For tax reasons, your client wishes to purchase an annuity that pays $90,000 each year for 9 years, with the first payment in one year. At an interest rate of 7% and focusing on time value of money without consideration of any fees, how much would the client need to invest now

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Answer 1

$428988 is the amount that ought to be invested right now. Even if you don't know what your objectives are, you can get a head start by investing now to take advantage of compound growth.

How much should you put into investments?

Mark Henry, Alloy Wealth Management's founder and CEO, states, "Ideally, you'll invest somewhere around 15%–25% of your post-tax income." That's fine if you need to start small and work your way up to that goal. The fact that you actually begin is crucial.

The following is a calculation of the amount that ought to be invested right now:

= Payment made every year - (1 - (1 + rate of interest)-number of years) - rate of interest

= $90,000 - [1 - (1 + 7%)-6] - 7% = $428988;

consequently, the amount that ought to be invested right now is $428988.

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Related Questions

Discuss the benefits and problems of capitalism and socialism, and evaluate which system provides the greater overall benefit to society. Read More >> StylesNormal

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Capitalism affords profitable freedom, consumer choice, and profitable growth. Illiberalism, a frugality controlled by the central state, provides for lesser social weal and decreases business fluctuations.

Socialism, a frugality controlled by the state and planned by a central planning authority, provides for a lesser social weal and decreases business oscillations.  According to the socialistic system, each person is guaranteed access to introductory goods, indeed those who aren't suitable to contribute.

As a result, capitalism helps to minimize poverty situations in society. In a commercial frugality, the country grows and thunderclaps briskly. Further, investors come to invest in businesses. Businesses are also under no pressure to fulfill every demand of consumers.

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The key economic concept that serves as the basis for the study of economics is

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The key economic idea that fills in as a reason for the investigation of economics is: Scarcity. As a result of the issue of scarcity: People need to pursue decisions from among options.

Four critical economic ideas — scarcity, supply and demand, costs and advantages, and impetuses — can assist with making sense of numerous choices that people make.

Scarcity makes sense of the fundamental economic issue that the world has restricted — or scant — assets to meet apparently limitless needs, and this reality powers individuals to settle on conclusions about how to assign assets in the most effective manner.

Because of scant assets, people are continually pursuing decisions not entirely settled by their costs and advantages and the motivating forces presented by various strategies.

Financial analysts address these three inquiries: (1) What labor and products ought to be delivered to address purchaser issues? (2) How might they be created, and who ought to deliver them? (3) Who ought to get labor and products?

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Which of the following statements regarding limited partnerships that are not being disposed of in a taxable transaction is CORRECT?
Losses from a master limited partnership (MLP) may only be used to offset income from the same MLP.
Losses from a nonpublicly traded limited partnership may only be used to offset income from another nonpublicly traded limited partnership.
A)
I only
B)
II only
C)
Neither I nor II
D)
I and II

Answers

The correct option is (D), i.e., I and II. Investors admit duty-sheltered distributions from the MLP. MLPs are considered low-threat, long-term investments,  furnishing a slow but steady income sluice.  

For limited hookups and master limited hookups, the simplest way to explain the difference between the two business structures is that the ultimate is intimately traded while offering the duty benefits of limited cooperation.  

Since MLP distributions are a return on capital, they're substantially duty-remitted. But when you vend, you'll pay levies based on the difference between the deal's price and your acclimated base.

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Marketing issues such as​ advertising, image, and promotion are important to quality​ because:
A. the intangible attributes of a product​ (including any accompanying​ service) may not be defined by the consumer.
B. they make the product seem more valuable than it really is.
C. they raise expenses and therefore decrease profitability.
D. they define for consumers the tangible elements of a service.
E. they educate consumers on how to use the product.

Answers

(A.) the intangible attributes of a product​ (including any accompanying​ service) may not be defined by the consumer. Because OPTION A, marketing concerns including promotion, advertising are crucial to quality

Advertising refers to the methods used to draw attention to a good or service. In order to attract consumers' attention, advertising seeks to highlight a good or service. It is often used to market a particular product or service, although there are many other applications as well, with commercial advertising being the most popular. Through "branding," which links a product name or image with particular traits in customers' minds, commercial advertising frequently aim to boost consumption of their goods or services. Direct-response advertising, on the other hand, is the term used to describe advertisements that aim to prompt a quick sale. Political parties and interest groups are examples of non-commercial organizations that market more than goods or services for consumers.

