The human proteome project is to experimentally observe all of the proteins produced by the sequences translated from the human genome while the human genome project was to generate the first sequence of the human genome is to generate the first sequence of the human genome.
What is a Genome?This is referred to as the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell and it consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes located in the cell's nucleus.
The human proteome project was different from the human genome project such that the former was to experiment on the proteins produced by the sequences translated from the human genome while the latter was to generate the first sequence of the human genome.
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A student set up an experiment to show the effect of light color on photosynthesis in Elodea plants. She filled two test tubes with distilled water and placed a piece of Elodea in each of the tubes. She added a drop of phenol red, which turns red in a basic solution and yellow in an acidic solution. She blew in each tube before placing the volumeters on the top of the tube. Why did she blow into the tube
A student set up an experiment to show the effect of light color on photosynthesis in Elodea plants. She filled two test tubes with distilled water and placed a piece of Elodea in each of the tubes. She added a drop of phenol red, which turns red in a basic solution and yellow in an acidic solution. She blew in each tube before placing the volumeters on the top of the tube to add carbon di oxide.
She blew in the test tubes to add the carbon di oxide to the tube which caused the distilled water to become more acidic so the phenol red turned yellow, and when she exposes the tubes to different set of color lights. So, in the presence of light it turn the water into red color, which shows the process of photosynthesis depending on the wavelength of different color.
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Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question was…
A student set up an experiment to show the effect of light color on photosynthesis in Elodea plants. She filled two test tubes with distilled water and placed a piece of Elodea in each of the tubes. She added a drop of phenol red, which turns red in a basic solution and yellow in an acidic solution. She blew in each tube before placing the volumeters on the top of the tube. Why did she blow into the tube? Multiple Choice
1) to add oxygen to the tube
2) to add carbon dioxide to the tube
3) to add carbohydrates to the tube
4) to add sodium bicarbonate to the tube
The peoples of ancient mesopotamia tended to see the world as a hazardous place because:_______
The peoples of ancient Mesopotamia tended to see the world as a hazardous place because of the unpredictable flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
The civilization of ancient Mesopotamia grew up alongside the banks of two outstanding rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris.
Within the midst of a full-size desert, the peoples of Mesopotamia relied upon these rivers to offer ingesting water, agricultural irrigation, and most important transportation routes.
He notes that an irrigation device that allotted water from the Euphrates and Tigris rivers had to be used to develop crops.
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Which nerve (indicated by the red arrow) emerging from the cervical plexus provides innervation to the diaphragm?
The nerve that provides innervation to the diaphragm which emerges from the cervical plexus is the phrenic nerve.
What is a nerve?A nerve is the structure of the nervous system of the body that transfers information as an electrical impulse from various parts of the body.
Various organs of the body are being supplied or innervated by a particular type of nerve.
The cervical plexus is a nerve structure that is located at the head and neck region of the body.
An extension form this plexus is the phrenic nerve which supplies to the diaphragm.
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1. Following a bicycle accident, you are disturbed to fi nd that you cannot see anything in your left visual fi eld. Where has the retinofugal pathway been damaged
The place where the Retinofugal pathway has been damaged is the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus.
What is Lateral Geniculate Nucleus?
The lateral geniculate nucleus is a structure present in the Thalamus of the brain. It connects the visual pathway with the primary visual cortex of the brain.
Any damage to the lateral geniculate nucleus leads to partial or complete loss of vision.
Also, the visual pathway can be affected at various levels thus presenting various types of visual losses.
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There are more hydrogen atoms in living organisms than any other atom, but oxygen is more abundant in terms of mass.
Why is this statement true?
PLEASE HELP
Part B: Determine Trait Variation in the Species
For this modeling activity, assume that your species reproduces sexually. This assumption implies that it inherits
half of its chromosomes from its mother and half from its father. Recall that in sexual reproduction, individuals
inherit homologous pairs of chromosomes-one from the father and one from the mother. This arrangement
allows for two alleles for every gene. The alleles can be dominant or recessive. You will model three traits
controlled by three gene types on homologous chromosomes. Your genes should have these patterns of
inheritance:
Trait 1: Simple dominant/recessive inheritance
Example: In pea plants, YY and Yy genotypes will yield yellow pea pods, but inherited yy will yield green pea pods.
