The Fujita or Fujita-Pearson scale is majorly used to measure the intensity of the tornadoes. It takes into account the degree of destruction which is caused by the tornado in structures built by men.
On the other hand, the intensity of hurricanes is measured using the Saffir-Simpson scale, which classifies them from level 1 (the lowest) to level 5 (the highest) depending on the strength of the winds.
The Fujita Scale (F Scale) also known as the Fujita-Pearson Scale (FPP Scale) measures and classifies the intensity of tornados. The scale bases and its rating on the destruction caused by the tornado. The scale recently was modified in the United States in 2007. It was renamed it as the Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale).
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nate throws a basketball straight downward, letting it bounce once before catching it. we can ignore air resistance.what is true about the acceleration and velocity of the ball on its way down (while in the air)?
When Nate tosses a basketball, he lets it rebound once before letting it fall directly to the ground. Air resistance can be disregarded.
What does the word "resistance" mean?
An underground group of a captured or nearly won country engaged in sabotage and covert activities against occupying forces and collaborators. This psychological defense mechanism occurs when a patient rejects, dismisses, or otherwise resists the therapy efforts of a psychotherapist.
What is a circuit's electrical resistance?
The relationship between both the voltage applied and the flux through a circuit determines its electrical resistance. Ohms is the symbol for electrical resistance. Some materials permit the flow of electric charge more easily than others. The electrical resistance gauges how much the circuit restricts the movement of this electric charge.
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a student uses a motion sensor to collect data of the velocity of an object as a function of time during two experimental trials, as shown. in which trial does the object have the greatest magnitude of acceleration, and in which trial does the object travel the greatest distance?
During two experimental trials, a student utilizes a motion sensor to record data on the velocities of objects as functions of time. Trials 2 and 1 have the greatest magnitude and the greatest distance.
We are aware that an item falling freely experiences an acceleration of g, or the force of gravity is a motion sensor. However, based on the graph, the slope (which would inevitably result in acceleration) is less than and a function of time. This is only conceivable when the body is being affected by another force.
The constant force of attraction that holds everything in mechanics together is gravity, often known as gravitation. It has little impact on defining the intrinsic qualities of everyday items because it is the weakest known force in nature. Instead, it regulates the growth and evolution of stars by its extensive and pervasive action, which affects the paths of objects within the solar system and beyond. galaxies, and the entire cosmos. Every thing on Earth experiences weight, or a gravitational pull produced by the mass of the planet that is proportional to the object's mass.
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Question:
A student uses a motion sensor to collect data of the velocity of an object as a function of time during two experimental trials, as shown. In which trial does the object have the greatest magnitude of acceleration, and in which trial does the object travel the greatest distance?
from the electric field vector at one point, one can determine which of the following? a. the electrostatic charge at that point. b. the direction of the electrostatic force on a test charge of known sign at that point. c. the magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted per unit charge on a test charge at that point.
The electric field vector at one point is the magnitude of the electrostatic force exerted per unit charge on a test charge at that point.The correct option is: (C) I and II only ,.
When charge is present in any form, a point in space has an electric field that is connected to it. The strength and direction of the electric field are expressed by the value of E, sometimes referred to as the electric field strength, electric field intensity, or simply the electric field. Without any precise information of what generated the field, simply knowing the magnitude of the electric field at a certain location is sufficient to predict what would happen to electric charges nearby.
E = [tex]\frac{F}{q}[/tex]. The vector nature of the equation allows one to find the direction of F and the equation itself allows one to find the ratio F/q, but not q specifically.
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A guitar string transmits waves at 509 m/s. To create a 491 Hz note, to what length should the guitar player shorten the string? unit= Meters
will give brainliest!!!
The guitar player should shorten the string to a length of 1.036 m to create a 491 Hz note.
What is the guitar ?The guitar is a popular stringed instrument with a long neck, frets, and a flat soundboard. It has six strings which are typically made of nylon or steel. The strings are tuned to specific notes and plucked with the fingers or a pick. The guitar is used in many genres of music, from classical and jazz to rock and metal. It is also a great instrument for solo performances, as well as for accompanying singers. The guitar is a versatile instrument that can be used to create a range of sounds, from soft and mellow to loud and powerful.
The length of the string needed to create a note of 491 Hz is determined by the formula:
length = velocity/frequency.