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Despite working in different sectors of the economy, interest groups including the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), as well as the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, have in common the fact that they are

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Labor Organizations or Unions are what all interest groups have in common, albeit operating in various economic areas.

What are the various economic sectors?

The primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors are the three main pillars of the economy. The primary sector of the economy is in charge of resource extraction; the secondary sector is in charge of manufacturing; and the tertiary sector is in charge of providing services.

Economic pursuits are human actions that generate income. Primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activity are the three main groups. Within tertiary activities, higher services are separated into quaternary and quinary activities.

Let's first grasp the distinctions between the various economic sectors in order to better understand why primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries are situated in diverse regions of the world (including India).

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FedEx developed a 12-item statistical Service Quality Indicator to measure customer satisfaction and service quality. The index is comprised of customer-defined performance standards such as number of missed pick-ups, number of lost packages, and number of late deliveries. Each of the performance standards is weighted based on the relative importance of each standard to customers. By developing a Service Quality Indicator that incorporates customer-defined performance standards, FedEx is closing provider _____ of the gaps model of service quality.

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By developing a Service Quality Indicator that incorporates customer-defined performance standards, FedEx is closing provider Gap 2 of the gaps model of service quality.

The gaps model can be referred to or considered as the one wherein the organization uses the same to develop a specific framework related to the maintenance of the consumer satisfaction at all levels in the functionality of the organization. It also ensures the maintenance of the service quality related to the different organizational processes.  

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International comparisons of student achievement consistently found that American youngsters were faring poorly. Noting that America was losing its competitive edge in the world market, what did reformers call for

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The average score for the United States was higher than the average for 10 educational systems and did not significantly differ from the average for two educational systems. The only school systems to outperform the United States were those in Singapore, Norway, and Ireland.

According to research, classroom management, teaching for learning, parent and home participation, and the conviction that all kids can learn, are the top four elements that affect student accomplishment. It has been discovered that including parents can improve how well low-income pupils adjust to middle school. also supportive educators. All the bodily changes that teenagers experience as they transition from infancy to adulthood are collectively referred to as puberty. The resources and funds used to support education systems in various countries are the main elements that influence those systems. As one might anticipate, the amount of money spent on education has a significant impact on a nation's prosperity.

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By promoting perfume based on youth, style, and sex appeal, Calvin Klein is attempting to stimulate supply chain management cooperation. a. increase the perceived value of its products. b. encourage consumers to participate in product redesign. c. influence social norms regarding sexuality. d. demonstrate social responsibility.

Answers

Increase the perceived value of its products By promoting perfume based on youth, style, and sex appeal, Calvin Klein is attempting to stimulate supply chain management cooperation.

Hence Option A is correct

Perceived value is a customer's perception of the worthiness or desirability of a product or service, particularly in comparison to a competitor's product. The price the general public is willing to pay for a good or service is used to calculate perceived value. Customer perceived value is simply total customer value less total customer cost. Total customer benefit refers to the total monetary benefit of the product, whereas total customer cost refers to the total monetary costs the customer expects to incur in evaluating, obtaining, and using the product. Customer perceived value is important because it allows marketing professionals to predict how a consumer will perceive a product. When an item's perceived value rises, the business or company can raise its price.

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Which of the following would need to be true for Internet access to qualify as a club good?
Connection speed does not depend on number of current users.
(Club goods are by definition nonrival.)

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For Internet access to qualify as a club good option a) "Connection speed does not depend on numbers of current users" is need to be true.

Internet access is the ability to connect to the Internet using computer terminals, computers, and other devices in order to access online resources like email and the World Wide Web. Internet service providers (ISPs) who offer connectivity at a variety of data transfer speeds using different networking technologies sell internet access. Numerous organizations, including an increasing number of municipal groups, also offer free landlines and wireless connections. Internet connectivity was originally scarce, but it is now widely available. Only 0.04 percent of the world's population had access in 1995, with the majority of users using dial-up and living in the United States.

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The normative approach ______________________. Question 35 options: identifies guidelines that dictate how firms should treat stakeholders focuses on the actual behavior of the firm and usually addresses how decisions and strategies are made for stakeholder relationships is the degree to which a firm understands and addresses stakeholder demands describes reciprocal relationships between the firm and a host of stakeholders

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The normative approach identifies guidelines that dictate how firms should treat stakeholders.

