heating, the particle _______________ increases as more __________ __________ is added​

Answer:

Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid in a conical flask which is ... One student can add the magnesium ribbon to the acid and stopper the flask, ... 50 cm3 of 1M hydrochloric acid is a six-fold excess of acid.

Answer:

Reactions involving the replacement of one atom or group of atoms. - Substitution reaction

Reactions involving removal of two atoms or groups from a molecule - Elimination reaction

Products show increased bond order between two adjacent atoms - Elimination reaction

Reactant requires presence of a π bond - Addition reaction

Product is the structural isomer of the reactant - Rearrangement reaction

Explanation:

When an atom or a group of atoms is replaced by another in a reaction, then such is a substitution reaction. A typical example is the halogenation of alkanes.

A reaction involving the removal of two atoms or groups from a molecule resulting in increased bond order of products is called an elimination reaction. A typical example of such is dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides.

Any reaction that involves a pi bond is an addition reaction because a molecule is added across the pi bond. A typical example is hydrogenation of alkenes.

Rearrangement reactions yield isomers of a molecule. Rearrangement may involve alkyl or hydride shifts in molecules.

Reactions involving the replacement of one atom or group of atoms is substitution reaction, reactions involving removal of two atoms or groups from a molecule and products show increased bond order between two adjacent atoms is elimination reaction, reactant requires presence of a π bond in addition reaction and product is the structural isomer of the reactant is rearrangement reaction.

Chemical reactions are those reactions in which reactants undergoes through a variety of changes for the formation of new product.

Hence, classification of above points are done according to their characteristics.

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Answer:

Octet rule fails to explain the following:

(1) The stability of incomplete octet molecules, i.e., the molecules with the central atom containing less than eight electrons. (2) The stability of expanded octet molecules, i.e., the molecules with the central atom containing more than eight electrons.

Answer:

pH = 1.76

Explanation:

The mixture of formate and formic acid produce a buffer. The pH of the buffer is obtained using H-H equation as follows:

pH = pKa + log [A-] / [HA]

Where pH is the pH of the buffer:

pKa = -log Ka = 3.74

[A-] is molar concentration of conjugate base (Formate) = 0.015M

[HA] is molar concentration of weak acid (Formic acid) = 1.45M - 0.015M = 1.435M

Replacing:

pH = 3.74 + log [0.015M] / [1.435M]

Answer: A volume of 20.49 milliliters of sodium formate do you need to measure to make this buffer (assuming the rest is formic acid).

Explanation:

Given: Total volume of the buffer = 21.0 mL

[tex]\frac{[HCOONa]}{[HCOOH]} = 4[/tex] ... (1)

It is assumed that the volume of HCOONa is x. Hence, volume of HCOOH is (21.0 - x) mL.

Hence,

[HCOONa] = Molarity [tex]\times[/tex] Volume

= 0.10 [tex]\times[/tex] x

= 0.1x mmol

Similarly, [HCOOH] = Molarity [tex]\times[/tex] Volume

= 0.10 [tex]\times[/tex] (21.0 - x) mmol

Using equation (1),

[tex]\frac{[HCOONa]}{[HCOOH]} = 4\\\frac{0.1x}{(21.0 - x)} = 4\\0.1x = 84.0 - 4x\\4.1x = 84.0\\x = 20.49 mL[/tex]

As x is the volume of sodium formate. Hence, 20.49 mL of sodium formate is required to make the buffer.

Thus, we can conclude that a volume of 20.49 milliliters of sodium formate do you need to measure to make this buffer (assuming the rest is formic acid).

Answer:

30 grams of KNO3 can be dissolved.

Explanation:

Hello there!

In this case, since the solubility is defined as the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a certain amount of solvent, usually 100 grams of water as function of the temperature, we will need to recall the graph for the solubility of KNO3 as shown on the attached file.

Thus, by identifying the curve for KNO3, we realize that at a temperature of 20 °C, the solubility is about 30 grams; which means 30 grams can be dissolved in 100 grams of water at 20 °C.

Regards!

Answer:

In a combination redox reaction, two or more reactants, at least one of which is a(n) element, form a(n) compound. General Reaction: X + Y > Z

In a decomposition redox reaction, a(n) compound forms two or more products, at least one of which is a(n) element. General Reaction: Z>X+Y

In double-displacement (metathesis) reactions, such as precipitation and acid-base reactions, atoms (or ions) of two compounds exchange places; these reactions are not redox processes. General Reaction: AB+CD>AD+CB

In solution, single-displacement reactions occur when a(n) atom of one element displaces the atom of another. Since one of the reactants is a(n) element, all single-displacement reactions are redox processes. General Reaction: X+YZ>XY+Z

Explanation:

In a combination redox reaction, two or more reactants, at least one of which is a(n) element, form a(n) compound.

