted into a usable form, such as ammonia (NH₃) or nitrate (NO₃⁻), by certain bacteria or other microorganisms.
These microorganisms can either form a symbiotic relationship with the plant, living in the roots or nodules, or exist independently in the soil. Once the fixed nitrogen is available in the soil, plants can take it up through their roots and use it to produce proteins and other nitrogen-containing molecules, leading to enhanced growth and productivity.
Hence, D. Fixed nitrogen can be used by plants to produce protein is the correct option.
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--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"How does nitrogen fixation lead to enhanced plant growth? A) Nitrogen fixation prevents pathogens from infecting the plant. B) Nitrogen fixation directly by the plant is very expensive in terms of metabolic energy. C) Nitrogen fixation prevents herbivores from eating the plant. D) Fixed nitrogen can be used by plants to produce protein E) Nitrogen fixation enables prokaryotes to supply the plant with proteins directly."--
6.0 mol NaOH can form
3.0 mol Na3PO4 while 9.0 mole H3PO4
can form 9.0 mol Na3PO4. What mass of
Na3PO4 forms?
Na3PO4: 164 g/mol
A total of 1984 grams of Na3PO4 is formed
How to find the mass of Sodium phosphate that formsFirst we first need to calculate the number of moles of Na3PO4 that are formed from 6.0 mol NaOH and 9.0 mol H3PO4.
From 6.0 mol NaOH, 3.0 mol Na3PO4 can be formed.
And from 9.0 mol H3PO4, 9.0 mol Na3PO4 can be formed.
So, in total, 3.0 + 9.0 = 12.0 mol Na3PO4 are formed.
Next, we can multiply the number of moles by the molar mass of Na3PO4 to find the mass.
mass = number of moles * molar mass
= 12.0 mol * 164 g/mol
= 1984 g
Therefore, a total of 1984 grams of Na3PO4 is formed.
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PLEASE HELP ---- S + 6 HNO3 --> H2SO4 + 6 NO2 + 2 H2O
In the above equation how many moles of water can be made when 85 moles of HNO3 are consumed?
2moles of H2O are made when 6moles of HNO3 are consumed
75 mole of HNO3 produces = [tex]\frac{2}{6}[/tex]× 75 ⇒ 25 moles of water
Limiting Reagent Method
The limiting reagent is the reactant that is completely used up in a reaction and thus determines when the reaction stops.
S + 6 HNO3 --> H2SO4 + 6 NO2 + 2 H2O
6 mole of HNO3 produces [tex]\frac{2}{6}[/tex] = 2 moles of H₂O
1 mole of HNO3 produces = mole of H₂O
∴ 75 mole of HNO3 produces = [tex]\frac{2}{6}[/tex] × 75 ⇒ 25 moles of water
According to the department of transportation, hazardous materials are defined as a megerial that can pose an unreasonable risk to
According to the Department of Transportation (DOT), hazardous materials are defined as materials that can pose an unreasonable risk to health, safety, or property during transportation.
These materials can include explosives, flammable gases and liquids, toxic substances, radioactive materials, and more. The DOT has specific regulations in place for the transportation of these materials to ensure that they are handled and transported safely to minimize the risk of accidents or harm.
These regulations include:
Requirements for labeling, packaging, and transporting hazardous materials, as well as training for individuals involved in the transportation process.It is important to follow these regulations to prevent accidents and protect the health and safety of those involved in the transportation of hazardous materials.
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herbivory in brassica plants can induce the production of defensive chemicals such as glucosinolates. for example, one effect of these chemicals is the inhibition of growth of caterpillars feeding on the plant. do a web search to learn more about glucosinolates and describe another way in which they can provide a defense for plants against being eaten. what function is?
The function is that these flora use a complicated protection system, called the mustard oil bomb, to do away with their enemies.
If plant tissues are wounded, glucosinolates and an enzyme called myrosinase come into contact, and, as a result, poisonous metabolites are shaped which deter maximum insects. The first line of protection in flora is an intact and impenetrable barrier composed of bark and a waxy cuticle. Both guard flora towards herbivores. Other variations towards herbivores consist of difficult shells, thorns (changed branches), and spines (changed leaves). Recent research have proven useful consequences of glucosinolates, consisting of regulatory features in inflammation, pressure response, section I metabolism, and antioxidant activities, in addition to direct antimicrobial properties.
