Answer:
Scientists define temperature with certain rules like the measure of the ability of a substance, or more generally of any physical system, to transfer heat energy to another physical system. The temperature of a substance is closely related to the average kinetic energy of its molecules.
Explanation:
Scientists define temperature as a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. In simpler terms, it reflects how fast the particles are moving within a material.
When an object is heated, its particles gain kinetic energy, leading to an increase in temperature. On the other hand, cooling reduces the average kinetic energy and results in a decrease in temperature.
Temperature is typically measured using various scales, such as Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. Kelvin is the most commonly used scale in scientific applications since it is an absolute temperature scale, starting from absolute zero, where particles have minimal kinetic energy.
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A chemist heats 34.10 g of nickel to 77.17 °C, then places the metal sample in the cup of water shown in the interactive.
Calculate the final temperature of the water. The specific heat of nickel is 0.444 J/g °C and the specific heat of water is
4.184 J/g °C.
Answer:
[tex]T_{eq}=27.97\°C[/tex]
Explanation:
Hello.
In this case, for equilibrium temperature problems, it is said that the heat balance allows us to notice how the hot substance heats up the cold substance until they reach the equilibrium temperature which is a temperature that remains constant upon time. Thus, since here the hot substance is the nickel and water gains that released heat by the nickel we can write:
[tex]Q_{Zn}=-Q_{water}[/tex]
Which can be written in terms of temperatures, masses and specific heats:
[tex]m_{Zn}C_{Zn}(T_{eq}-T_{Zn})=-m_{water}C_{water}(T_{eq}-T_{water})[/tex]
Thus, solving for the equilibrium temperature we write:
[tex]T_{eq}=\frac{m_{Zn}C_{Zn}T_{Zn}+m_{water}C_{water}T_{water}}{m_{Zn}C_{Zn}+m_{water}C_{water}}[/tex]
Now, plugging in the known data, considering the mass of water 64.00-4.00=60.00 g and its initial temperature, 25.00°C, we obtain:
[tex]T_{eq}=\frac{34.10g*0.444\frac{J}{g\°C}* 77.17\°C+60.0g*4.184\frac{J}{g\°C}*25.00\°C}{34.10g*0.444\frac{J}{g\°C}+60.0g*4.184\frac{J}{g\°C}}\\\\T_{eq}=27.97\°C[/tex]
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The final temperature of water is required.
The final temperature of water is [tex]27.97^{\circ}\text{C}[/tex].
T = Equilibrium temperature
[tex]T_n[/tex] = Temperature of nickel = [tex](77.17^{\circ}\text{C}+273.15)\ \text{K}[/tex]
[tex]T_w[/tex] = Temperature of water = [tex](25^{\circ}\text{C}+273.15)\ \text{K}[/tex]
[tex]c_n[/tex] = Specific heat of nickel = [tex]0.444\ \text{J/g}^{\circ}\text{C}[/tex]
[tex]c_w[/tex] = Specific heat of water = [tex]4.184\ \text{J/g}^{\circ}\text{C}[/tex]
[tex]m_n[/tex] = Mass of nickel = 34.1 g
[tex]m_w[/tex] = Mass of water = 60 g
The heat balance of the system is given by
[tex]m_wc_w(T-T_w)=m_nc_n(T_n-T)\\\Rightarrow m_wc_wT-m_wc_wT_w=m_nc_nT_n-m_nc_nT\\\Rightarrow T=\dfrac{m_nc_nT_n+m_wc_wT_w}{m_wc_w+m_nc_n}\\\Rightarrow T=\dfrac{34.1\times 0.444\times 350.32+60\times 4.184\times 298.15}{60\times 4.184+34.1\times 0.444}\\\Rightarrow T=301.12\ \text{K}=301.12-273.15\\\Rightarrow T=27.97^{\circ}\text{C}[/tex]
The final temperature of water is [tex]27.97^{\circ}\text{C}[/tex].
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A 1.9450 g sample containing only Na2CO3 (F.M. 105.99) and NaHCO3 (F.M. 84.01) is titrated with 35.31 mL of 0.8724 M HCl. Calculate the percentage sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.
