From its origin at the ileocecal junction to its termination at the anus, the large intestine has an approximate length of 4.92 feet and a diameter of 2.55 inches.
What does the large intestine absorb?The main function of the large intestine is to absorb ingested water and that from digestive secretions, such as saliva that joins food during its passage through the digestive tract. In addition to absorption, the large intestine is also responsible for the storage and elimination of fecal mass.
With this information, we can conclude that The large intestine is the final part of the digestive tract, it is about 1.5 m long.
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Reproductive cycles of a bacteriophage Classify each phrase as applying to the lytic cycle, the lysogenic cycle, or both types of reproductive cycles of phages. Drag the descriptions into the appropriate bins. View Available Hint(s) Reset Help the cells lysed (broken open) viral genes are replicated new phages are assembled from viral DNA and proteins the viral DNA integrates into the chromosome of the host cell the host is destroyed the cell reproduces normally lytic cycle lysogenic cycle both cycles
In the lytic cycle, viruses produce new copies of themselves inside a host cell before bursting outside the cell. The viral genome is incorporated into the host cell's DNA during the lysogenic cycle, causing internal infection.
What are the five phases of the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage?The lytic cycle of the bacteriophage, often known as the "reproductive cycle," is a six-stage cycle. Attachment, penetration, transcription, biosynthesis, maturation, and lysis are the six steps.
What does the bacteriophage lysogenic cycle entail?Through the lysogenic cycle, a virus can copy its DNA using a host cell. The two processes of DNA replication that viruses frequently exploit are lysogenic replication and lytic replication.
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Watch this short ted talk (its like 6-8 minutes long) and answer the following questions to it (link for it is in the image)
What realization did Dr. Natterson-Horowitz come to due to her work as both a cardiologist at UCLA and a contractor who helped the Los Angeles Zoo? What question did that raise in her mind?
What is one of the explanations that Dr. Natterson-Horowitz gives for why there’s such a divide between treatment of humans and animals in contemporary society?
Name and describe one of the three conditions Dr. Natterson-Horowitz mentions that have been well-studied by veterinarians, who might have insights to provide in diagnosing or treating those conditions in human patients.
Do you find Dr. Natterson-Horowitz’s argument that physicians can learn a lot from veterinarians convincing? What part of her argument is, to you, especially strong or weak?
Let’s play devil’s advocate. What are two arguments you would use to support the claim that medical doctors and veterinarians do not need to collaborate in the way that Natterson-Horowitz is suggesting?
Natterson-Horowitz mentions several programs that she works with to “close the gap” between medical doctors and veterinarians. What is another way that these two fields could collaborate?
Dr. Natterson-Horowitz is a cardiologist at UCLA and a contractor who helped the Los Angeles Zoo, she realized that the divide between treatment of humans and animals in contemporary society.She explains that one of the reasons for this divide is that medical doctors and veterinarians have traditionally been trained in separate disciplines, with little overlap or communication between the two.
One of the three conditions Dr. Natterson-Horowitz mentions that have been well-studied by veterinarians, is cancer, veterinarians have been studying cancer in animals for decades and have developed treatments and therapies that are now being applied to human patients.
What other thing does Dr. Natterson-Horowitz do?Dr. Natterson-Horowitz's argument is that physicians can learn a lot from veterinarians. One of the strongest points in her argument is that veterinarians have been studying diseases and conditions for decades in animals, and their findings can be applied to human medicine.
One argument against the claim that medical doctors and veterinarians do not need to collaborate is that the anatomy and physiology of animals are different from that of humans, and what works for animals may not work for humans. Another argument is that medical doctors and veterinarians have different priorities and goals, with medical doctors focusing on human health and veterinarians focusing on animal health.
Therefore, Another way that these two fields could collaborate is by creating a program that allows medical students to spend time in the field with veterinarians, and vice versa, to gain a better understanding of each other's work and the similarities and differences between human and animal medicine.
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What is the answer? Please say fast...
Answer: Palisade - answer B
Explanation:
Palisade absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day as maximum photosynthesis happens in the palisade
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Palisade mesophyll cell (B) absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day, as maximum photosynthesis occurs in palisade mesophyll.