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Chemistry help needed !!
The approximate melting point of the substance represented by line from point B to point C. Phase change is associated with latent heat, as it reflects the energy absorbed or released during the phase change without any change in temperature.
ExplanationThe melting point is a specific temperature at which a substance undergoes a phase change from a solid state to a liquid state. Generally, most substances can exist in three phases: solid, liquid, and gas.
When a substance is heated, its temperature increases, and it goes through a phase change that naturally from solid to liquid and then from liquid to gas. During these phase changes, the temperature remains constant, as the energy is being used to break the intermolecular bonds that hold the particles together.
In the given graph,
The first horizontal line from point B to point C represents the temperature at which the substance is melting. This is the temperature at which the substance undergoes a phase change from a solid state to a liquid state.The second horizontal line on the graph that runs from point D to point E represents the approximate boiling point of the substance. This is the temperature at which the substance undergoes a phase change from a liquid state to a gas state.Learn more about melting point and boiling point on:
brainly.com/question/40140brainly.com/question/30861415brainly.com/question/29233996as the temperature increases, does the reaction rate increase or decrease?
The reaction rate increases as the temperature increases.
What is a temperature?
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance, typically measured in units of degrees on the Celsius (°C) or Fahrenheit (°F) scale. It is a fundamental physical property that determines whether a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas. Temperature also affects the properties of a substance, such as its boiling and freezing points, the speed at which chemical reactions occur, and the density of a substance.
This is because as the temperature rises, the molecules gain more energy and move around faster, increasing the number of collisions between the reactant molecules. This increases the probability of successful collisions that lead to the formation of the desired product, resulting in an increase in reaction rate.
Therefore, reaction rate increases as the temperature increases.
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A chain lying on the ground is 10 m long and its mass is 70 kg. How much work (in j) is required to raise one end of the chain to a height of 6 m? (use 9. 8 m/s2 for g. ).
The work required to raise one end of the chain to a height of 6 m is 2058 J.The work required to lift an object is given by the formula:
W = mgh
where W is the work done, m is the mass of the object, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height to which the object is lifted.
In this case, the mass of the chain is 70 kg, the height to which it is lifted is 6 m, and the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s^2. We need to find the work required to lift one end of the chain, which is half of the total chain, i.e., 5 m.
The mass of the half chain is:
m = (70 kg) / 2 = 35 kg
The work required to lift the half chain to a height of 6 m is:
W = mgh = (35 kg) x (9.8 m/s^2) x (6 m) = 2058 J
Therefore, the work required to raise one end of the chain to a height of 6 m is 2058 J.
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Calculate the mass of chlorine gas needed to react with 84. 0 grams of aluminum to produce aluminum chloride
The mass of chlorine gas needed to react with 84 grams of aluminum is 331.21 grams.
Balanced chemical equationTo calculate the mass of chlorine gas needed to react with 84.0 grams of aluminum to produce aluminum chloride, we can use the balanced chemical equation for the reaction:
2Al + 3Cl₂ → 2AlCl₃
From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of aluminum react with 3 moles of chlorine gas to produce 2 moles of aluminum chloride. We can use this mole ratio to determine the mass of chlorine gas needed.
First, we need to convert the mass of aluminum to moles:
84.0 g Al × (1 mol Al / 26.98 g Al) = 3.11 mol Al
Next, we can use the mole ratio from the balanced equation to determine the moles of chlorine gas needed:
3.11 mol Al × (3 mol Cl₂ / 2 mol Al) = 4.67 mol Cl₂
Finally, we can convert the moles of chlorine gas to mass:
4.67 mol Cl₂ × (70.90 g Cl₂ / 1 mol Cl₂) = 331.21 g Cl₂
Therefore, the mass of chlorine gas needed to react with 84.0 grams of aluminum to produce aluminum chloride is 331.21 grams.
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What alkaline earth metal is used in fireworks?
Alkaline earth metals which are used in fireworks are aluminium, antimony, calcium etc.
The alkaline earth metals are six compound components in bunch 2 of the periodic table. They are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). The components have very much like properties: they are gleaming, shimmering white, fairly responsive metals at standard temperature and pressure.Fundamentally, they (along with helium) share for all intents and purpose an external s-orbital which is full — that is, this orbital contains its full supplement of two electrons, which the basic earth metals promptly lose to frame cations with charge +2, and an oxidation condition of +2.