Answer:
1.0979g of Na2CO3
0.8471g of NaHCO3
Explanation:
NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 reacts with HCl as follows:
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
Moles of HCl required were:
0.03531L * (0.8724mol / L) = 0.03080 moles of HCl
With this information we can write 2 equations:
1.9450g = X + Y (1)
X is the mass of NaHCO3 and Y is mass of Na2CO3
Also we can write:
0.03080 moles = X/84 + 2Y/106 (2)
Where 84 is molar mass of NaHCO3 and 106 is molar mass of Na2CO3, 2 is due the reaction (2 moles of HCl react per mole of Na2CO3)
Replacing (1) in (2):
0.03080 moles = (1.9450-Y)/84 + 2Y/106
0.03080 = 0.023155 - Y/84 + Y/53
0.007645 = 0.00696316Y
Y = 1.0979g of Na2CO3
And mass of NaHCO3 =
1.9450g - 1.0979g =
0.8471g of NaHCO3
1.1
A sample of oxygen occupies 47.2 L under a pressure of 1240 torr at 25 °C. What
volume would it occupy at 25 °C if the pressure were decreased to 730 torr?
Answer:
80.2L
Explanation:
Given parameters:
Initial volume of oxygen = 47.2L
Initial pressure of oxygen = 1240torr
Final pressure = 730torr
Unknown:
Final volume = ?
Solution:
To solve this problem, we apply the Boyle's law proposed by Robert Boyle. It states that "the volume of a fixed mass of a gas varies inversely as the pressure changes if the temperature is constant".
Mathematically;
P₁V₁ = P₂V₂
P and V are pressure and volume
1 and 2 are initial and final states
1240 x 47.2 = 730 x V₂
V₂ = 80.2L
Find the Molarity of 6.25 grams of barium nitrate dissolved in 250 mL solution.
Answer:
0.0956 M
Explanation:
Step 1: Calculate the moles corresponding to 6.25 g of barium nitrate (solute)
The molar mass of barium nitrate is 261.34 g/mol.
6.25 g × 1 mol/261.34 g = 0.0239 mol
Step 2: Convert the volume of solution to liters
We will use the conversion factor 1 L = 1000 mL.
250 mL × 1 L/1000 mL = 0.250 L
Step 3: Calculate the molarity of the solution
The molarity is equal to the moles of solute divided by the liters of solution.
M = 0.0239 mol / 0.250 L = 0.0956 M
two atoms bonded together will remain some distance apart minimizing the A. Number of valence electrons in the bond. B. Potential energy of the bond. C.partial charge of the bond D.bond distance
Answer:
Answer is the number of the c
2. How many orbitals are in the following sublevels?
a. ls
b. 5s
c. 4d
d. 4f
e. 7s
f. 3p
3. A calibration curve plotting E vs. pNi is used to measure the concentration of Ni2+ in solution at 25 °C using a solid Ni electrode. What is the slope of the calibration curve?
Answer: the slope of the calibration curve is - 0.0295
Explanation:
as things are not under standard conditions that is; 1M of each reactants at T = 25°C and P = 1 atm; therefore we will use the Nernst Equation.
E = a × pNi + b
a is the slope
pNi = -log [Ni²⁺] = log 1/[Ni²⁺]
therefore the Half reaction;
Ni²⁺ (aq) + 2e⁻ = Ni (s)
here; E = E₀ + RT/zF ln[Ni²⁺]
we know that;
gas constant R = (8.31 J/mol-K)
absolute temperature T =25°C = 298 K
number of moles of electrons transferred by the cell's reaction z = 2
F is Faraday constant, = 9.64853399(24)×10⁴ C mol−1
E₀ = b
RT/zF ln[Ni²⁺] = alog 1/[Ni²⁺]
Logx = Ln x / Ln 10 = Ln (x/2.3)
so
a = (RT/zF ln[Ni²⁺])/log 1/[Ni²⁺]
= (RT/zF ln[Ni²⁺]) / ((ln 1/[Ni²⁺]) / 2.3)
= (2.3RT/zF ln[Ni²⁺]) / (ln 1/[Ni²⁺])
= (2.3RT/zF ln[Ni²⁺]) / (-ln [Ni²⁺])
= -2.3RT/zF
so we substitute
= (-2.3 × 8.31 ×298 ) / (2 × 9.64853399(24) × 10⁴)
= - 0.0295
therefore the slope of the calibration curve is - 0.0295
How to atoms share more than one pair of electrons?
