On the other hand, in areas of the ocean that are extremely productive, high phytoplankton density close to the surface reduces the depth to which light can reach, decreasing productivity at deeper waters.
Does the amount of light effect primary productivity?Primary productivity is constrained by light availability.This implies that elevated amounts of primary productivity follow from high amounts of light.The process by which living things create organic molecules from their inorganic sources is known as primary productivity.This procedure uses light as its source of energy.
How does light impact plant productivity?The production of plant food, spike length, leaf color, and flowering are all influenced by light intensity.Low light environments typically result in spindly plants with light green foliage.Similar plants that are grown in intense light typically have larger, dark green foliage and shorter, better branches.
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What is the correct sequence of processes involved in central dogma?
A. Replication, transcription, translation
B. Replication, translation, transcription
C. Translation, replication, transcription
D. Transcription, replication, translation
Answer:
A is the answer
Explanation:
The central dogma of molecular biology is an explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system.
It was stated by Francis Crick in 1956.
DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division.
The coded genetic information hard-wired into DNA is transcribed into small, portable RNA messages.
Each mRNA cassette contains the program for the synthesis of a particular protein (or small number of proteins) through translation
Answer:
The correct sequence of processes involved in the central dogma is
D. Transcription, replication, translation.
Explanation:
The central dogma is a fundamental principle of molecular biology that describes the flow of genetic information in a cell. It states that DNA is first transcribed into RNA, and then the RNA is translated into proteins. This process occurs in the following steps:
Transcription: In this step, a portion of DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule, which serves as a template for the synthesis of a protein.
Replication: This step refers to the duplication of DNA, which occurs during cell division. Replication ensures that each daughter cell receives a copy of the genetic information.
Translation: In this step, the RNA molecule is translated into a protein by ribosomes. The ribosomes read the sequence of codons in the RNA molecule and use this information to assemble the appropriate amino acids into a protein.
T/F the zona pellucida is formed as the follicle becomes a secondary follicle.
True. The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein layer that surrounds the oocyte and is formed as the follicle develops into a secondary follicle.
The plasma membrane of mammalian oocytes is encased in an unique extracellular matrix known as the zona pellucida (plural zonae pellucidae, also known as egg coat or pellucid zone). It is an essential component of the oocyte. Unilaminar primary oocytes are where the zona pellucida initially manifests. Both the oocyte and the ovarian follicles emit it. The corona radiata encircles the zona pellucida. When the egg is released from the ovary, cells in the corona look after it.
The spermatozoa are bound by this structure, which is necessary to start the acrosome reaction. The zona glycoprotein, ZP3, which binds to proteins on the sperm plasma membrane, is in charge of sperm binding in the mouse (the mammalian system that has been most thoroughly studied). When the acrosome response is induced, a spermatozoon discharges the contents of the acrosomal vesicle. ZP3 is then implicated in this process. As additional zona proteins have been discovered, it has gotten more difficult to precisely characterise what happens in different species. The blastocyst in humans conducts zona hatching five days after fertilisation; the zona pellucida degenerates and decomposes to be replaced by the underlying layer of trophoblastic cells. For the development and fertilisation of oocytes, the zona pellucida is necessary.
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Which energy source would produce the greatest amount of emissions?A. fossil fuels B. nuclear fuels C. solar energy D. wind energy
energy source would produce the greatest amount of emissions A. fossil fuels
Which forms of energy produce the most carbon emissions?The annual global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels are estimated to be over 34 billion tonnes (Gt). Of this, around 45% comes from coal, 35% from oil, and 20% from gas. Beyond the release of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, power generation has effects on the environment.
Over 0.3C of the 1C increase in average world temperatures may be attributed to coal, the dirtiest fossil fuel. This makes it the main contributor to the rise in global temperatures. When burnt, oil contributes significantly to global carbon emissions, around one-third of them.
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The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the
a. basal nuclei
b. hippocampus
c. corpus callosum
d. suprachiasmatic nucleus
e. gray 'H'
Corpus callosum. The left and right cerebral hemispheres are linked by white matter fibres in the important commissural region of the brain known as the corpus callosum.