The Normative Approach is a values-based strategy for creating communities that works under the premise that everyone has a desire to succeed, a need to belong, and a want to feel purposeful. To create pro-social communities where "therapy" and "education" are connected via shared experience, all NAFI Programs employ the Normative Approach.

The Normative Approach is a successful paradigm for culture change because each member of a normative community is equally important in creating a set of community norms, in taking ownership of upholding those norms, and in holding others accountable for doing the same. This provides each person in the community a sense of ownership.

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An investor has an account with stock from two different companies. Last year, his stock in Company A was worth $2600 and his stock in Company B was worth $5900. The stock in Company A has increased 16% since last year and the stock in Company B has increased 18%. What was the total percentage increase in the investor's stock account

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The total percentage increase in the investor's stock account of two different companies is 17.38% .

Given,

The stock of company A is $2600.

The stock of company B is $5900 .

Total stock = Stock of company A +  Stock of company B

                   = $2600 + $5900

                    =$8500

The increase in stock of company A by 16%

Therefore,

Stock in Company A = 2600 × 16 ÷ 100

                                  = $416

Stock in Company B = 5900 × 18 ÷ 100

                                   = $1062

So, the total increase in stock is $416 + $1062 = $1478.

The increase in percentage of investor's stock =  Total increase in stock ÷ Total stock × 100

                                       = $1478 ÷ $8500 × 100

                                       = 17.38% .

Thus, the total percentage increase in the investor's stock account is  17.38% .

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What are the 5 trends changing the world of work?

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The 5 trends changing the world of work are automation and artificial intelligence, flexible working, the gig economy, the rise of co-working spaces, the future of HR.

What is trends?
Trends
are the direction in which a particular idea, style, or activity is heading. Trends can be seen in a variety of contexts such as fashion, entertainment, technology, politics, and culture. Trends are created by a variety of factors, such as new technologies, consumer preferences, changes in the economy, and cultural changes. Trends are often identified through data analysis and research, and can be used to inform decisions and strategies across many different industries. Trends can be short-term or long-term, and it is important to keep up to date with the latest trends in order to remain competitive and relevant.

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The amount of interest income a taxpayer recognizes when he redeems a U.S. savings bond is:
A) the excess of the taxpayer's basis in the bonds over the bond proceeds.
B) the bond proceeds.
C) the excess of the bond proceeds over the taxpayer's basis in the bonds.
D) the taxpayer's basis in the bonds.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Answers

When a taxpayer redeems a U.S. savings bond, the amount of interest income that is recognized is: A) the difference between the taxpayer's basis in the bonds and the bond's face value

Are U.S. Savings Bonds a good investment

Consumers and corporations can get a guaranteed interest rate on their investments with U.S. Savings Bonds. With durations of up to 30 years, these bonds aid in funding government expenditures. Currently, the U.S. government sells two different types of savings bonds online through its Treasury Direct website: Series EE and Series I. Although there are only two varieties of U.S. Savings Bonds, each one might be a good investment depending on the circumstance.

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·

Which of the following is not a reason for the existence of a monopoly?
a. Sole ownership of a key resource
b. Patents
c. Copyrights
d. Diseconomies of scale

Answers

Diseconomies of scale is not a reason for the existence of a monopoly. The phenomenon known as diseconomies of scale occurs when a company experiences rising marginal costs per additional unit of output.

Option D is correct.

What Are Scale Diseconomies?

When a company or business expands to such an extent that the costs per unit rise, this is known as a diseconomy of scale. It occurs when a company no longer benefits from economies of scale. Diseconomies of scale are cost disadvantages incurred by economic actors when an organization's size or output increases, resulting in higher per-unit costs for goods and services. Diseconomies of scale are the antithesis of economies of scale.

Monopoly existence :

In a game of Monopoly, there is only one seller on the market. The monopoly situation is viewed as the complete opposite of perfect competition in conventional economic analysis. The industry demand curve that faces the monopolist is, by definition, sloping downward.

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Aling paring started to deposit php 2000 quarterly in a found that pays 5.5% compounded quarterly.how much will be in the fund after 6 years?

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Aling Paring began depositing PHP 2000 on a quarterly basis into a fund that earns 5.5% compounded. Consequently, the fund is valued at $56,413.75 after six years.