Which way does the Coriolis effect deflect objects in the Southern Hemisphere?
O to the north
O to the right
O to the south
O to the left
Answer: the left
Explanation:
your tongus breaking pieces of a hamburger apart? and why?
The tongue breaking pieces of a hamburger apart is known as Mechanical Digestion.
This is because of Physical Change that occurs place in the place of the mouth and the spot where the teeth as well as the tongue breakdown food. So in all, it is also seen as Physical Change.
What is Mechanical Digestion?Mechanical digestion, also known as physical digestion, is the process by which food is broken down into smaller pieces through the use of physical means such as chewing, grinding, and crushing.
This process begins in the mouth with the action of the teeth and tongue, which mechanically break down food into smaller particles before it is swallowed and enters the rest of the digestive system.
Therefore, The mechanical breakdown of food increases the surface area of the food particles and makes it easier for enzymes to act on them, which is the chemical digestion process.
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Question 14 of 32
Which of these is an agent of solution?
O A. Plant roots
о B. High pressures
O C. Rock pieces
OD. Acid rain
As according to the given options, the high pressure is an agent of solution
What is an easy way to define acid rain?Acid rain, commonly known as acid deposition, is any sort of precipitation that depositions onto the ground from the atmosphere either in the wet or dry forms and contains acidic ingredients, such as sulfuric or nitric acid. This could include things like acidic dust, rain, snow, fog, and hail.
Effects of acid rain.Acid rain depletes aluminum from the soil. That aluminum might be harmful to both plants and animals. Acid rain also removes the minerals & nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow.
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The paramecium is a single-celled organism that reproduces asexually. The offspring of a paramecium usually contain
Asexual reproduction is used by the single-celled organism known as the paramecium.
The offspring of a paramecium usually contain (3) genetic materials identical to that of the parent cell.
In asexual reproduction, the offspring are produced by cell division without the involvement of sexual reproduction. This means that the offspring are genetically identical to the parent cell, as they are created by the division of a single parent cell into two or more daughter cells. The genetic material of the parent cell is replicated and passed on to the offspring, so the offspring will have the same DNA as the parent cell.
It is important to note that if mutations are present in the parent cell, they will also get passed to the offspring and the mutations will be present in the descendant cells as well.
The complete question is:-
The paramecium is a single-celled organism that reproduces asexually. The offspring of a paramecium usually contain
(1)only half of the genes of the parent cells
(2)more DNA than the parent cell
(3)genetic material identical to that of the parent cell
(4)fewer mutations than the parent cell
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How many vertebrae bones does the spinal column have?
The spinal column, also known as the vertebral column or spine, is made up of a series of bones called vertebrae. In adults, the spinal column typically has 33 vertebrae, which are divided into five regions:
- 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck region
- 12 thoracic vertebrae in the chest region
- 5 lumbar vertebrae in the lower back region
- 5 sacral vertebrae in the lower back region that fuse together
- 4 coccygeal vertebrae in the tailbone region that also fuse together
It's important to note that the number of vertebrae can vary depending on individual differences, some people may have more or less vertebrae.
Fur color in a species of mouse is controlled by a single gene pair. BB animals are black and bb animals are white. Bb animals have gray fur and each hair is gray. What type of interaction is being shown by the wo alleles in heterozygous animals?
Animals with heterozygosity exhibit incomplete incomplete, a sort of interaction between the two alleles.
When a dominant allele, or form of a gene, only partially overrides the effects of a recessive allele, the organism's physical characteristics reflect a blending of both alleles. It is also known as half dominance or semi-dominance. Roses serve as one example. A diploid creature having two different types of alleles is said to be heterozygous. Homozygous people are those who have only one kind of allele. An allele is a gene variant that alters the functioning of the protein that the gene codes for.Humans' wavy hair is one example of incomplete dominance. For hair texture, there are two alleles: straight or curly.
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A part of thi invetigation, tet tube containing only milk were heated to
each temperature and no chymoin olution wa added. State why thee tet tube containing only milk were ued
As part of this investigation, test tubes containing only milk were heated to each temperature and no chymosin solution was added. These test tubes containing only milk were used because chymosin is to coаgulаte (clot) milk by cаtаlysing а reаction which results in the precipitаtion of milk proteins.