Therefore, the length of the string needed to create a 491 Hz note is:
length = 509 m/s/491 Hz = 1.036 m.
Therefore, the guitar player should shorten the string to a length of 1.036 m to create a 491 Hz note.
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if you remove one haltere from a fly, it will fly straight up until it runs out of energy. group of answer choices true false
According to mechanics, the claim that if you take one haltere off a fly, it will fly straight up until it runs out of energy is untrue.
What is meant by mechanics?
Physics' section of mechanics studies how objects move when subjected to forces or displacements and how those movements affect the surrounding environment. Quantum Fields and Classical Fields are the two subdisciplines.
What does engineering mechanics entail?
The study of mechanics focuses on how bodies or sections of bodies interact with one another due to applied forces. The area of mechanics known as dynamics focuses on the study of moving objects.
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if you assume the potential vanishes at infinity, the potential will be zero at some point (x0,0) with -3 m < x0 < 1 m. write an expression for x0 in terms of q1, q2, x1, and x2.
The expression for x0 in terms of q1, q2, x1, and x2 is x0 = (x1 * q2 + x2 * q1) / (q1 + q2)
The expression for x0 in terms of q1, q2, x1, and x2 can be obtained using the principle of superposition of electric potentials. The potential at a point due to two point charges q1 and q2 is given by:
V(x0, 0) = k * (q1 / (x0 - x1)^2 + q2 / (x0 - x2)^2)
where k is the Coulomb constant, and (x1, 0) and (x2, 0) are the positions of the point charges q1 and q2. Assuming the potential vanishes at infinity, we set V(x0, 0) = 0:
0 = k * (q1 / (x0 - x1)^2 + q2 / (x0 - x2)^2)
Solving for x0, we get:
x0 = (x1 * q2 + x2 * q1) / (q1 + q2)
This is the expression for x0 in q1, q2, x1, and x2.
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a pendulum is made by tying a 75 g ball to a 130-cm long string. the ball is pulled 5.0 degrees to the side and released. how many times does the ball pass through the lowest point of its arc
9 times does the ball pass through the lowest point of its arc.
What are pendulums used for?Pendulum: An object that is suspended from a fixed location by a string or rod and swings freely as a result of gravity and motion. frequently used to control electronics like clocks. Simple pendulum: A back-and-forth swinging pendulum.
Time period of pendulum is given by 2×π(L/g)^0.5 (where L is length of string)
T.P = 2.71 .(1.3/9.8)0.5
Numer of oscillations made in 9.8 s = 9.8/T.P
= 4.28 = 4 and 1 quarters
Ball passes through lowest point 2 times per oscillation, and 1 times in 1 quarter of the oscillation.
Therefore, Number of times Ball passes through lowest point = 4 x 2 + 1
= 9
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when startled, an armadillo will leap upward. suppose it rises 0.544 m in the first 0.200 s. (a) what is its initial speed as it leaves the ground? (b) what is its sp
(a) The initial speed as the armadillo leaves the ground is calculated to be 3.7 m/s.
(b) The speed of the armadillo at the height 0.544m is 1.74 m/s.
The height reached by the armadillo is 0.544 m.
The time taken is 0.2 s.
Let us use the equation of motion, s = u t + 1/2 g t²
Here, it is moving upward so, g is - 9.8 m/s².
Enter the values into the above equation, s = u t + 1/2 g t²
0.544 = u(0.2) - 1/2 (9.8) (0.2)²
0.2 u = 0.544 + 4.9(0.2)²
0.2 u = 0.74
Initial velocity u = 3.7 m/s
Initial speed with which it leaves the ground is 3.7 m/s.
(b) Let us find the speed at h = 0.544 m
v² - u² = 2 a s
v² = u² + 2 a s
v² = 3.7² + 2 (-9.8)(0.544)
v² = 13.69 - 10.66
v² = 3.03
v = √3.03 = 1.74 m/s
Thus, the speed of the armadillo at the height 0.544m is 1.74 m/s.
The given question is incomplete. The complete question is '(b) What is its speed at the height of 0.544 m?'
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you drop a rock off a bridge. when the rock has fallen 4m, you drop a second rock. as the two rocks continue to fall, what happens to their velocities?