The largest part of the brain is, in fact, the cerebrum. This structure is made comprised of the cerebral cortex as well as other subcortical regions. The corpus callosum, a wide, dense band of fibre, connects the two cerebral hemispheres that make up the brain. The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by a white artery called the corpus callosum, which is an important commissural region of the brain. In order to comprehend sensory, motor, and sophisticated cognitive signals, the corpus callosum integrates and transmits information from both cerebral hemispheres.
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gram stain is a laboratory technique used to distinguish between various kinds of bacteria based on the characteristics of the ______________.
a. Cell wall
b. Chitin
c. Obligate aerobes
d. Purple
The Gram stain is a laboratory technique used to distinguish between various kinds of bacteria based on the characteristics of the cell wall. Here option A is the correct answer.
The cell wall is an essential component of bacterial cells and plays an important role in maintaining cell shape and protecting the cell from environmental stressors. The Gram stain takes advantage of the fact that different types of bacterial cell walls react differently to certain chemicals.
During the Gram staining procedure, bacterial cells are first stained with crystal violet and then treated with a decolorizing agent and a counterstain.
Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet stain and appear purple under a microscope, while Gram-negative bacteria lose the crystal violet stain and take up the counterstain, appearing pink or red under a microscope.
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Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?
A) exocytosis
B) phagocytosis
C) pinocytosis
D) intracellular vesicular trafficking
The correct option is C) pinocytosis. Most cells constantly undergo pinocytosis, while certain cells do it particularly quickly.
Most cells constantly undergo pinocytosis, while certain cells do it particularly quickly. For instance, it happens so quickly in macrophages that per minute, around 3% of the total membrane of the macrophage is taken up by the form of vesicles.
Big endocytic vesicles termed phagosomes are used in the process of phagocytosis, a particular type of endocytosis, to consume large particles like dead cells and bacteria.
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Cartilage repairs slowly after adolescence becauseA) collagen synthesis ceases.B) the perichondrium thickens, preventing diffusion of gasses and nutrients.C) chondrocytes no longer are able to divide.
D) the cartilage matrix becomes mineralized
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that serves as a structural support and shock absorber in the body. C) chondrocytes no longer are able to divide.
It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes, which produce a matrix of collagen and proteoglycans that gives cartilage its unique properties. Cartilage is known for its slow repair and regeneration, particularly after adolescence.
The reason for the slow repair of cartilage after adolescence is that chondrocytes no longer are able to divide. This means that the tissue cannot be repaired or regenerated in the same way that other tissues can. In addition, the cartilage matrix becomes more dense and rigid with age, making it more difficult for nutrients and oxygen to diffuse into the tissue. This can further impair the ability of the chondrocytes to repair and maintain the cartilage.
In summary, the slow repair of cartilage after adolescence is primarily due to the fact that chondrocytes are no longer able to divide and that the matrix of the cartilage becomes more rigid and less able to support the metabolic needs of the cells. These factors contribute to the decreased ability of cartilage to repair and regenerate itself.
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What can be built from amino acids?
Amino acids and glucose, two relatively small chemical molecules, can be joined to form bigger macromolecules is build by monomers.
To create big, complex polymers, little, simpler chemicals called monomers are joined together. Complex polypeptides are created by linking several amino acids together with peptides. Amino acids serve as the monomers in this instance, and polypeptides serve as the polymers. To create cellulose, starch, or glycogen, glucose molecules are linked together by a glycosidic bond. In this case, the polymers are cellulose, starch, and glycogen, while the monomer is glucose. Hence, monomers make up macromolecules.
The majority of foods with protein from animal sources will give you all the essential amino acids you require, and many foods with protein from plants can also be excellent sources of amino acids. Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are the three best essential amino acids.
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What are the muscles of the anterior forearms?
The forearm's anterior or volar compartment contains eight muscles, five of which are superficial (pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, and flexor carpi ulnaris).
The muscles in the forearm's anterior compartment are divided into three layers:
Flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres are the superficial muscles.Flexor digitorum superficialis is an intermediate muscle.Flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus, and pronator quadratus are deep flexors.This muscle group is related with forearm pronation, wrist flexion, and finger flexion.Learn more about forearm's anterior
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How does saturation of the fatty acid tails in the phospholipids affect the fluidity of the membrane?