Trait 2: Co-dominance
Co-dominance occurs when there's more than one dominant allele and they express equally.
Example: Human blood type is co-dominant. I^ (type A blood), IB (type B), and i (O blood) are controlled by A and B
dominant alleles. If a person inherits A and B alleles, they'll have AB blood. O blood is caused by two recessive
alleles.
Trait 3: Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance occurs when there is more than one dominant gene, but the expression of both genes
creates a blending of traits.
Example: RR = red flowers, WW = white flower, but RW = pink flowers.
Come up with your three traits and the possible inherited phenotypes. Here's an example:
Trait
Phenotype 1.
Phenotype 2
Phenotype 3
Phenotvne 4
Complete dominance is the mendelian inheritance pattern, while co-dominance and incomplete dominance are non-mendelian inheritance patterns. Trait 1: Hair length. Trait 2: Hair color. Trait 3: Hair type.
What is complete dominance?When the dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele, we talk about complete dominance.
This is the case of individuals that are heterozygous for a particular gene and express the dominant trait.
The dominant allele is hiding the expression of the recessive allele.
What is co-dominance?Codominance refers to a non-mendelian inheritance pattern in which two alleles of the same gane are equally expressed.
There is no dominant or recessive alleles, since non of them hides the expression of the other one in heterozygous individuals.
The phenotype of a heterozygote expresses two alternative variants inherited from each homozygous parent.
Heterozygous individuals express both parental phenotypes, as it is an additive expression of their parents' genes.
What is incomplete dominance?Refers to a non-mendelian inheritance pattern in which the heterozygous individual expresses an intermediate phenotype between the dominant and the recessive phenotypes.
Neither of the involved alleles completely dominates over the other one.
We will propose an example of mammal hair,
Trait 1) Simple dominant/recessive inheritance
- Length is coded by a diallelic gene expressing complete dominance
L is the dominant allele and codes for long hairl is the recessive allele and codes for short hairTrait 2) Co-dominance
- Color is coded by a triallelic gene I expressing co-dominance
IB codes for black. Dominant to i and codominant to IWIW codes for white. Dominant to i and codominant to IBi codes for albino. Recessive alleleTrait 3) Incomplete dominance
- Type of hair is coded by a diallelic gene expressing incomplete dominance
S codes for curly hair and is dominants codes for straight hair and is recessiveTrait 1 Trait2 Trait3 Trait 4
Length LL-Long Ll-Long ll-Short ***
Color IBIB/IBi-Black IBIW-Black/White IWIW/IWi-White ii-albino
Type SS-Curly Ss -Wavy ss-straight ***
Genotypes Phenotypes
LLBBSS, LlBBSS Long, Black, Curly hair
LLBWSS, LlBWSS Long, Black and white, Curly hair
LLWWSS, LlWWSS Long, White, Curly hair
LLBBSs, LlBBSs Long, Black, Wavy hair
LLBWSs, LlBWSs Long, Black and white, Wavy hair
LLWWSs, LlWWSs Long, White, Wavy hair
LLBBss, LlBBss Long, Black, Straight hair
LLBWss, LlBWss Long, Black and white, Straight hair
LLWWss, LlWWss Long, White, Straight hair
llBBSS Short , Black, Curly hair
llBWSS Short, Black and white, Curly hair
llWWSS Short, White, Curly hair
llBBSs Short, Black, Wavy hair
llBWSs Short, Black and white, Wavy hair
llWWSs Short, White, Wavy hair
llBBss Short, Black, Straight hair
llBWss Short, Black and white, Straight hair
llWWss Short, White, Straight hair
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Which organism was the most useful in coming to this conclusion (which is the best index fossil)?
Answer:
ambonychia
Explanation:
there's the answer hope it helped
14-
K
Gro
Translation
Base Pairing, Practice
*Use the mRNA CODON, and the Base Pairing Chart from Practice "I to determine the
amino acid.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
DNA Bases
TTC
CGA
*mRNA
UUA
CAA
AAU
GAU
tRNA
GRA
GGG
*Amino Acid
Tryptophan
From the chart several kinds of amino acids are determined. they are Leucine, lysine, glutamine, proline, asparagine, aspartic acid, and alanine.