Future worth of a regular annuity provided by,

F.V. = P [(1 + r) n - 1] / r,    equation (1)

 F.V. = P [(1 + r) n - 1] / r,    equation (1)

periodic interest rate = r

The number of payments is n.

Here,

P = 2,000 

r = 5.5% / 4 = 0.01375 

for the number of payments (n), 

which is 4 payments in a year and 24 payments 

so in a six-year period (i.e., n = 24 payments).

the value above in equation 1

so

F.V. = 2000 [(1+ 0.01375) 24 - 1] / 0.01375

F.V. = 56,413.75

P = $56,413.75 will therefore be in the fund after six years.

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How long will it take P6700 to accumulate to P7604.50 if the money is invested at 9% simple interest?

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Answer: The answer is 1.5 years or about 1 year and 6 months.

Explanation: The formula used to solve the problem is

t = I / Pr

which is derived from the formula of Simple Interest (SI)

SI = Prt

where, P is the principal amount, r is the rate of interest and t is the time period.

Solving the sum step by step,

First, converting R percent to r a decimal

r = R/100 = 9%/100 = 0.09 per year,

to find out amount of SI we use,

SI = Final value - Principal amount = 7604.5-6700 = 904.5

then, we substitute the values that are known to us in the equation provided,

t = 904.5 / ( 6700 × 0.09 ) = 1.5

t = 1.5 years

Therefore, the time required to accumulate simple interest of 904.50

from a principal of 6,700 at an interest rate of 9% per year

is 1.5 years or 1 year and 6 months.

What are the 4 types of ownership?

Answers

1. Sole Proprietor: This type of business is owned and operated by one person and the owner is responsible for all liabilities and debts. This means that the owner is personally liable for any losses caused by the business.

2. Partnership: This type of business is jointly owned and operated by two or more people. Each partner is personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business, as well as his own share of the profits.

3. Corporation: This type of business is owned by shareholders who have limited liability for the debts and obligations of the business. The shareholders elect the board of directors, which oversees the operation of the company.

4. Limited Liability Company (LLC): This type of business allows for limited liability of the owners as well as deferred taxation. LLCs are often used for small businesses. LLC owners are called members and have the ability to manage the business or appoint a manager.

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Julius is asked to conduct an STP analysis for his firm. The first step he should perform in this analysis is to Multiple Choice conduct a SWOT analysis. divide the marketplace into subgroups. choose the best target markets. develop a business mission statement. reposition existing segments.

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Julius is tasked with doing an STP study for his company. The initial stage in this study should be to split the market into subgroups. Hence, the correct answer is to divide the marketplace into subgroups.

What is STP in research?

Grasp marketing and business strategy requires an understanding of the process of market segmentation, targeting, and positioning (STP). Most marketing textbooks present the STP approach as a simple three-step process. While that method provides a fantastic introduction to this marketing concept, it falls short of addressing the smaller parts of the STP process that must also be understood.

STP marketing (Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning) is a three-step marketing framework. Using the STP technique, you separate your market, target your consumers, and place your offering in each category.

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When should a fixed budget be used?

Answers

Use a fixed budget when expenses are significant and consistent throughout time.

How does a fixed budget work?

A budget is one that is consistently unaffected by variations in sales volume, revenue, the number of units created, or output. It remains unchanged as the real output changes.

How can a fixed budget's drawbacks be fixed?

A business can do a few things to get around the drawbacks of a set budget. These include: A set budget and continuous budgeting can be combined. In this scenario, a business adds a fresh budget year as immediately as the previous one expires.

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What are the 2 goals of marketing?

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The two main goals of marketing are to acquire new customers and to retain existing customers.

Acquiring new customers involves introducing your product or service to potential customers and convincing them to purchase. This can be done through various marketing tactics, such as advertising, search engine optimization, content marketing, public relations, and direct mail.

Retaining existing customers involves creating meaningful relationships with them to ensure they keep coming back to purchase from you. This can be done through customer loyalty programs, personalized promotions, and customer service initiatives. Both of these goals are essential for businesses to achieve success and growth.

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How can the use of new technology in industry benefit?

Answers

The application of modern technology has recently revolutionized the industrial sector. Industries can enhance and increase the efficiency of their manufacturing processes by adopting the most recent technologies. Industries can shorten the time it takes to accomplish activities while improving accuracy and consistency by utilizing automation and robotics.