Saturated fatty acids press in on one another when temperatures drop, creating a dense, rather hard membrane. Compressing unsaturated fatty acids results in
What is the straightforward meaning of membrane?
The light coating that forms the external border of a life form or of an interior cell compartment is known as a membrane in biology. The organelles are the spaces surrounded by internal membranes and have the plasma membrane as their external boundary.
What body part makes up the membrane?
Body membranes are incredibly thin tissue sheets that line body cavities, cover organs inside of hollow organs, and cover the body's surface. The epithelium and associated tissues membranes are the two basic types of bodily membranes. Mucous, serous vesicles, synovial mucins, and meninges are subcategories.
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When you use a field guide to identify a species by its appearance, you are applying the _____ concept.A. morphospeciesB. biological speciesC. ecological speciesD. evolutionary species
According to the biological species concept, a species is made up of... Although appearance can be used to distinguish between species, it does not define them.
What does the term "morphospecies" mean?The morphological or morphospecies concept, which employs changes in morphological traits to define species, is the oldest theory of species. Historically, species were thought of as unchangeable units.
What is a morphospecies example?The Morphospecies hypothesis seeks to explain speciation by examining structural similarities between different species. The forelimbs of mammals are an illustration of this. The forelimbs of a human, a cat, a whale, and a bat are similar.
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Which reagents binds to protein to create a color change that you can measure?
Proteins are bound by Bradford reagents, which results in a colour shift that may be measured.
A spectrophotometer or even a microplate reader is used to measure the colour change caused by the Bradford reagent's binding to proteins.
By introducing Coomassie dye to a sample when it is acidic, the Protein Assay calculates the protein content. The sample turns blue when proteins bind to the Coomassie dye, turning it from brown to blue. The content of total protein inside a sample is determined using the Bradford protein assay. The assay's basic premise is that when protein molecules attach to Coomassie dye in an acidic environment, the colour changes form brown to blue.
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Aseptic technique means that that you perform the preparation of media or the transfer of living microbesa. Trueb. False
The given statement that "Aseptic technique means that that you perform the preparation of media or the transfer of living microbes" is false as aseptic technique basically preparing media or transferring microbes without any contamination.
Aseptic techniques are basically those techniques which happen to involve the preparation of media or transferring of microbes but under very controlled settings to avoid any contamination.
Some of the aseptic technique are cleaning as well as disinfecting the lab surfaces prior to use, limiting the time period that cultures or the media are uncapped and left exposed to the air, keeping the petri dishes covered whenever it is possible etc.
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what discovery did watson and crick make that led to the establishment of dna structure?
Watson and Crick made the discovery of the double helix, which led to the development of DNA structure.
The discovery of the double helix, the twisted ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 marked a watershed moment in science and gave rise to modern molecular biology, which is primarily concerned with understanding how genes control chemical processes within cells.
It aided in the development of new and powerful scientific tools, such as recombinant DNA research, genetic engineering, quick gene sequencing, and monoclonal antibodies, which are the foundation of today's multibillion-dollar biotechnology business. Major current scientific advancements, such as genetic fingerprinting and modern forensics, the mapping of the human genome, and the unrealized promise of gene treatment, all stem from Watson and Crick's inspired work.
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PLEASE HELP!! ONLY 5 QUESTIONS .
1. List and describe as many characteristics of marine habitat as possible.
2. How do biologists study the habitats of sea creatures?
3. How do creatures protect themselves in the ocean? How are these behaviors similar to land creatures?
4. Conduct internet research on the Galapagos Islands. Describe the habitat and any unique characteristics of the islands. Explain the importance of these habitats.
5. Why did scientists once believe creatures could not live below 1000 meters in the sea?
Answer:
I know #5 is Deep-sea animals have had to evolve, often through unusual and unique adapations, to live, reproduce, and thrive in these unique conditions. Until the late 19th century, many people considered the great depths of the ocean too harsh to support life. As a result, it was largely unexplored.
Explanation:
1. List and describe as many characteristics of marine habitat as possible.
ANSWER: 1) Plants posses succulent stem or roots or store water to dilute the salt.