General Reaction: X + Y > Z

In the reaction scheme above, X combines with Y to give Z as a product.

In a decomposition redox reaction, a(n) compound forms two or more products, at least one of which is a(n) element.

General Reaction: Z>X+Y

In the reaction scheme above, Z decomposes to X and Y

In double-displacement (metathesis) reactions, such as precipitation and acid-base reactions, atoms (or ions) of two compounds exchange places; these reactions are not redox processes since there are no changes occurring in the oxidation number of the atoms (or ions) involved.

General Reaction: AB+CD>AD+CB

In the reaction scheme above, B and D exchange places in their respective compounds

In solution, single-displacement reactions occur when a(n) atom of one element displaces the atom of another. This type of reaction is due to the difference in the reactivities of the elements. The more reactive atom of one element displaces the least reactive atom of another element from its solution.

Since one of the reactants is a(n) element, all single-displacement reactions are redox processes.

General Reaction: X+YZ>XY+Z

In the reaction scheme above, X displaces Z from the compound YZ.

Option (i) would have the highest 2nd Ionization Energy.

Option (i) is Sodium.

Can be Written as 2, 8 , 1

For its 1st Ionization energy... It'd be extremely easy to remove that Electron cos its on the outermost shell.

Now After Removing that Electron...

Sodium's Electronic Configuration Reduces to that of Neon Which is 2, 8.

Neon has a very stable Octet.

It would take an ENORMOUS amount of energy to break its Octet stability... that is... Remove 1 electron from its Octet.

So

Option (i) [Sodium] has the highest 2nd Ionization Energy

Answer: The molar concentration of acetic acid in the vinegar is 0.539 M.

Explanation:

The formula used is:

[tex]M_1V_1=M_2V_2[/tex]

where,

[tex]M_1[/tex] and [tex]V_1[/tex] are the concentration and volume of base.

[tex]M_2[/tex] and [tex]V_2[/tex] are the concentration and volume of an acid.

Given:

Molar concentration of NaOH = 0.1798 M

Volume of NaOH = 30.01 mL

Volume of acetic acid = 10.0 mL

Now putting all the given values in the above formula, we get:

[tex]M_1V_1=M_2V_2\\\\0.1798M\times 30.01mL=M_2\times 10.0mL\\\\M_2=0.539M[/tex]

Thu, the molar concentration of acetic acid in the vinegar is 0.539 M.

Explanation:

d=ut+5

d-5=ut

d-5/t=u

!!!!!!!

Oxidation is lost of electrons. Reduced is gain of electrons. you can also remember them as OIL RIG.

Answer:

Outermost

Covalent

Two

One

Two

Two

Covalent

One

Explanation:

A covalent bond is formed when an atom shares two electrons with another atom. These shared electrons could be contributed by each of the bonding atoms or by only one of the bonding atoms.

Hydrogen has the electronic configuration of 1s1. This implies that it has only one electron in its valence shell although the 1s shell can accommodate two electrons. When the atomic orbitals of carbon and hydrogen overlap, they share two electrons and hydrogen is now associated with two electrons in a covalent bond.

Since hydrogen possesses only one valence electron, it can not be bonded to two atoms.

Answer:

2,3-dimethyl-2-butene > 3-methyl-3-hexene > cis-3-hexene > 1-hexene

Explanation:

According to Saytzeff rule, the more highly substituted an alkene is, the more stable it is. Since this is so, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene will be the most stable of all the alkenes listed because it is the most substituted alkene.

Let us also note that terminal alkenes are the least stable because the pi bonds of the alkenes are least stabilized by alkyl groups. This implies that 1-hexene is the least stable alkene among the listed alkenes.

Answer:

i) The bond angle decreases due to the presence of lone pairs, which causes more repulsion on the bond pairs and as a result, the bond pairs tend to come closer. ii) The repulsion between electron pairs increases with an increase in electronegativity of the central atom and hence the bond angle increases.

Explanation:

The bond angle increases as the number of electron groups increases due to less repulsion between the bonded groups.