Determination chart for amino acids:
DNA Bases mRNA tRNA Amino acid
AAT UUA AAU Leucine
GTT CUU GAA Leucine
TTC AAG UUC Lysine
GTT CAA GUU Glutamine
GGG CCC GGG Proline
TGG ACC UGG Tryptophan
TTA AAU UUA Asparagine
CTA GAU CUA Aspartic acid
CGA GCU CGA Alanine
Codon and amino acids:
A codon is a group of 3 DNA or RNA bases that codes for a particular amino acid or protein synthesis halt signal. Four nucleotides make up the language of DNA and RNA molecules, whereas 20 amino acids make up the dialect of protein molecules.Twenty distinct amino acids are linked together in diverse configurations to form proteins. Every three letters in mRNA stand for a different amino acid. "Codons," the genomic counterpart of letters, are these trios of letters.Learn more about amino acids here:
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Researchers can genetically select lettuce crops to cultivate for pest resistance. One of the concerns scientists have about genetically selected crops is that some traits for pest resistance may affect the texture of lettuce.
One of the concerns regarding genetic selection is that some traits for pest resistance may affect the texture of lettuce, it is known as pleiotropic effects.
What is a pleiotropic effect?In genetics, a pleiotropic effect occurs when one gene influences the phenotypic expression of several traits.
Pleitropic effects represent a problem in breeding programs because positive selection for a trait can also produce negative selection for another trait.
In conclusion, one of the concerns regarding genetic selection is the presence of pleiotropic effects.
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Tropic hormones Multiple Choice stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones. function in only one sex. block the actions of hormones that endocrine glands secrete. only function in the tropics.
Certain endocrine glands are stimulated to release hormones by tropic hormones.
What is a tropic hormone?
Hormones are typically chemical communicators that are released in one place and moved to another place to trigger a physiological response. However, certain hormones released by one endocrine gland serve to stimulate or control the release of other hormones from a different endocrine gland. Tropic hormones are the name given to this class of hormones.The anterior pituitary glands, known as the "master gland," secretes a hormone that regulates the release of another hormone by the adrenal gland. A tropic hormone is a hormone released by the pituitary gland. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), which is released by the anterior pituitary gland, is an illustration of a tropic hormone.Therefore option A is the correct choice.
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Determine the dna sequence by analyzing the location of each nucleotide across the four lanes of the electrophoresis instrument. provide the dna sequence as your answer here.
The specific electrophoretic diagram required to determine the DNA sequence is not found here but this technique refers to Sanger sequencing.
What is Sanger sequencing?Sanger sequencing is a technique used in molecular biology and genetics to determine the linear order of nucleotide bases in a given genomic sequence, which is fundamental to identifying alleles in a genome.
This technique (Sanger sequencing) is based on the use of certain analogous nucleotides that stop the process of amplification, which can be subsequently evidenced in an electrophoresis gel.
In conclusion, the specific electrophoretic diagram required to determine the DNA sequence is not found here but this technique refers to Sanger sequencing.
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Relative to body size, primate brain size is Group of answer choices proportional to human brain size. larger among great apes than among other primates. smaller than in other large mammals. more or less the same in large and small primates.
Larger among great apes than among other primates.
Are human brains smaller than primates?Primates are organisms that have the largest size of the brain in relation to their body ratio. Even though gorillas and orangutans are primates that are at least as big as humans, their brains are only around one-third the size of humans'. This difference has been cited as proof that the human brain is around three times larger than what would be expected for a monkey species with a body similar to that of a human.
Primates, including humans, have by far the largest brains of any terrestrial mammal when compared their size. The neocortex, which accounts for more than 80% of the mass of the human brain, is where the enlargement is nearly entirely concentrated.
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The condition characterized by advanced hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in adults is:________.
The condition characterized by advanced hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in adults is Hyperthyroidism.
It is the result of excess thyroid hormone, which causes an overactive or we can say increased metabolism and increased speed of all the body's processes. The condition of hyperthyroidism is the most common cause of goiter in the today's world, as shown in the attached image.