You fling a stone from a bridge. You hurl another rock after the first one has fallen 4 metres. The two rocks' velocities both rise at the same rate as they continue to fall.
What would a rock falling from a cliff accelerate at?Throughout the entire journey, both when it is travelling uphill and when it is moving downhill, its acceleration is 9.80 m/s2. Please take note that the values for y represent the rock's locations (or displacements), not its overall distance travelled.
What is the object's maximum point acceleration when it is launched upwards?A ball is thrown into the air, where it slows down until it momentarily pauses at the top of the motion. Since the body is travelling upward against gravity, the acceleration is 9.8 ms2 at the very top. In other terms, the gravitational acceleration is 9.8 m/s2.
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if a 2.72 volt battery is used to charge up a 7.10e-7 farad capacitor what is the maximum amount of charge in coulombs that can be stored on the capacitor's positive conductor?
The largest charge amount in coulombs that may be stored is 7.10e-7 farad capacitor, which is charged using a volt battery.
What does coulomb mean?An International System of Units' (ISO) common unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C) (SI). The amount of power a 1-ampere (One) current can carry in a second is known as the flux (s).
An electric charge is what?Subatomic particles have a characteristic known as "electric charge" that makes them experience force while in a magnetic and electric field.
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if an emission line from a distant star is measured to have a wavelength of 497.15 nm, but is normally at 497.21 nm how fast (speed, not velocity) with respect to the earth is the star moving in m/s?
Speed = (497.15 - 497.21) x 2.9979 x 10^8 m/s = -7.41 x 10^7 m/s
The speed of a distant star relative to the Earth is determined by calculating the difference between the measured wavelength of a certain emission line and the normal wavelength of that emission line, then multiplying that difference by the speed of light. In this case, the measured wavelength is 497.15 nm, and the normal wavelength is 497.21 nm, so the difference is -0.06 nm. Multiplying this difference by the speed of light (2.9979 x 10^8 m/s) yields a negative speed of -7.41 x 10^7 m/s, indicating that the star is moving away from the Earth.
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two friends with mass 60.0 kg and 40.0 kg run directly toward each other with speeds 3.0 m/s and 2.0 m/s respectively. if they hold on to each other after they collide, their combined speed just after the collision will be:
If they hold on to each other after they collide, their combined speed just after the collision will be 2.6m/s
Collision: What is it?
When two bodies come into close touch with one another, a collision occurs. In this instance, the two bodies quickly exert forces on one another. The collision changes the energy and momentum of the bodies that are interacting.
For a single pair of objects with equal masses. Each ball will leave the collision with the same speed (or less) as it arrived at if we see the collision of two masses in the frame where their centers of mass are at rest.
Final speed will be 3-2 i.e. 1m/s
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earth's main energy inputs are question 41 options: near infrared and far infrared (i.e., longwave radiation). longwave radiation and ultraviolet light. ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared radiation. gamma rays, x-rays, and ultraviolet radiation.
The intricate energy balance of Earth is largely derived from solar radiation. Through the Earth's atmosphere, this radiation is absorbed, deflected, scattered, and transmitted.
What does it reflect?The reflections of light, sound, and water waves are typical examples. In the lake, mirror, and store window, he caught a glimpse of himself. The water's surface reflected the light. More instances. His gold wristwatch gleamed in the candlelight.
What does sound mean?As an apparent mechanical wave, noise is defined by vibrations that move thru the air or the other medium.
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a third listener is positioned along the positive y -axis. what is her y -coordinate if the same wave front reaches her at the same instant it does the first two listeners?
The position of third listener is y = 4m if the same wave front reaches her at the same instant it does the first two listeners.
A sound is a vibration that propagates through a medium in the form of a mechanical wave. The medium in which it propagates can either be a solid, a liquid or a gas. Sound travels fastest in solids, relatively slower in liquids and slowest in gases.
Source should be located midway x = −8m and x = 2m .
That is at x = −3m.