Chymosin is a cruciаl enzyme needed for mаny types of cheese, Chymosin is used by mаny cheesemаkers. Chymosin, аlso known аs rennin, is one of the mаin enzymes responsible for coаgulаtion. Аn enzyme is just а speciаlized protein thаt “mаkes things hаppen”. In this cаse, Chymosin is mаking the liquid milk coаgulаte into solid curd. Chymosin is found in аnimаl rennet (e.g. veаl rennet) аnd is аlso used on its own for cheese mаking (e.g. fermentаtion produced Chymosin).
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Cellulose is a _____ made of many _____.
Answer:
Cellulose is a polysaccharide and therefore a polymer, constructed from many monosaccharide glucose monomers.
Cellulose is a polymer that is made up of many glucose monomers. These glucose subunits are joined together by 1-4, glycosidic bonds.
What is Cellulose?Cellulose may be defined as a type of complex carbohydrate that is one of the chief parts of the cell walls of plants. It is commonly obtained as a white stringy substance from vegetable matter (such as wood or cotton) which is used in making various products.
The glucose units in cellulose are significantly linked together by β glycosidic bonds. This bond pattern is different from the α glycosidic bonds found in glycogen and starch. Cellulose has more hydrogen bonds between adjacent glucose units, both within a chain and between adjacent chains, making it a tougher fiber than glycogen or starch.
Therefore, cellulose is a polymer that is made up of many glucose monomers. These glucose subunits are joined together by 1-4, glycosidic bonds.
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the lips are formed primarily by the ______ muscle.
Answer:
the lips are formed primarily by the Orbicularis oris muscle.
Explanation:
Hope it helps! =D
The lips are formed primarily by the orbicularis oris muscle. It is also known as musculus orbicularis oris.
What is the function of the Orbicularis muscle?The function of the orbicularis oculi muscle involves closing the eyelids and assisting in pumping the tears from the eye into the nasolacrimal duct system. The orbital section of the orbicularis oculi is more involved in the voluntary closure of the eyelid, such as with winking and forced squeezing.
These sets of muscles are complex, multi-layered, and attach through a thin, superficial musculoaponeurotic system to the dermis of the upper lip and lower lip and serve as an attachment site for many other facial muscles around the oral region.
Therefore, the lips are formed primarily by the orbicularis oris muscle. It is also known as musculus orbicularis oris.
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What type of mutation happens in cystic fibrosis?
A genetic disorder, cystic fibrosis. It is brought on by a gene defect that interferes with how salt and water enter and exit cells.
This can lead to a build-up of thick, sticky mucus in the body's tubes and passages, particularly the lungs and digestive system, along with recurrent infections. The gene that codes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein are mutated, which results in cystic fibrosis. The CFTR protein is present in the cells of the lungs and other parts of the body, and in persons with CF, mutations in the CFTR gene can impair its normal synthesis or operation.
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The reactants of a certain chemical reaction contain 26 kj of potential energy, and the products contain 41 kj. How much energy is released or absorbed by the reaction?.
The energy is released or absorbed by the reaction if the reactants of a certain chemical reaction contain 26 kJ of potential energy, and the products contain 41 kJ is 15kJ.
Potentiаl energy is the energy thаt is stored in аn object due to its position relаtive to some zero position. Аn object possesses grаvitаtionаl potentiаl energy if it is positioned аt а height аbove (or below) the zero height. Аn object possesses elаstic potentiаl energy if it is аt а position on аn elаstic medium other thаn the equilibrium position.
To determine the energy is released or absorbed by the reaction if the reactants of a certain chemical reaction contain 26 kJ of potential energy, and the products contain 41 kJ:
As the product has a total energy of 41kJ.Potential energy is 26kJ.Total energy = potential energy + absorbed energy
⇒ 41 = 26 + absorbed energy
⇒ absorbed energy = 41 - 26
Thus, the absorbed energy is 15kJ.
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25 pointsssssssss!!!!!
Answer:
Explanation:b+6
All forms of pacifism hold that violence is always wrong.
True or False
The statement is false that all forms of pacifism hold that violence is always wrong because a deontological argument in favour of pacifism is the idea that violence can never bring to peace.