Therefore, it leads to weight loss, fast heart rate, sweating, and . nervousness. The most common cause for an overactive thyroid is an autoimmune disorder which is called Grave's disease.
There is a medical name for the term hyperthyroidism which is overactive thyroid.
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In what way are lungs well ventilated?
Lungs ventilation is an automatic, apparently handy inspiratory growth and expiratory contraction of the chest cage.
Air flows due to pressure variations between the atmosphere and the gases in the lungs. Air, like different gases, flows from a region with higher stress to a region with decrease stress. Muscular respiration moves and cringe of elastic tissues create the changes in strain that result in ventilation.
Lung air flow is an important a part of breathing, accountable for the fuel trade between alveoli and the atmospheric air. It entails often replacing stale gases within the lungs with fresh gases from the environment.
Deep respiratory exercises may also help increase lung capacity. for instance, the British Lung foundation say that deep respiration can help clean mucus from the lungs after pneumonia, allowing extra air to flow into. This act of ordinary breathing has a rather consistent charge and inspiratory extent that collectively represent normal respiratory rhythm.
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Lungs are ventilated through Pulmonary Ventilation.
Pulmonary ventilation is the process through which air flows into the lungs i.e. Inhalation and air flows out of the lungs i.e. Exhalation.
These processes depend upon the volume change in the cavity of chest.
Inhalation: Process of taking air into lungs. It occurs due to the contraction of muscles in which Diaphragm contracts leading to increase in volume of thoracic cavity.
Exhalation: Process of letting air out from lungs. It occurs due to the relaxation of muscles in which Diaphragm relaxes leading to decrease in volume of thoracic cavity.
Proper ventilation helps to keep the air fresh maintaining a flow of fresh air inside and dirty air outside. Air travels through mouth and goes down into the trachea or windpipe through the pharynx.
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Question 7 of 10
Why are certain traits adaptations in one ecosystem, but not in another?
A. Organisms lose adaptations when they migrate.
B. Organisms can learn new adaptations.
C. Ecosystems can have different conditions.
D. All ecosystems have the same amount of competition.
Answer:
C. Ecosystems can have different conditions
Explanation:
Different systems have different ecosystems meaning different things will happen to the life inhabiting them
Use the numbers 1,2,3,4 and 5 to place the protein creation steps below in the correct order.
Answer:
Explanation:
1) Activation of the Amino Acids
2) Transfer of the Amino Acids to tRNA
3) Initiation of polypeptide chain
4) Chain Termination
5) Protein Translocation
If one day you are less able to recognize familiar sounds, this lobe of the cortex is probably at fault?
If one day you are less able to recognize familiar sounds, Temporal lobe of the cortex is probably at fault.
One of the cortex's four main lobes is the temporal lobe. It is primarily in charge of deciphering the sounds coming from the ears and is crucial for understanding and using language. The temporal lobe collaborates with other neural regions to form fresh, long-term memories, and it aids in object recognition as well.It is also thought that the temporal lobes are crucial for processing affect/emotions, language, and some facets of visual perceptionThe left side of the dominant temporal lobe, which is the side in most people, is involved in verbal learning and memory as well as language comprehension.People who suffer temporal lobe lesions have trouble categorizing words, sounds, or visuals. Damage to the temporal lobe can have an impact on language.learn more about temporal lobe here: https://brainly.com/question/1004131
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What keeps the airways clear?
A. Spiracles near airway openings.
B. Pleural fluid in the thoracic cavity.
C. Mucin secreted by goblet cells in the bronchus.
D. Passage through squamous epithelial cells.
abc or d with a simple explanation
pls be sure of ur answer
What keeps the airways clear are the Spirals near the airway openings.
A. Spirals near airway openings.What keeps your airways open?The walls of the trachea (TRAY-kee-uh) are reinforced by rigid rings of cartilage to keep it open. The trachea is also lined with cilia, which sweep fluid and foreign particles out of the airways so they stay out of the lungs.