Utilization of new technology by producers in the sector:

Improved output, for starters

2. More adaptability

3. Budget savings

4. Increased security

5. A better experience for customers

6. Heightened competition

7. Enhanced quality

8. More easily scaleable

Summary:

Following the discussion of the advantages of technology use in the industrial sector, it is obvious that purchasing new technologies can assist manufacturers much. Through cost reductions and easier scalability, technology can help companies remain competitive in a market that is changing quickly.

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Online advertising has the unique feature of being interactive. The use of drop-down menus, built-in games, or search engines that engage viewers are excellent examples of Multiple Choice frequency media. flexible media. raw media. rich media.

Answers

rich media. A digital advertisement is referred to as "rich media" if it has cutting-edge features like video, music, or other components that entice viewers to interact and engage with the material.

Online advertising, sometimes referred to as Internet marketing, digital marketing, or web marketing, is a type of marketing and advertising that makes use of the Internet to advertise goods and services to target markets and platform users. Online advertising encompasses a variety of display ad kinds, including online banner advertising, email marketing, search engine marketing (SEM), social media marketing, and mobile advertising. Programmatic advertising refers to the delivery of advertisements using automated software platforms that operate across several websites, media services, and platforms. Online advertising typically combines a publisher who incorporates advertisements into its online content and an advertiser who supplies the adverts to be shown on the publisher's content, just like traditional forms of advertising media.

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Worker's compensation insurance premiums: Multiple Choice Are the same amount for all employees of a company, regardless of employee task. Are remitted in full at the end of the year to ensure accuracy. Are governed by state laws and vary according to worker job classification. Are mandated by the Fair Labor Standards Act.

Answers

Depending on the worker's compensation classification, and are governed by state law.

What does workmen's compensation insurance cover?

The Workmen's Compensation policy offers payment for monetary damages to Employees or their dependents in the event of an employee accident or injury at work (including certain occupational diseases) that results in disability or death. Employees who sustain an injury at work are compensated under the policy. This policy also includes coverage for illnesses and fatalities related to the workplace. Employers can also benefit financially from this sort of insurance since it can cover the costs of litigation when workers file claims. Even if they are citizens of another nation, employees of Indian enterprises are covered by the WC Insurance Policy. Only Indian citizens are eligible to use the ESIC Insurance Policy.

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Which of the following characterizes an exchange? Multiple choice question. A buyer and seller trade things of value, leaving each better off than before. A buyer maneuvers a seller into providing maximum value for the lowest price. A buyer and seller work together to neither increase nor decrease net satisfaction. A seller determines the best way to maximize profit while minimizing buyer value.

Answers

A buyer and seller trade things of value, leaving each better off than before characterizes an exchange.

A market where tradable securities, commodities, foreign exchange, futures, and options contracts are purchased and sold is known as an exchange, trading exchange, or trading venue.

Receiving something that is desired more than what is given up to achieve it is the goal of a commercial exchange. It involves a return greater than the expense, in other words.

To make their valuable item available, the parties involved in the exchange must be able to speak with one another. Exchange is the process of getting something you want from someone by giving them something in exchange. Hence, it can be defined as exchange.

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Which of these issues is a problem associated with the conversion to a lean production​ system?
A.
Lean systems require considerable specialization and emphasize each worker retaining one specific job assignment.
B.
Workers can become bored when the current layout is retained and remains fixed.
C.
There is a decrease in the level of trust in a plant once all of the processes have been automated.
D.
Workers can feel pushed and stressed since the safety net of inventory has been removed.

Answers

Among these issues, Workers can feel pushed and stressed since the safety net of inventory has been removed  is a problem associated with the conversion to a lean production​ system.

What is production system?

A production system is a set of interrelated components and processes used to produce and distribute goods and services. It comprises of resources such as land, labor, capital, technology, and human resources and processes such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling to achieve a goal. The goal could be to maximize profits through efficient utilization of resources, or to provide quality products and services. A production system is also known as a system of production, production process, and production cycle. It is used by businesses to produce and deliver products in an efficient and cost-effective manner. The production system consists of several steps such as raw material procurement, production, inventory management, quality control, and distribution.

So, The correct option is D.