The rejection of violence, militarism, and war is pacifism. Most pacifists disagree with just war doctrines. Deontological It is expected of the pacifist never to attack, use violence, encourage, or take part in hostilities towards another person. Duties are ethical deeds that are expected or mandated in all appropriate situations.
According to common thinking, negative emotions like fear or anger frequently serve as the catalyst for violence. For instance, someone could be hostile toward another person out of fury or out of fear that they would be harmed themselves.
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Organelle in every cell which contains the genetic information.
a. True
b. False
True, Nucleus is the Organelle in every cell which contains the genetic information.
In general , nucleus is the evident structure found in a eukaryotic cell. that comprises of the storage box of cell's chromosomes and also this is prime location where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis occurs. It structure is spheroid in shape and it is found separated from the cytoplasm or the membrane known as nuclear envelope.
Hence , we can say that almost every cell in a person's body consists of same deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. where DNA is considered as the hereditary material in humans and all other organisms. on the other hand Chloroplast and mitochondria are the organelles that contain their own genetic material.
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Base tour answer to thw following question on the graphic
Temperature is an influencing factor on enzymatic activity. The exposed graph ilustrates the optimum enzymatic activity. B) El gráfico se podría utilizar lo mejor posible para ilustrar una actividad enzimática optima.
How does temperature influence enzymatic activity?Enzymes are proteins, so they share many properties with all proteins. One of these properties is that they have a limited temperature level at which they denaturalize.
In general,
The increase in temperature accelerates chemical reactions. For every 10ºC of temperature increase, the reaction velocity duplicates. The temperature at which the enzymatic activity is the highest is known as the optimum temperature. After this point, the enzymatic activity sharply decreases. The environmental temperature exceeds the optimum one and denaturalizes the enzyme.Over this level, the reaction velocity is counteracted by the loss of the catalytic activity due to denaturalization. Enzymatic activity decreases until it completely annulates.
The exposed graph shows
an increase in the enzymatic action as temperature increases from from 0ºC to 40ºC. At thi point, the enzyme expresses its maximum rate of reaction. 40ºC is the optimum temperature at which the enzymatic activity is the highest. From 40ºC to 60ºC there is a sharp decrease in enzyme activity due to denaturalization.So this graph can be used to ilustrate the optimum enzymatic activity.
Option B is correct. El gráfico se podría utilizar lo mejor posible para ilustrar una actividad enzimática optima.
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Draw suppose genes c and d are linked on one chromosome and genes c and d are linked on another chromosome. Assuming that crossing over does not take place, sketch the daughter cells resulting from meiosis, showing the chromosomes and position of the genes.
The resulting daughter cells are shown in the attached figure.
Stem cells have two chromosomes. One chromosome has C and D genes, while the other has c and d genes. Chromosomes are copied during the cell cycle's cell division cycle (interphase - S phase).
Chromosomes divide in meiosis I, resulting in the segregation of chromosomes.
During meiosis II, the two daughter cells resulting from meiosis-I are divided into four cells. The cells are separated resulting in the production of two types of gametes or daughter cells. One type contains the C and D genes, and the other type contains the c and d genes.
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Acetyl groups to be used for fatty acid biosynthesis are transferred across the mitochondrial membrane in what form
Citrate-formed acetyl groups are transported across the mitochondrial membrane to be utilized in the production of fatty acids.
The enzyme citrate synthase condenses acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate to produce citrate. All of the carbon atoms in a fatty acid are produced during biosynthesis from acetyl CoA, which transfers its acetyl group to the thiol group of an acyl carrier protein that is attached to proteins (ACP). Both acetyl-S-ACP and acetyl-S-CoA are thioesters, acylating agents that are more electrophilic than their oxygen equivalents and correlate to H 3 C - COX. The complex known as fatty acid synthase contains the fatty acid production enzymes (FAS). Citrates are used to increase the alkalinity of urine (less acid).This lessens the risk of developing some kidney stones.
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What type of energy is produced by cellular respiration?
Answer: chemical energy
Explanation: Specifically, during cellular respiration, the energy stored in glucose is transferred to ATP (Figure below). ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is chemical energy the cell can use. It is the molecule that provides energy for your cells to perform work, such as moving your muscles as you walk down the street.