What is trachea?The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all air-breathing animals with lungs. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi. At the top of the trachea the cricoid cartilage attaches it to the larynx. The trachea is formed by a number of horseshoe-shaped rings, joined together vertically by overlying ligaments, and by the trachealis muscle at their ends. The epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing.
With this information, we can conclude that With this information, we can conclude that the correct answer is A. Spirals near airway openings
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A type of selection that exists between certain inherited conditions and environmental pressures, such as between sickle cell anemia and malaria, that stabilizes the frequency of both alleles is called
Natural selection is a type of selection that exists between certain inherited conditions and environmental pressures.
How does malaria and sickle cell anemia show natural selection?The process through which populations of living things adapt and change is known as natural selection. A population's members are naturally varied, which means that they are all distinctive in some ways. This variety indicates that some people have characteristics that are more environment-appropriate than others. Natural selection is a non-random difference in reproductive output among replicating entities.
It turns out that HbS carriers have been naturally chosen in these regions because the trait gives some malaria resistance. When they are infected with the malaria parasite, their red blood cells, which include some aberrant hemoglobin, have a propensity to sickle. The malaria life cycle intensifies both natural selection and random genetic drift.
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The universal biohazard symbol shall be placed on which of the following items for labeling to indicate the presence of a potential risk
The universal biohazard symbol shall be placed on Laboratory equipment housing biohazards (such as incubators and freezers) to indicate the presence of a potential risk.
What is Biohazard?Any biological or chemical substance that poses a risk to people, animals, or the environment is referred to as a biohazard. Body fluids, human tissue, blood, and recombinant DNA can all fall under this category. All human waste should be handled and disposed of appropriately since biohazards have the potential to infect anyone who is exposed to them.
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For a fee, a copy of an inspection report filed by a licensed structural pest control operator may be obtained from the Structural Pest Control Board by:
For a fee, a copy of an inspection report filed by a licensed structural pest control operator may be obtained from the Structural Pest Control Board by anyone who requests it and pays the fee.
What is an inspection report?An inspection report is a document generated by a company that undertakes inspections for a client in order to explain a structure or object. Inspection reports are critical instruments for ensuring the quality of buildings, facilities, and goods.Structural Pest Control Board:
Structural pest control is the control of household pests (including but not limited to rodents, vermin, and insects) and wood-destroying pests and organisms, as well as other pests that may infiltrate households or structures, such as railroad cars, ships, docks, trucks, airplanes, or their contents.Anyone who wants and pays the charge may acquire a copy of an inspection report issued by a licensed structural pest control operator from the Structural Pest Control Board.Therefore, for a fee, a copy of an inspection report filed by a licensed structural pest control operator may be obtained from the Structural Pest Control Board by anyone who requests it and pays the fee.
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The human body is uniquely designed to respond to stress and, if necessary, make changes to maintain optimal health and physiological functioning. What is this process called?
The human body is uniquely designed to respond to stress and body's tendency to monitor ans maintain internal stakes, such as temperature or blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable.
In Homeostasis is an organism's ability to regulate various physiological process to keep internal states steady and balanced. Its helps in maintain the internal environment without being overcome by external stimuli that exist to disrupt the balance.
Homeostasis is the process by which body react to changes in order to keep conditions inside the body.The ability to maintain the temperature of human body is good example of homeostasis which is maintained by controlling the mechanism of functioning of organs and tissues/ cellular level , which includes activation or inhibition of individual enzymes.
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After atp donates a phosphate group to a coupled reaction, then it becomes adp. The adp:
The ADP can be recharged with the uptake of energy to form ATP.
How does ADP get recharged?
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the energy-carrying molecule used by cells because it has a rapid rate of energy release.
When the end phosphate is taken out, ATP releases energy. ADP (adenosine diphosphate), a low-energy molecule, is created when ATP releases energy.
These molecules can be recharged, ensuring that all of the cell's metabolic pathways have access to a steady stream of ATP that is high in energy.
To provide a reaction with the necessary energy, nearly all cellular functions require ATP.
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Creta, M. et al. Inhibition of Androgen Signalling Improves the Outcomes of Therapies for Bladder Cancer: Results from a Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies. Diagnostics (Basel) 11, doi:10.3390/diagnostics11020351 (2021).