Answer:
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding.
Explanation:
More than one pair of electrons can be shared between atoms to form double or triple covalent bonds. Unlike ionic bonds, covalent bonds are often formed between atoms where one of the atoms cannot easily attain a noble gas electron shell configuration through the loss or gain of one or two electrons.
When an atom of oxygen forms an ion, what is the most likely charge for that ion?
a. -2
b. -8
C. +2
d. -6
Answer:
b option is the answer.
Answer:
-2
__________________________________________________________
How many electrons does Oxygen need:
We know that oxygen has an electric configuration of:
2 , 6 [8 electrons]
From the octet rule, we know that all elements try to get to the electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas
In the case of Oxygen, the nearest noble gas is Neon with the electronic configuration:
2 , 8 [10 electrons]
From the above, we can see that oxygen needs 2 more electrons in order to attain the nearest noble gas configuration
What will be the Charge on the ion?:
We know that electrons are negatively charged
Once oxygen gains 2 electrons to attain noble gas configuration, it will have 2 more electrons than it should have
So, the charge on the ion will be -2 since there are 2 extra electrons and both of the electrons contribute a negative charge
Hence, the charge is -2
A flask of ammonia is connected to a flask of an unknown acid HX by a 1.68 m glass tube (where "X" represents a halogen). As the two gases diffuse down the tube, a white ring of NH4X forms 115 cm from the ammonia flask. Identify element X (Name or symbol).
Answer:
Explanation:
white ring of NH₄X is formed . Here X is Cl and
NH₄X is NH₄Cl ( ammonium chloride )
The reaction is as follows
NH₃ + HCl = NH₄Cl ( white fume )
The acid that reacts with ammonia has been Hydrochloric acid (HCl), and the element X in the acid has been Chlorine (Cl).
The ammonia has been the gas with the pungent smell. It has been the compound with the dihybrid element used for the production of various nitrogen compounds.
The reaction of Ammonia with acid results in the formation of ammonium ions. The ions on reacting with the basic part of the acid, form the salt and give the product.
The white ring with the reaction of ammonia has been formed of the ammonium chloride. Thus the acid that reacts with ammonia has been Hydrochloric acid (HCl), and the element X in the acid has been Chlorine (Cl).
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The half-life of the radioactive isotope Carbon-14 is about 5730 years.
a. What percentage of the original amount of Carbon-14 is left after 20,000 years?
b. If an old wooden tool is found in a cave and the amount of Carbon-14 present in it is estimated to be only 42% of the original amount, approximately how old is the tool?
c. Radiocarbon dating is not as easy as these exercises might lead you to believe. With the help of your classmates, research radiocarbon dating and discuss why our model is somewhat over-simplified.
Answer:
See explanation for details
Explanation:
a) Now from the data given, recall that;
N/No = (1/2)t/t1/2
Where,
N= amount of radioactive material remaining at time t
No= Amount of radioactive material originally present
t= time taken for N amount of radioactive material to remain
t1/2= half life of radioactive material
So,
N/No = (1/2)^20,000/5730
N/No = (1/2)^3.49
N/No = 0.089
Since the fraction N/No is the fraction remaining after t years, then;
Percentage of Carbon-14 left after 20,000 years = 0.089 * 100 = 8.9%
b) From;
0.693/t1/2 = 2.303/t log No/N
Given that N = 0.42 No
Hence;
0.693/5730 = 2.303/t log (No/0.42No)
1.21 * 10^-4 = 0.87/t
t= 0.87/1.21 * 10^-4
t = 7190 years
c) Radiocarbon dating is a method of obtaining the age of an object derived from plants or animals by comparing the Carbon-14 activity of living things with that of the sample under study. Due to contamination, the age of artifacts obtained by Carbon-14 dating may yield outlying figures.
What is the cathode in an electrochemical cell?
Answer: The cathode is the electrode where reduction (gain of electrons) takes place (metal-B electrode)
Answer: The electrode where reduction occurs.
What is the primary cause of diffusion? some substances can dissolve in solvents heat added to a substance random internal motion of atoms and molecules attraction of opposite atomic charges
Answer:
random internal motion of atoms and molecule
Explanation:
The primary cause of diffusion is the random internal motion of atoms and molecules.