We know that in a molecule, repulsion between electron pairs affects the bond angle in the molecule. The magnitude of repulsion depends on the number of electron groups in the molecule.

The more the number of bonded electron groups in the molecule, the lesser the repulsion between electron pairs and the higher the observed bond angle.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Let us define oxidation and reduction.

Oxidation and reduction deal with the transferring of electrons between reactants. The reactant that loses electrons is oxidized, while the reactant that gains electrons is reduced.

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the substance oxidized always loses electrons and the correct option is option D.

An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between species. It consists of two half-reactions: an oxidation half-reaction, where a species loses electrons and increases its oxidation state, and a reduction half-reaction, where a species gains electrons and decreases its oxidation state.

In an oxidation half-reaction, the species that is oxidized is called the reducing agent or the electron donor, as it donates electrons. In a reduction half-reaction, the species that is reduced is called the oxidizing agent or the electron acceptor, as it accepts electrons.

Thus, the ideal selection is option D.

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Answer:

The binding energy per nucleon of U-235 is lesser than that Fe-56

Explanation:

The binding energy refers to the energy required to hold the nucleons together in the nucleus of an atom.

It also corresponds to the energy that must be supplied in order to disintegrate the nucleus of an atom.

The binding energy per nucleon of elements depends on the number of nucleons present in the nucleus of the atom of that element. It is defined as the binding energy of the nucleus divided by the number of nucleons.

U-235 contains more nucleons than Fe-56, the binding energy per nucleon of U-235 is less than that of Fe-56. This is further confirmed by the fact that the greater the number of protons in the nucleus, the greater the coulumbic repulsion in the nucleus and the lesser the nuclear force of attraction between nucleons.

Answer:

it binds molecules like a chemical bond-breaking

Explanation:

Enzymes perform the critical task of lowering a reaction's activation energy—that is, the amount of energy that must be put in for the reaction to begin. Enzymes work by binding to reactant molecules and holding them in such a way that the chemical bond-breaking and bond-forming processes take place more readily.

Answer:

1. Draw only the valence electrons.

2. Give every element main group element (except hydrogen) an octet of electrons.

3. Give each hydrogen two electrons.

Explanation:

Lewis structures are used to describe the arrangement or configurations of the valence electrons of molecules and polyatomic ions involved in electronic bonding. A Lewis structure consists of the symbols of the elements in the molecule surrounded by dots with each dot representing each of the elements valence electrons. Also, the electrons shared between two elements are shown by dots between the two elements and these electrons are known as shared electron pairs. The valence electrons on atom that is not involved in bonding is known as lone pairs.

The three general rules for drawing Lewis structures are:

1. Draw only the valence electrons. Only the valence electrons of the atoms of elements are shown since they are the only electrons involved in chemical bonding.

2. Give every element main group element (except hydrogen) an octet of electrons. The complete eight valence electrons of the noble gases is associated with their stability. Thus, the main group elements show a tendency to form enough bonds to obtain eight valence electronsmin order to achieve stability. This is known as the octet rule. However, since the maximum number of valence electrons for elements in the first period of the period table is two, the noble gas helium has completely-filled valence shell containing two electrons known as a duplet. Hydrogen belongs to the first period and is therefore an exception tomthe octet rule.

3. Give each hydrogen two electrons. Hydrogen attains a duplet structure in accordance with the structure of helium

Answer:

b. each orbit has a specific energy level

Explanation:

edge

Answer:

a) will react with water: K

b) will react with steam or acid, but not water: Cr & Sn

d) will not react with water, steam, or acid: Cu

Explanation:

K reacts violently with water.

Cr will react with steam to form an oxide + H gas and will react with most acids

Sn will react with steam to form SnO₂ + H gas and, though it does not react as rapidly as other metals in acid, it dissolves easily in concentrated acids

Cu is an extremely nonreactive metal, which is what makes it so suitable for wiring

Answer: The correct option is B) oxidized

Explanation:

Redox reaction is defined as the reaction in which oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously.

The oxidation reaction is defined as the reaction in which a chemical species loses electrons in a chemical reaction. It occurs when the oxidation number of a species increases.

A reduction reaction is defined as the reaction in which a chemical species gains electrons in a chemical reaction. It occurs when the oxidation number of a species decreases.