Bladder cancer (BCa) is an endocrine-related tumor and the activation of androgen signaling pathways may promote bladder tumorigenesis.
Abstract:We compiled the research on the effects of altering androgen signaling pathways on Bladder cancer therapy outcomes, both preclinical and clinical. A thorough analysis was done in December 2020. The following criteria were met by the papers we included: examining the effects of androgen signaling regulation on the results of Bladder cancer treatments through innovative preclinical and clinical studies. Eight clinical trials and six preclinical studies were found. Preclinical research shows that the activity of radiation, doxorubicin, cisplatin, gemcitabine, and the Bacillus Calmette Guerin may be affected by the modification of androgen receptor-related pathways.
Patients receiving treatment with 5-ARIs or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) have a considerably lower relative risk of developing Bladder cancer again after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) (Relative risk: 0.50, 95 percent confidence interval: 0.30-0.82; p = 0.006). In patients using 5-ARIs, subgroup analysis showed a relative risk of BCa recurrence of 0.46 (95% CI: 0.22-0.95; p = 0.040). The ratio of T1 Bladder cancer patients in treated/control groups and the relative risk of BCa recurrence were found to be significantly negatively correlated. A promising technique to lower the recurrence rate of Bladder cancer, particularly in patients with early-stage disease, may involve 5-ARI therapy. To corroborate these early findings, additional research is required.
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When people attend to certain stimuli available in the environment while filtering out others this is called?
When people attend to certain stimuli available in the environment while filtering out others this is called Selective attention.
It means focusing or paying attention on selected aspects of the environment by blocking out of others. In other words we can say it is a process which allows an individual to select and focus on particular input for any further processing while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant information.
For example- In public place you are talking with any of your friend or family member, then all the other disturbing or distracting noises/sounds will be left unheard to you as you will be paying attention to your particular speaker's words who will be then the center of focus for you.
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Which type of rock would form if the sandstone rock in this image were put
under a great deal of heat and pressure?
O A. Extrusive igneous
B. Intrusive igneous
C. Sedimentary
D. Metamorphic
____________________ is a condition caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or by the inability of the kidneys to respond to the antidiuretic hormone.
Diabetes insipidus is a condition caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or by the inability of the kidneys to respond to the antidiuretic hormone.
What is diabetes insipidus?Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition that occurs when the kidneys are unable to conserve water during the process of filtering blood.Diabetes insipidus is caused by a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin, which prevents dehydration, or the kidney's inability to respond to ADH. ADH enables the kidneys to retain water in the body. When diabetes insipidus is caused by a lack of ADH, it is called central diabetes insipidusWhen the condition is caused by a failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH, the condition is called nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, which may be inherited.To learn more about Diabetes insipidus,
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The limbic system and reticular formation are located ______.
The limbic system and reticular formation are located throughout two (2) or more areas of the brain.
What is the limbic system?The limbic system is a system of the cerebrum associated with behavior, feelings, and emotions such as feeding sensations.
This system (limbic system) is well known to be involved in the flight/fight stimuli response.
In conclusion, the limbic system and reticular formation are located throughout two (2) or more areas of the brain.
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Klinefelter's syndrome is a result of which of the following nondisjunction mutations
Klinefelter's syndrome is a result of chromosomal nondisjunction mutations.
What is Klinefelter's syndrome?Klinefelter's syndrome is a result of the presence of an extra X chromosome in germinal cells.
In genetics, this type of mutation is referred to as chromosomal nondisjunction (aneuploidies).
In conclusion, Klinefelter's syndrome is due to chromosomal nondisjunction.
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A population of sunfish live in a lake. in ecology, that lake is classified as a:________
A population of sunfish live in a lake. in ecology, that lake is classified as a habitat.
The term "habitat" encapsulates the variety of materials, biotic elements, and physical elements that exist in a place, such as to enable the life and procreation of a population. An animal's habitat can be thought of as the outward representation of its biological niche. Thus, the term "habitat" refers to a specific species and is fundamentally distinct from ideas like the environment or vegetation assemblages, which are better described by the term "habitat-type." Important variables in lake include the water's velocity, temperature, and oxygen saturation.
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