Randomness of atoms and molecules results in diffusion.
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to that of lower concentration. Substances often tend to spread out over the concentration gradient. Therefore, they have this propensity to be randomized.Answer:
random internal of motion of atoms and molecules
Explanation:
took assignment on odyssey ware
From which type of clouds do hail pellets form?
Answer:
Hail pallets forms inside of cumulonimbus clouds
Explanation:
Answer: cumulonimbus hope it helps pls stay safe
Is mass conserved when neutralisation takes place? That is, is the total mass of the acid and alkali equal to the total mass of
the products, salt and water?
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
yes, this is in every chemical reaction (except nuclear reaction) and Is known as "law of conservation of mass"
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If 30.0 g of H2SO4 reacts with sodium hydroxide, what mass of water is produced?
11.02g
Explanation:
mole ratio between H2SO4 and water is 1:2
mole of H2SO4 is 0.306
then the mole of water is 0.612
finally the mole of water is multiplied by 18, the molar mass to get 11.02 g of water
Which graph shows the pressure-temperature relationship for a gas at a fixed volume?
A. Graph D
B. Graph B
C. Graph A
D. Graph C
Answer:
The answer is
C. Graph A
Answer:
Graph A
Explanation:
:)
What must be true about two objects for conduction to take place?
The objects must be different temperatures and they must be in contact.
The objects must be the same temperature and they must be in contact
The objects must be different temperatures and they must be insulators.
O The objects must be the same temperature and they must be insulators.
Answer:
The objects must be different temperatures and they must be in contact.
Explanation:
For conduction to take place between two objects, they must be in contact with one another and at different temperatures.
Generally, heat transfer takes place over a gradient i.e. from a region of higher temperature to one with a low temperature. If two places or bodies have the same temperature, heat transfer will not take place. In conduction, the two bodies must be in contact with one another. The collision of molecules of one body transfers this kinetic energy to the other one in contact with it.Answer:
The objects must be different temperatures and they must be in contact.
Explanation:
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A solution was prepared by mixing 20.00 mL of 0.100 M and 120.00 mL of 0.200 M. Calculate the molarity of the final solution of nitric acid.
Answer:
0.186M
Explanation:
First, we need to obtain the moles of nitric acid that are given for each solution. Then, we need to divide these moles in total volume (120mL + 20mL = 140mL = 0.140L) to obtain molarity:
Moles Nitric acid:
0.0200L * (0.100mol / L) = 0.00200 moles
0.120L * (0.200mol / L)= 0.02400 moles
Total moles: 0.02400moles + 0.00200moles = 0.026 moles of nitric acid
Molarity: 0.026 moles / 0.140L
0.186MHeptane (C7H16) is a hydrocarbon fuel used for gas barbecues. Balance the chemical equation (given below) for the reaction that occurs when heptane burns in air. What are the coefficients in the balanced equation
Answer:
a = 1, b = 11, c = 7, d = 8
Explanation:
aC7H16 + bO2 ------> cCO2 + dH2O
1 C7H16 + 11 O2 ------> 7 CO2 + 8H2O
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Which term describes boron?
A. Metal
B. Metalloid
C. Noble Gas
D. Nonmetal
Answer:
Boron is Nonmetal
Explanation:
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Determine the total number of electrons in the d orbitals of an atom of tin, Sn (Z = 50).
Answer:
Explanation:
Sn (Z = 50 )
Electronic configuration = [Kr] 4d¹⁰5s²5p²
= 1s²2s²p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰4s²4p⁶4d¹⁰5s²5p²
So , total number of electrons in d orbital = 10 + 10 = 20 .
Before a chemical reaction, the total mass of two reactants is measured to be 40 grams.
After the reaction, what should be the total mass of the products?
A. 0 grams
B. 20 grams
C. 40 grams
D. 80 grams
The total mass of the products is 40 grams (Option C).
In 1789, Antoine Lavoisier discovered that mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. This is now known as Lavoisier's law of conservation of mass. In other terms, the sum of the masses of the reactants is equal to the sum of the masses of the products. So, in this case, the total mass of the products must be 40 grams as well.
The total mass of the products is 40 grams.