For the given chemical reaction:

[tex]Zn+H_2SO_4+S\rightarrow ZnSO_4+H_2[/tex]

On the reactant side:

Oxidation number of H = +1

Oxidation number of Zn = 0

Oxidation number of S = +6

Oxidation number of O = -2

On the product side:

Oxidation number of H = 0

Oxidation number of Zn = +2

Oxidation number of S = +6

Oxidation number of O = -2

As the oxidation number of Zn is increasing from 0 to +2. Thus, it is getting oxidized. Similarly, the oxidation number of H is decreasing from +1 to 0. Thus, it is getting reduced.

Hence, the correct option is B) oxidized

Answer: The volume of NaOH required at the half-equivalence point is 6.21 mL

Explanation:

The chemical equation for the reaction of a weak acid with NaOH follows:

[tex]HA+ NaOH\rightarrow NaA+H_2O[/tex]

From the equation, we can say that NaOH and weak acid is present in a 1 : 1 ratio.

We are given:

Volume of NaOH required at equivalence point = 12.42 mL

The volume of NaOH required at half-equivalence point will be = [tex]\frac{12.42mL}{2}=6.21mL[/tex]

Hence, the volume of NaOH required at the half-equivalence point is 6.21 mL

The volume of NaOH at the half-equivalence point is 6.21 mL

The equivalence point is the point at which equal amount of the acid and base have reacted.

Half equivalence point = Equivalence point / 2

Half equivalence point = 12.42 / 2

Half equivalence point = 6.21 mL

Therefore, we can conclude that the volume of NaOH at the half-equivalence point is 6.21 mL.

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Answer:

0.15 M Ba⁺² ions and 0.30 M Cl⁻ ions

Explanation:

The dissociaton of barium chloride is as follows:

BaCl₂ → Ba²⁺ + 2Cl⁻

By observing the stoichiometric coefficients, we can tell that the number of moles of Ba²⁺ is the same as the number of moles of BaCl₂, while the number of moles of Cl⁻ is the double of that.

Answer:

1. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction

2. Identify all important information provided in the word problems or data table.

3. Solve for the theoretical yield of the reaction, following all the steps of a stoichiometry calculation organizer. Use two calculations if both reactants are provided.

4. Use the percent yield equation to calculate the percent yield of the reaction.

Explanation:

its comes right from the 5.06 lesson

Explanation:

A. Around December 21, the Northern Hemisphere tilts the farthest away from the Sun. This is called the northern winter solstice, and it is when we have the least amount of daylight of any time of the year.

B.Solstices and shifting solar declinations are a result of Earth's 23.5° axial tilt as it orbits the sun. Throughout the year, this means that either the Northern or Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun and receives the maximum intensity of the sun's rays.

C.The tilt of the Earth's axis also defines the length of daylight. Daylight hours are shortest in each hemisphere's winter. Between summer and winter solstice, the number of daylight hours decreases, and the rate of decrease is larger the higher the latitude. The fewer sunlight hours the colder the nights

D.The second solstice occurs on December 21 or 22 when the north pole is tilting 23.5 degrees away from our Sun and the south pole is inclined toward it. This is the shortest day of the year in the northern hemisphere — the northern hemisphere winter solstice.

Answer:

Explanation:

Radical chlorination of butane in the presence of light gives rise to the formation of two isomeric monochlorides B (1-chlorobutane) and C  (2-chlorobutane). Both upon reaction with a bulky base (potassium tert-butoxide) give rise to D(but-1-ene) and E(but-2-ene) respectively, this is because the bulky base abstracts the less hindered proton. Compound B and C were later treated with aqueous C2H5OH which results in the hydrolysis of alkyl halides to produce Compound F(butan-1-ol) and compound G (butan-2-ol) respectively.

The diagrammatic expression of the whole reaction is shown in the attached image below.

Answer: The value for rate constant for a reaction is [tex]4.81\times 10^{-4} s^{-1}[/tex]

Explanation:

The integrated rate law equation for first-order kinetics:

[tex]k=\frac{2.303}{t}\log \frac{a}{a-x}[/tex] ......(1)

Let the initial concentration of reactant be 100 g

Given values:

a = initial concentration of reactant = 100 g

a - x = concentration of reactant left after time 't' = 25 % of a = 25 g

t = time period = 48 min = 2880 s       (Conversion factor: 1 min = 60 s)

Putting values in equation 1:

[tex]k=\frac{2.303}{2880s}\log (\frac{100}{25})\\\\k=4.81\times 10^{-4} s^{-1}[/tex]

Hence, the value for rate constant for a reaction is [tex]4.81\times 10^{-4} s^{-1}[/tex]

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