For the same wave front to reach at C , SC = SA = SB
[tex]5 = \sqrt{3^2+y^2}[/tex]
y = 4m
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--The complete question is, A point source of sound is located somewhere along the x-axis . Experiments show that the same wave front simultaneously reaches listeners at x=−8m and x=+2.0m . A third listener is positioned along the positive y-axis . What is her y-coordinate (in m) if the same wave front reaches her at same instant as it does the first two listeners? --
21. Of the following sources, which supplies the most commercial energy in the world today?A. A. SolarB. B. OilC. C. BiomassD. D. NuclearE. E. Hydroelectric
The most commercial energy in the world is supplied by oil. Option B
Is oil a commercial energy source?Oil is a commercial energy source. Oil, also known as petroleum, is a fossil fuel that is extracted from underground reservoirs and refined into a variety of products, including gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and heating oil. These products are used to power vehicles, heat homes, generate electricity, and fuel industrial processes, making oil a major source of energy for many countries around the world.
Oil is one of the most widely used energy sources in the world, due to its high energy density, ease of transportation, and versatility in use. It is a non-renewable resource, meaning that it will eventually run out, and its extraction and use have a significant impact on the environment
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A mug slides across a horizontal counter with initial speed v.It slides off the 0.86m high counter and lands 1.4m from the base.What was its initial speed?
A)0.18 m/s
B)0.43 m/s
C)0.58 m/s
D)2.39 m/s
E)3.34 m/s
The initial speed of the mug was 3.34 m/s. The answer is option E.
The potential energy of the mug when it is on the counter is converted into kinetic energy as it slides across the counter and then into potential energy as it falls off the counter, and finally back into kinetic energy as it moves horizontally towards the base.
mgh = (1/2)mv^2 + mgh_max + (1/2)mv_x^2
where m is the mass of the mug, g is the acceleration due to gravity, h is the height of the counter, v is the initial speed of the mug, h_max is the maximum height reached by the mug, and v_x is the horizontal component of the mug's velocity just before it hits the base.
v = sqrt(2gh + 2gx)
where g = 9.8 m/s^2, h = 0.86 m, and x = 1.4 m.
Plugging in the values and evaluating the expression,
v = sqrt(29.80.86 + 29.81.4) = 3.34 m/s
Therefore, the initial speed of the mug was 3.34 m/s, which corresponds to option E.
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a child is sitting on the outer edge of a merry-go-round that is 18 m in diameter. if the merry-go-round makes 8.3 rev/min, what is the velocity of the child in m/s?
The velocity of the kid is 5.6 m/s, v = w*r where r is the radius, and w is the frequency. We are aware that diameter is 18 m and that it is equivalent to twice the radius. So r = 18m/2 = 9m, v = 5.9*2pi*9m/min, v = (5.9*2pi*9/60) m/s = 5.56 m/s.
Is a giant disk-shaped playground ride known as a merry-go-round?A huge disk positioned to allow it to freely rotate inside a horizontal plane makes up a merry-go-round, a playground ride.The merry-go-round has a mass of 216 kg, a radius of 1.4 meters, and is initially at rest.
What is the merry-go-moment round's of inertia?A merry-go-round with such a moment of inertia of 1210 kg/m2 and a diameter of 2.5 m spins at 1.70 rad/s with very little friction.The platform slows to 1.35 rad/s when a child who is initially standing stationary next to the joyful hops onto its edge while facing the axis of rotation.
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a parallel-plate capacitor connected to a battery is fully charged with the switch s closed, as shown in the circuit above. a slab of dielectric constant k > 1 is slowly inserted between the plates of the capacitor. question if the switch remains closed when the slab is inserted, what changes, if any, occur?
The maximum energy density of any battery cell is provided by lithium, an incredibly light metal. This means that they have a higher energy capacity than single-use batteries or alkaline batteries of a similar size.
What is the best type of battery?Lithium batteries are constructed of this very light metal, which has the highest energy density of any battery cell. They are therefore more energy dense than alkaline batteries or any single-use battery of a comparable size.
They also perform well in both hot and cold conditions. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy contained in its active components directly into electric energy using an electrochemical oxidation-reduction (redox) cycle.
This type of reaction uses an electric circuit to transfer electrons from one material to another.
Therefore, The batteries are still linked to the capacitors, and capacitor C1's plates have a constant – dielectric slab put between them.
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A 940 kg elevator is moving at a constant velocity up. What is the tension in the cable?
The tension in the cable while the elevator is moving at a constant velocity up is supposed to be 11000N.
What do you mean by velocity?
The direction of movement of the body or object is defined by velocity. Speed is fundamentally a scalar quantity. Velocity is, in essence, a vector quantity. It is the rate at which distance changes. It is the displacement rate of change.