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How do you know about a substance if you know its temperature
A. How heavy the substance is
B. How large or small the particles of the substance are
C. How hot or cold the substance is
D. How many particles are in the substance
Answer:
How hot or cold the substance is
Explanation:
You can do a lot with just the temperature of a substance. Chemists can use this to identify the substance because of the temperature at which it melts. They can then find out how long it took to melt, which can also help.
Answer:c how hot or cold
Explanation:
A 9.439 mol sample of oxygen gas is maintained in a 0.8200 L container at 304.4 K. What is the pressure in atm calculated using the van der Waals' equation for O2 gas under these conditions
Answer:
[tex]P=273.1atm[/tex]
Explanation:
Hello!
In this case, since the Van der Waals' equation is used in order to analyze a gas slightly deviated from the ideal condition and is defined as:
[tex]P=\frac{RT}{v_m-b}-\frac{a}{v_m^2}[/tex]
Whereas a and b for oxygen are 0.0318 L/mol and 1.36 atm*L²/mol² respectively and represent the effective volume and the eventual interactions among the gas molecules. Moreover, the molar volume, vm, is:
[tex]v_m=\frac{0.8200L}{9.439mol}=0.08687L/mol[/tex]
Thus, the required pressure turns out:
[tex]P=\frac{0.082\frac{atm*L}{mol*K}*304.4K}{0.08687L/mol-0.0318L/mol}-\frac{1.36\frac{atm*L^2}{mol^2} }{(0.08687L/mol)^2}\\\\P=453.3atm-180.2atm\\\\P=273.1atm[/tex]
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How does heat energy help change shape of metals?
Metals releases heat energy to be able to be shaped.
Heat energy provides more pressure that allows metals to bend.
Heat energy allows metal to become more malleable.
Metals require a lot of heat energy to be destroyed.
Answer: 3
Explanation:
It speed up the molecules to get them to bent and move instead of staying solid
Answer:
c
Explanation:
When enough heat energy is transferred to a metal, the molecules vibrate quickly enough so that the solid metal starts to change shape.
How many moles of H2O2 are needed to react with 1.07 moles of N2H4?
Answer:
2.14 moles of H₂O₂ are required
Explanation:
Given data:
Number of moles of H₂O₂ required = ?
Number of moles of N₂H₄ available = 1.07 mol
Solution:
Chemical equation:
N₂H₄ + 2H₂O₂ → N₂ + 4H₂O
now we will compare the moles of H₂O₂ and N₂H₄
N₂H₄ : H₂O₂
1 : 2
1.07 : 2×1.07 = 2.14 mol
Select the correct answer.
Which letter represents the wavelength of the wave?
c
ОА а
OB. b
ОС, с
OD d
Answer:
it is the letter D
Explanation:
Considering the definition of wavelength, the correct answer is option D. You can see that "d" represents the distance between two consecutive highs, and then the wave repeats. In this way the definition of wavelength is fulfilled.
Definition of wavelengthIn a periodic wave, that is, for the type of wave that repeats with exactly the same shape every given time interval, the wavelength is the physical distance between two points from which the wave repeats.
That is, the wavelength is its spatial period, that is, the distance at which the waveform repeats itself. Normally, two consecutive points that have the same phase are considered: two maximums, two minimums, two zero crossings (in the same direction).
In summary, the wavelength is the actual distance that a disturbance can travel in a given time interval, the quas between two consecutive maxima with respect to the physical property of the wave.
Letter that represent the wavelength of the waveConsidering the definition of wavelength, the correct answer is option D. You can see that "d" represents the distance between two consecutive highs, and then the wave repeats. In this way the definition of wavelength is fulfilled.
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An element has the mass number 12 and atomic number 6. The number of neutron in it is?
A)6
B)10
C)4
D)8
Answer:
12-6=6
the answer is A)6
How many milliliters of an aqueous solution of 0.227 M sodium carbonate is needed to obtain 3.55 grams of the salt?
Answer:
147.6 mL .
Explanation:
sodium carbonate , Na₂CO₃
Molecular weight = 106
3.55 gm of sodium carbonate = 3.55 / 106
= .0335 moles
Let the volume of litre required = V
V litre of .227 M solution will contain
V x .227 moles of sodium carbonate . So
V x .227 = .0335
V = .1476 L
= 147.6 mL .