Answer:
chemical energy
Explanation:
Cellular respiration produces chemical energy in order to give energy to the body.
When ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 400. 0 nm falls on a certain metal surface, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons is measured to be 1. 10 ev. What is the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons when light of wavelength 300. 0 nm falls on the same surface?.
The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron K0 when light with a wavelength of 310 nm falls on the same surface is 2.135 eV.
You need to find a working function to solve this problem. Quantum Theory Regarding the Photoelectric Effect of the work function (eV), the work function describes the minimum energy required for electrons to continue to stick to the metal.
Planck's constant is also 4.14 x 10⁻¹⁵ eV.
Max KE = 1.10 eV
lambda = 400 nm = 400 x 10⁻⁹ m
First, find the frequency.
f = c ÷ λ
f = (3 x 10⁸) ÷ (400 x 10⁻⁹ m)
f = 7.5 x 10¹⁴
Max KE = hf - work function
1.10 eV = (4.14 x 10⁻¹⁵eV) (7.5 x 10¹⁴) - function
work function = 2.005 eV
Now find the frequency for the second wavelength.
f = c /λ
f = (3 x 10⁸) ÷ (300 x 10⁻⁹)
f = 1 x 10¹⁵
Now plug this into your equation with the frequency and work function you found in the previous problem.
KEmax = hf - work function
KEmax = (4.14 x 10⁻¹⁵ eV)(1 x 10¹⁵) - 2.005 eV
KEmax = 2.135 eV
So, the maximum kinetic energy is 2.005 eV
The complete answer:
When ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 400 nm falls on a certain metal surface, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons is 1.10 eV. What is the maximum kinetic energy K0 of the photoelectrons when the light of wavelength 310 nm falls on the same surface? Use h = 6.63×10−34 J⋅s for Planck's constant and c = 3.00×108 m/s for the speed of light and express your answer in electron volts.
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What is the most important characteristic of a nurse?
The most important characteristic of a nurse is compassion. Nurses are responsible for providing comfort and care to their patients, and this requires a great deal of empathy and understanding.
Compassionate nurses are patient, kind, and willing to go the extra mile to ensure each patient receives the best possible care. Compassionate nurses understand the needs of their patients and are able to communicate with them in a supportive and respectful manner. They are willing to listen to their patients and take the time to understand their concerns and feelings. Compassionate nurses have the ability to make their patients feel comfortable and safe in their care. They understand the importance of providing emotional support, as well as physical care, and are willing to go the extra mile to ensure their patients receive the best possible treatments.
Compassionate nurses are also skilled in providing the most up-to-date treatments and therapies. They stay current on the newest medications and treatments, and use their knowledge to create a plan of care that best fits the needs of their patients. Compassionate nurses also understand the importance of educating their patients on the different treatments and how they can help improve their overall health.
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Pretest: Unit 1
Question 20 of 30
Scientific research shows that Earth's climate is changing due to human
activities. How can scientific research on climate change help society?
A. It can help us reverse the effects of climate change.
B. It can help us track how quickly elements of the climate are
changing.
C. It can help us stop storms before they occur.
D. It can help us find a new way to make more water.
It can help us reverse the effects of climate change can scientific research on climate change help society.
The correct option is A.
Whats does climate mean?Climate change refers to changes over a longer length of time in a particular place. A definition of a climate contains details such as the typical temperature in each season, the amount of rainfall, and the amount of sunlight.
What determines the climate in the main?The two primary factors affecting a region's climate are temperature and precipitation. Naturally, the average yearly temperature of the region is important, but so is the year temperature range. In certain locations compared to others, the variation between the coolest and coldest temperature is significantly bigger.
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What type of fracture has occurred when the bone is bent and only partially broken?
A form of fracture known as a "Greenstick Fracture" occurs when the bone is bent but not completely fractured.
This partial fracture mainly affects young children. The bone flexes and fractures but does not shatter into two distinct pieces. Due to their more flexible and softer bones, children are more susceptible to sustain this kind of fracture. A greenstick fracture happens when a bone fractures and bends rather than totally fracturing into fragments. The fracture resembles what would occur if you were to break a tiny, "green" branch off of a tree. This can happen when a force is applied perpendicular to the bone, such as after a fall on an extended arm, or after an angular longitudinal force is applied down the bone.