So,
The tension in the cable is given,
T=m(g+a)
By substituting the values of mass and acceleration given in the question we get
T=1000×(10+1)
=11000N
Hence, the tension in the cable is 11000N.
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Complete question:
A person of mass 60kg is inside a lift of mass 940kg and present the button of control panel. The lift starts moving upwards with an acceleration [tex]1.0m/s^{2}[/tex]. If g=[tex]10ms^{-2}[/tex], the tension in the supporting cable is -
when striking, the pike, a predatory fish, can accelerate from rest to a speed of 3.9 m/s in 0.13 s . what is the acceleration of the pike during this strike?
0.22 m is the acceleration of the pike during speed of 3.9 m/s in 0.13 s strike,
What is motion?
In all scenarios, the velocity (directed speed) and acceleration of every point on the body are equal (time rate of change of velocity). Translation and rotation are combined to create the most generic type of motion.In an uniform accelerated motion, the distance covered by the fish is given by:
S = ½ at²
where
a is the acceleration
t is the time
The acceleration is equal to the increase in speed of the fish divided by the time taken:
a = 4-0/0.11 = 36.4 m/s²
If substitute the acceleration into the first equation, we find the distance covered by the fish:
S = ½(36.4)(0.11) = 0.22 m.
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a hallway display of energy is constructed in which several people pull on a rope that lifts a block 1.20 m. the display indicates that 0.95 j of work is done. what is the mass of the block?
Many men pulling on a rope to hoist a stone 1.00 m is required to build an electricity display energy in a hallway. The monitor displays 0.5 J of labor as having been finished.
What does the word "energy" mean?
The capacity to perform work is energy. Energy is referred to by scientists as the capacity for work. People have figured out how to transform energy from one type to the other and use it to accomplish tasks, making modern civilization possible. Walking, bicycling, driving, rowing, and using stoves all require the usage of energy from people.
Why is energy necessary, and what is it?
Energy is the capacity to carry out work. Energy is referred to by scientists as the capacity for work. People have figured out how to transform energy from one type to the other and use it to accomplish tasks, making modern civilization possible.
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80 POINTS!! Please show your though process. Picture is attached. Thank you!
Answer:
it's c length of ramp and final speed
What effect might spending years working on a construction site have on a person's hearing?
Why?
Spending years working on a construction site can have a negative effect on a person's hearing. This is because construction sites are often loud environments, with the constant sound of heavy machinery and power tools. Over time, exposure to these loud noises can damage the delicate hairs in the inner ear that transmit sound to the brain. This damage can cause hearing loss, which may be temporary or permanent depending on the severity and duration of exposure. Additionally, the use of earplugs or other hearing protection devices may not always be possible, especially if workers need to communicate with each other or are unable to hear warning signals. This makes it even more important for workers to take steps to protect their hearing, such as wearing ear protection when possible and limiting exposure to loud noises.
A net charge of –1.7 × 10–17 C is established on a gas hob ignition system. Approximately how many excess electrons on the ignition system?
According to the solving Approximately - 2.72 × 10² excess electrons on the ignition system.
What exactly is an ignition system?An electric spark is used to ignite the fuel-air mixture in a gasoline engine, and the combustion of this mixture in the cylinders generates the motive force. Related Articles: distributor reluctor breakers spark plug electric starter.
What does the ignition system do?To ignite the mixture of gasoline and air in the engine's combustion chamber at precisely the appropriate moment, the ignition system's primary function is to produce an electric spark.
According to the given information:Given charge = –1.7 × 10⁻¹⁷ C
no. of electrons = (–1.7 × 10⁻¹⁷)/(1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹)
= - 2.72 × 10²
According to the solving Approximately - 2.72 × 10² excess electrons on the ignition system.
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20 points !!! An infrared wave traveling at the speed of light has a wavelength of 2x10^-5 m. Calculate the frequency of this wave.
Answer:
f=1.5MHz or f=1500Hz
Explanation:
f=v/λ
3×10⁸/2×10-⁵
f=1500Hz
f=1.5MHz
a football player runs from his own goal line to the opposing team's goal line, returning to his forty-yard line, all in 20.0 s. calculate his average speed and the magnitude of his average velocity. (enter your answers in yards/s.)