2) Presence of pneumatophores or breathing roots for breathing atmospheric air or oxygen.
3) Presence of stilt roots for anchorage.
4) Presence ofvivi parous seedling to ensure their survival or continuity.
5) Some secrete excess salt into swamps to maintain balance of body salt
2. How do biologists study the habitats of sea creatures?
ANSWER: Marine biologists use high-tech and traditional sampling methods to analyze the denizens of marine habitats. Through courses like MBAQ 310 Marine Mammal and Seabird Biology and MBAQ 307 Ichthyology and Fish Health , students train in the latest methods for monitoring the health of sea life.
3. How do creatures protect themselves in the ocean? How are these behaviors similar to land creatures?
ANSWER: Many ocean inhabitants use numbers, flight, evasion or a combination of these to protect themselves from predators. Schools of fish, such as tuna, cod, herring and sardine, are composed of thousands that move as one, changing direction so quickly that their movements seem choreographed.
4. Conduct internet research on the Galapagos Islands. Describe the habitat and any unique characteristics of the islands. Explain the importance of these habitats.
ANSWER: The Galapagos Islands are located in the Pacific Ocean, and are considered to be the most isolated archipelago on the planet. The islands are home to approximately 16 million birds, which is 60% of all species found in all of Ecuador. They are also home to 2,000 species of plants and animals, and have an average elevation of 600 meters above sea level.
5. Why did scientists once believe creatures could not live below 1000 meters in the sea?
ANSWER: is Deep-sea animals have had to evolve, often through unusual and unique adapations, to live, reproduce, and thrive in these unique conditions. Until the late 19th century, many people considered the great depths of the ocean too harsh to support life. As a result, it was largely unexplored.
scientists use which fact as evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts have prokaryotic origins?
Scientists use several lines of evidence to support the hypothesis that mitochondria and chloroplasts have prokaryotic origins, but one of the key pieces of evidence is the possession of their own DNA and the ability to replicate independently of the host cell's nucleus.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are responsible for energy production and photosynthesis, respectively. They are surrounded by two membranes, and their inner membranes contain enzymes and transporters that are similar to those found in bacterial membranes.
DNA sequencing has revealed that the genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in size, structure, and gene content to those of bacteria and that they contain many genes that are essential for their own replication and function.
In addition, electron microscopy and other techniques have shown that mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by a process that is similar to binary fission, which is the way bacteria reproduce.
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Researchers are interested in growing anme in pure culture because that will allow them to study important aspects of its biology. Some things can be much more easily studied in a pure culture than in a mixed culture, while others cannot. Drag the choices to indicate whether it would be best to study that characteristic in a pure culture of anme or not.
Microbial culture is the foundation of basic diagnostic techniques which is extensively used as a research tool. It's very necessary to isolate the pure culture of microorganisms.
Pure culture indicates the population of cells which are grown in the absence of other species. This helps in the prevention of the contamination of the culture.
Agarose gel is used for the purpose of gelling the microbial culture. Agarose is extracted from the seaweed. Petri dish is used to grow the microbial culture.
In conclusion, generation time in nature, rate of sulphate reduction, process of methane oxidation, regulation, regulation of metabolism in Anme and metabolic requirements of Anme are some important aspects for growing Anme in pure culture
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in order to generate findings about causation, researchers must use ________ research.
In order to generate findings about causation, researchers must use experimental research.
To generate findings about causation, researchers must use experimental research. This type of research involves manipulating one or more variables to observe the effect on another variable while controlling for extraneous factors that could influence the outcome. By randomly assigning participants to different groups and manipulating the independent variable, researchers can establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Experimental research allows for the control of confounding variables and provides the strongest evidence for causation. Other research designs, such as correlational or observational studies, can provide important information about associations between variables, but they do not allow for causal inferences.
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what are the three primary types of plasma proteins?
The three primary types of plasma proteins are: 1.Albumin 2.Globulins 3.Fibrinogen.
1.Albumin: Albumin is the most abundant protein in plasma, constituting approximately 60% of total plasma protein. Its main functions include maintaining blood pressure and regulating fluid balance within tissues.