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A pimple or an abscess is an example of a _____.
An abscess or a pimple is an example of a local infection.
An infection is said to have occurred when disease causing germs enter the body and cause certain reactions. An infection has a few stages which include incubation, prodromal phase, illness, decline and convalescent phase.
A local infection is a type of infection which affects only a single part of the body or just one organ and does not spread to the other parts. An abscess or a pimple is an example of a local infection whereas a systemic infection is an infection which spreads through the blood stream.
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An atom x has two electrons in its outermost shell. Which ion will most likely be formed by x?.
A cation will almost certainly occur when an atom has two electrons in its outermost shell.
What does the outermost electron shell of an atom resemble?The valence shell of an atom is its outermost shell, and the electrons that reside there are referred to as valence electrons. when the valence electrons of an atom have sufficient energy to move in response to an external push.
What is the location of the outermost shell?Elements on the left side of the periodic table, like lithium, will have one electron in their outermost electron shell, whereas elements all the way on the right side of the periodic table, like neon, will have full outer electron shells, as each row of the periodic table represents an electron shell.
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The human heart is sometimes described as a double pump because of its left and right sides , rather than because of its upper and lower chambers . Explain why
Human heart half of the heart pump more blood around a separate circulatory system, it is characterized as a double pump. While the left side circulates blood the right side delivers blood to the lungs.
Why is the heart referred to be a double pump?Despite being a single organ, your heart has two pumps. The first pump sends blood that is low in oxygen to your lungs, in which it sucks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. After that, it returns oxygen-rich blood to your heart. Every region of your body receives blood that is oxygenated thanks to the second pump.
Why are the heart's two pumps positioned side by side?Blood that is deficient in oxygen is delivered to the right atrium of the heart because most of it has been exhausted by the body and brain. Your lungs then take in a new supply of oxygen as a result of this being pumped to them. In order to be recycled back to the mind and the remainder of your body, the blood then travels down to a side of the heart.
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About 530 million years ago, the most advanced life-form on the planet were aquatic burrowing worms. Within a few million years, the ocean was filled with starfish, sponges, jellyfish, mollusks, and the ancestors of true fish. Scientists refer to this period as the Cambrian Explosion. Which of the statements below best explains what happened during the Cambrian Explosion?
The statements below which best explains what happened during the Cambrian Explosion is that the first animals to have hard, preservable parts (shells and exoskeletons) evolved during this period and is therefore denoted as option A.
What is Cambrian Explosion?
This is referred to as an occurrence which occurred millions of years ago in which there was a wide variety of animals which burst onto the evolutionary scene.
This thereby gave rise to the evolution of the first animals to have hard, preservable parts such shells and exoskeleton and is therefore the reason why option A was chosen the correct choice.
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The full question is:
About 530 million years ago, the most advanced life-form on the planet were aquatic burrowing worms. Within a few million years, the ocean was filled with starfish, sponges, jellyfish, mollusks, and the ancestors of true fish. Scientists refer to this period as the Cambrian Explosion. Which of the statements below best explains what happened during the Cambrian Explosion?
the first animals to have hard, preservable parts (shells and exoskeletons) evolved during the Cambrianan extinction event destroyed nearly all fossils that existed at the end of the Vendian Perioda mass migration at the end of the Vendian Period localized species in a more concentrated areathe gradual warming of the climate during the Cambrian Period encouraged the proliferation of speciesHow are the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected? Explain how plants and animals mutually benefit each other using these processes.
Explanation:
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are connected in a process called the carbon cycle. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, which is a type of sugar. Cellular respiration is the process by which plants and animals break down this glucose to release energy. This energy is then used to power various metabolic processes.
Plants and animals mutually benefit each other through these processes. Plants use photosynthesis to produce glucose, which is then absorbed by animals as food. At the same time, animals release carbon dioxide, which is then used by the plants as a source of carbon. This carbon is then incorporated into more glucose, completing the cycle. Thus, both plants and animals benefit from the process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.