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The following information was taken from Cody Co. ’s accounting records for the year ended December 31, year 2:


Decrease in raw materials inventory


$ 15,000


Increase in finished goods inventory


35,000


Raw material purchased


430,000


Direct labor payroll


200,000


Factory overhead


300,000


Freight-out


45,000


There was no work in process inventory at the beginning or end of the year. Cody’s year 2 cost of goods sold is


a. $895,000


b. $910,000


c. $950,000


d. $955,000

Answers

The Cody’s 2-year cost of goods sold (COGS) is $910,000

What is COGS?

The direct cost of producing a company's goods is known as its cost of goods sold (COGS). It is a significant line on your income statement that can provide you with a wealth of information regarding your business's financial expenditures , effectiveness, and profitability. Depending on how much product you manufacture, COGS may include expenditures for labour and raw materials. It excludes indirect expenses like office fees, executive salaries, and expenditures costs that the company must pay regardless of the volume of goods produced. The following formula is used to determine COGS: Cost of goods sold (COGS) is equal to the cost of raw materials, labour, and any other direct costs incurred during the time.

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Need answer ASAP
20- This provides a blueprint for translating a business strategy into a plan for IS.
Group of answer choices
SOA
IS infrastructure
Centralized architecture
ERP systems
IS architecture

Answers

IS Infrastructure provides a blueprint for translating a business strategy into a plan for IS.

Hence, Option B is correct

What do you mean by IS Infrastructure?

Public and private physical constructions including roads, trains, bridges, tunnels, water supplies, sewage systems, electrical grids, and telephones are all considered to be part of infrastructure (including Internet connectivity and broadband access).Information technology infrastructure is widely described as a collection of information technology (IT) components that constitute the basis of an IT service; these components are typically physical (such as computer and networking hardware and facilities), but they can also include other software and network components.Infrastructure is the framework or foundation that supports a system or organization. In computing, information technology infrastructure is made up of physical and virtual resources that facilitate data transmission, storage, processing, and analysis.

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What are the 5 levels of credit?

Answers

The five credit levels are bad, fair, good, very good, and outstanding.

Credit is the trust that enables one party to loan another party assets or money with the knowledge that the second party would return the assets or pay the first party back at a later date rather than immediately. Reciprocity can be formalized, made enforceable, and extended to many unrelated parties through the use of credit. Resources can include money, goods, and services. A credit agreement is one that postpones payments. Credit is given to a debtor, also known as a borrower, by a creditor, also known as a lender.  Within that range, scores can often be divided into one of five categories: bad, fair, good, and very good.

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Output in 2019 Quantity Produced in 2019 Prices in 2019 Cheese 12,000 pounds $2.00 per pound Chocolate 15,000,000 bars $1.00 per bar Watches 10,000 $50.00 per watch Gasoline 15,000,000 gallons $4.00 per gallon Refer to Table 1. Compute nominal GDP. ________ 1. Nominal GDP for 2019 equals to: A. $57 B. $57,000,000 C. 75,524,000 pounds D. $621,524,500 E. $1,711,254,000 F. $30,022,000 G. 30,022,000 pounds H. $75,524,00

Answers

The nominal GDP for 2019 equals $30,022,000.

Gross domestic product (GDP) that hasn't been adjusted for inflation is referred to as nominal GDP. By reflecting the values of all the products and services created during the current reporting period, current price estimations of GDP are created.

Nominal GDP represents the raw data in current dollars without taking inflation into account. Real GDP eliminates any distortion brought on by deflation or inflation by adjusting the statistics by fixing the value of the currency.

It is the Output computed using the most recent prices on the market. When calculating GDP, it takes into account elements like inflation, price fluctuations, fluctuating borrowing costs, and money supply. The equation can be used to determine nominal GDP: GDP equals C + I + G + (X – M).

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What happens when economy is closed?

Answers

An unrestricted frugality generally refers to a country that doesn't trade or engage in other fiscal exchanges with any other country.

That means no significance comes into the country, and no exports leave it.   It has no trading exertion outside the country's borders. In unrestricted frugality, consumers are needed to consume domestic products without anticipating the import of goods from foreign countries.  

Open frugality has several advantages. Consumers can pierce colorful foreign goods and services that are unapproachable in domestic request. Directors get some raw accouterments and capital goods unapproachable in the domestic request. Investors can also diversify their investments in transnational fiscal exchanges.

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