Helium itself is a noble gas and not an alkaline earth metal, however it is conjectured to have a few likenesses to beryllium when constrained into holding and has once in a while been recommended to have a place with group 2.
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in each reaction box, select the best reagent and conditions from each list.
The best reagent and conditions from each list :
1) AlCl₃ - CH₃Cl at room temperature
2) HNO₃ -H₂SO₄ at room temperature
3) Fuming HNO₃ -H₂SO₄ at 90-100 ⁰C heat .
Benzene will be converted to the toluene by the Friedel Craft Alkylation of the benzene . In this reaction the reagent AlCl₃ and the CH₃Cl is used .
Dinitritoluene will be prepared from the toluene by the Nitration . The reaction is uses the Electrophilic substitution mechanism . The reagents that used are HNO₃ and the H₂SO₄ at room temperature.
This reaction is the extended nitration of the toluene . The Further nitration is done in the extreme condition . The temperature of the reaction is increased to the 90- 100 ⁰ C.
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The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule is called: ________
The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule is called: ionization energy.
Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule in the gas phase, resulting in the formation of a positively charged ion.
In other words, it is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the outermost shell (valence shell) of an atom or molecule.
The ionization energy is measured in units of joules per mole (J/mol) or electron volts (eV).
It is an important property of atoms and molecules, as it determines their chemical reactivity and ability to form chemical bonds. Atoms with low ionization energies tend to be more chemically reactive and are more likely to form chemical bonds with other atoms, while atoms with high ionization energies are less reactive and less likely to form chemical bonds.
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Why is KNO3 ionic and covalent?
Potassium nitrate, KNO3 has both ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic bond due to the attraction between oppositely charged particles and covalent due to the presence of a double bond.
KNO₃ (potassium nitrate) consists of potassium (an alkali metal) and nitrogen and oxygen (which are both gases and "non-metals"). We have a molecule of potassium nitrate, KNO₃, it contains the cation K⁺ and the polyatomic anion NO³⁻. An ionic bond is one in which one or more valence electrons from one atom are completely transferred to another atom, forming two oppositely charged atoms or ions. A covalent bond is formed when electron pairs are shared by both atoms. Now the bond in potassium nitrate is ionic, resulting from the electrostatic attraction between the K⁺ and NO³⁻ ions. There is also a covalent bond that works in the nitrate anion. The usual Lewis structure shows a quaternized nitrogen (ie nitrogen with a formal positive charge), an N=O double bond, and a single covalent bond. So both ionic and covalent bonding between nitrogen and oxygen atoms in NO³⁻ exist.
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How does second-order affect reaction rate?
In second-order reactions, the reaction rate is directly proportional to the exponential value of the reactants concentration.
Second order reactions can be defined as reactions where the sum of the exponents in the corresponding chemical reaction rate law is equal to two. The rate of second order reaction can be written either as r = k[A]², or as
r = k[A][B],
where r --> rate of reaction
k ---> rate constant
The units of rate constant, k for a second-order reaction are 1/(M-s). For example: consider the reaction,
2HI --> H₂ + I₂
Rate of reaction = [HI]²
Thus, second-order reaction rate is proportional to the square of the reactant concentration or the product of the concentration of two reactants.
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the mass of a gaseous compound of phosphorus is 3.9 g at 457.4 K in a 1.16 L container and at a pressure of 732.3 mm Hg. What is the molar mass of the compound
Set up a graph x-y scatter plot showing the solubility curve of each salt (SEP 5). Hint: you have one graph with all four salts. The x-axis is your independent variable the y-axis is your dependent variable. Graph needs to be titled, axis labels for both x and y, and labels for each curve.
The solubility curve curve shows the way that solubility is plotted against temperature
How do we prepare the solubility curve?The question is incomplete but it has to do with the preparation of the solubility curve so I will talk about it.
To prepare the solubility curve, Plot the solubility of the solute in the solvent as a function of temperature. Typically, the solubility is plotted on the y-axis, and the temperature is plotted on the x-axis. Connect the points on the graph with a smooth curve to represent the solubility curve.
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