2.Globulins: Globulins are a diverse group of proteins that include antibodies, transport proteins, and enzymes. They constitute approximately 35% of total plasma protein.
3.Fibrinogen: Fibrinogen is a protein involved in blood clotting, and it constitutes approximately 4% of total plasma protein. When bleeding occurs, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, which forms a clot to stop the bleeding.
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If a cell has an increased need for a particular molecule already present in a higher concentration within the cell than in the extracellular fluid, the cell might.
If a cell has an increased need for a particular molecule that is already present in a higher concentration within the cell than in the extracellular fluid, the cell might use active transport, which usually moves molecules In a direction opposite to the one in which diffusion moves them.
What is active transport?Active transport in cellular biology refers to the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient from a location of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. Cellular energy is needed for active transport in order to accomplish this movement.
When molecules move actively, they do so in opposition to a gradient or other sort of resistance, such migrating from a region of lower to greater charge. Cells employ active transport to store essential substances like amino acids and glucose.
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Full Question: If a cell has an increased need for a particular molecule that is already present in a higher concentration within the cell than in the extracellular fluid, the cell might use active transport, which usually moves molecules?
which variation would be most likely to benefit any organism, regardless of environment?
Answer:
the experiment of genetic variation and modification
Which would provide the most reliable data about the genetic factors that affect plant growth
Under the same circumstances, seeds from a variety of plants are planted, and it is discovered that their rates of growth are comparable.
Genetic factors Clarification: The accessibility of food, light, space, and water are a few examples of local environmental variables. Species of grass that impact organism growth and huge breed cattle are two examples of genetic variables. The development of an adult plant is influenced by local environment as well as genetic variables.
Each species has a normal adult size range, and an animal's development is influenced by genetic factors, food consumption, and interactions with other creatures. The term "growth" describes a rise in the size and mass of an organ or a body. Cell division and a rise in intracellular material are the usual mechanisms. Physiological and functional development is referred to growth.
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Correct Question:
Mention What would we provide the most reliable data about the genetic factors that affect plant growth.
When was nova let's make a microbe posted?
On October 18, 2020, Nova Let's make a Microbe was released. Nova, a prominent scientific television show, uploaded the post on its YT account.
The video provided viewers with an inside glimpse into the creation of a bacterium, from conception to final form. The article used CGI to bring a bacterium to life and teach viewers the process of creating a microorganism. The post went over every stage of the process, from creating the genetic code to adding proteins and lipids.
The relevance of bacteria and their role in the ecosystem were also explored in the piece. Microbes, while too tiny to be seen with the human eye, are critical to the health of the earth, playing a key part in processes such as nitrogen fixation, carbon sequestration, and decomposition, according to Nova.
The piece was well-received, with over 600,000 views as of this writing. The article garnered several favourable comments applauding the show's efforts, with many viewers expressing a want to understand more about germs and how they function.
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Which of the choices is not needed for DNA replication? -None of the answer options is correct. -nucleotides -enzymes -ribosomes -DNA
The correct answer is "ribosomes". Ribosomes are not needed for DNA replication.
What is DNA?During DNA replication, the DNA molecule is unwound and the two strands are separated. Each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand by the addition of nucleotides. Enzymes, such as DNA polymerase, helicase, and ligase, are involved in various steps of the replication process. Ribosomes, on the other hand, are cellular structures involved in protein synthesis. They read the genetic information stored in messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and use it to assemble amino acids into proteins. While DNA replication is necessary for cell division and the replication of genetic material, it does not involve the synthesis of proteins, and therefore, ribosomes are not needed for this process.
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which of the following characteristics is shared by all land plants?A. StomataB. HomosporyC. Alternation of generationsD. TracheidsE. Flowers
The following characteristics is shared by all land plants : Alternation of generations.
What is alternation of generations?Alternation of generations is a life cycle that involves two distinct multicellular stages, that is haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte, which alternate in producing each other. This life cycle is characteristic of all land plants, from simplest nonvascular plants, like mosses and liverworts, to the most complex angiosperms.