The average velocity would be zero because the player is running from his own goal line to the opposing team's goal line and then returning to his forty-yard line. The displacement is zero.
What is the average ?The average is a measure of the central tendency of a set of numbers. It is calculated by adding all the numbers in the set and then dividing by the number of values in the set. The average can be used to compare sets of data and to draw conclusions about the data. It is often used to measure the overall performance of a group or to identify trends in the data.
Average Speed =
400 yd/20.0 s = 20 yd/s
Average Velocity =
The average velocity would be zero because the player is running from his own goal line to the opposing team's goal line and then returning to his forty-yard line. The displacement is zero since the net change in position is zero. Therefore, the average velocity would be zero.
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To which regions of the electromagnetic spectrum do the following wavelengths belong :
(a) 250nm
(b) 1500nm
(a) A wavelength of 250nm corresponds to the ultraviolet (UV) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This region has shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than visible light.
(b) A wavelength of 1500nm corresponds to the near-infrared (NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This region has longer wavelengths and lower frequencies than visible light and is often used in optical fiber communication and remote sensing applications.
Wavelength is a fundamental concept in physics that refers to the distance between two successive points on a wave that is in phase. A wave is defined as a disturbance that propagates through a medium or space, carrying energy without the transfer of matter. Examples of waves include sound waves, light waves, and water waves.
The wavelength of a wave is measured as the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs, or any two points that are in phase. It is denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λ) and is usually measured in meters (m) or nanometers (nm), depending on the type of wave being studied.
The wavelength of a wave is related to its frequency and speed. The frequency of a wave is the number of complete cycles it completes in a unit of time, usually measured in Hertz (Hz). The speed of a wave is the rate at which it travels through a medium or space, usually measured in meters per second (m/s).
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a bug starts walking away from the top of a spherical ball of ice and will start to slip when the normal force exerted on it drops to 1/2 of its weight. if the ice ball has a diameter of 38.0 cm, how far can the bug walk before it begins to slip?
The required value of distance the bug walks before it begins to slip is calculated to be 19.89 cm.
The normal force drops to half of the weight, F = 1/2 m g
where,
m is mass
g is acceleration due to gravity
The diameter of the spherical ball d = 38 cm
The value of the normal force is, F = m g cosθ
Equating both the equations of F, we have,
1/2 m g = m g cosθ
cosθ = 1/2
θ = π/3
The relation to find out distance is,
x = r θ = d/2 (θ)
Putting the values into the equation,
x = 38/2 (π/3) = 19.89 cm
Thus, the value of distance is calculated to be 19.89 cm.
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an object having a fixed emissivity of 0.725 radiates heat at a rate of 10 w when it is at an absolute temperature t. if its temperature is doubled to 2t, at what rate will it now radiate?
If an item with a fixed emissivity of 0.725 radiates heat at a rate of 10 w when it is at an absolute temperature of t, it will now do so at a rate of 160 W if the temperature is doubled to 2t.
Thermal radiation is produced by any item above absolute zero in temperature. However, the amount of thermal radiation emitted for any given wavelength and temperature varies on the surface emissivity of the item.
The ratio of the energy emitted from a material's surface to the energy emitted from a blackbody, a perfect emitter with the same temperature, wavelength, and viewing circumstances, is known as emissivity. It is an arbitrary number without dimensions between 0 (for an ideal reflector) and 1. (for a perfect emitter).
In addition to the material, a surface's emissivity also relies on the kind of surface. As an illustration, a polished and spotless metal surface will have a low emissivity.
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During the ice ages that the Earth has gone through, life would have completely died off across much of the Northern Hemisphere, except for which property of water?
Group of answer choices
Solid water floats on top of more dense liquid water.
The water during the ice ages was less salty than our current water.
Water is able to carry a very heavy load of solutes.
Water has a high specific heat compared to most substances.
Solid water floats on top of more dense liquid water. This property of water helps not to have completely died off life across much of the Northern Hemisphere during the ice ages .
What is ice age?The existence or extension of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers occurs during an ice age, which is a protracted period of cooling of the Earth's surface and atmosphere.
The climate on Earth varies between ice ages and greenhouse times, when the world is devoid of glaciers. Solid water floats on top of more dense liquid water - helps to sustain life during ice age.
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