Stomata, tracheid, homospory, and flowers are other characteristics that evolved in some groups of land plants, but they are not universal. Not all land plants have stomata or tracheid, and not all plants are homosporous or produce flowers but all all land plants exhibit alternation of generations in their life cycle.
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what are the success factors of insects that lead to the need for limited resources?
The success factors of insects that lead to the need for limited resources are their small size, strong reproductive rates, adaptability, efficient metabolism, and various feeding techniques.
Small size, high reproductive rates, the capacity to adapt to new habitats, efficient metabolic processes, and a diverse range of feeding techniques are some of the success elements that enable insects to thrive despite the limited resources available to them. They also have a sturdy exoskeleton, which serves as protection against potential threats from both the environment and potential predators.
In addition, many different kinds of insects have developed specialized structures and behaviours over the course of their evolution. These adaptations enable them to fill particular niches within their ecosystems, which further improves their capacity to live and reproduce despite having limited access to resources.
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Name the two Nucleic acids present in the Cell.A. i) RNA ii) DNAB. i) RNA ii) mitochondriaC. i) DNA ii) mitochondriaD. i) DNA ii) ribosome
A. i) RNA ii) DNA. The two nucleic acids present in the cell are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the nucleoid region of prokaryotic cells.
It is the genetic material that carries the instructions for the development, function, and reproduction of living organisms. RNA, on the other hand, is involved in the synthesis of proteins based on the instructions encoded in DNA. RNA is found in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and ribosomes of cells. Mitochondria are organelles that are responsible for energy production and do not contain nucleic acids, while ribosomes are cellular structures involved in protein synthesis and contain RNA. Therefore, option D is incorrect.
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What is the main difference between plasma and serum?
Answer:
brainliest pleaseeeeee!
Explanation:
PLASMA
A transparent, straw-coloured, liquid portion of the blood.It is composed of serum and clotting factor.It is acquired after centrifuging blood with the anticoagulant.Anticoagulant is required to obtain plasma from the blood sample.Consists of 55% of the total volume of blood.Comparatively easier and less time is required to separate the plasma from the blood sample.Contains fibrinogen.Consists of 92% water with proteins, salts, lipids, and glucose.Has 1.025 g/ml density.Has a long shelf life. It can be preserved up to ten years.Plasma is the main medium for excretory product transportation.Cells are freely suspended in plasma.SERUM
An undiluted fluid, the extracellular portion of blood.It is the part of the blood which lacks clotting factor.It is acquired after centrifuging of coagulated blood.Anticoagulant is not required to separate the serum from the blood sample.Less volume in comparison to plasma.Difficult to separate serum from the blood sample. It is a time-consuming process.Lacks fibrinogen.Consists of 90% water with dissolved hormones, proteins, minerals, and carbon dioxide.Has 1.024 g/ml density.Has a short shelf life. It can be preserved only for a few months.An important source of electrolytes.Cells are attached together by clot formation.There are four main types of monomer, including sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides. True/False?
True. Sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides are the four main categories of monomer.
What do biological monomers look like?Monomers are the tinier building blocks from which larger molecules are constructed. Polymers are molecules created when several monomers are linked together. Examples of monomers include monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides.
How can monomers be distinguished?The simplest method for identifying a monomer is to examine at its architecture. It always has various atom combinations in it. These atoms come together to create a distinct molecule whose chemical weight is in accordance with the typical formula for this kind of compound.
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This is commonly known as Growth Platesspongy boneyellow marrowEpiphyseal LineArticular Cartilege
The Cartilage region at the ends of long bones, commonly referred to as the physis, is the growth plate, where longitudinal bone growth takes place. High metabolic activity is present in this area of the bone, which is regulated by a range of hormones and signalling substances.
A sturdy and smooth form of connective tissue is cartilage. Articular cartilage is a structural element of numerous bodily components, including the rib cage, the neck, the bronchial tubes, and the intervertebral discs. It covers and protects the ends of long bones at joints in tetrapods. It may make up a significantly higher fraction of the skeleton in some taxa, such as chondrichthyans and cyclostomes. It is nonetheless significantly stiffer and less flexible than muscle but not being quite as hard and inflexible as bone. Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, collagen fibres, and infrequently elastin make up the matrix of cartilage.
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