Flood-control dams can be very effective in controlling floods and mitigating their effects. However, they also have specific disadvantages that must be considered.
One disadvantage is that the valley behind the dam is flooded, which can displace people, inundate agricultural land, and submerge important cultural or historical sites. This can have significant social and economic impacts on local communities. Another disadvantage is that river navigation is disrupted, as dams can create barriers that make it difficult or impossible for boats and ships to pass. This can have negative impacts on transportation, trade, and tourism in the affected areas. Dams can also disrupt fish migration, as fish that typically move up and down rivers to spawn or feed may be unable to navigate past the dam. This can have negative impacts on fish populations and the livelihoods of people who depend on fishing. Finally, it is important to note that the valley downstream of the dam may still be at risk of flooding, as the dam only controls the flow of water upstream. This can be particularly problematic during periods of heavy rainfall or when water levels in the reservoir behind the dam become too high. Overall, while flood-control dams can be effective in reducing the impact of floods, it is important to consider the potential disadvantages and impacts on local communities and ecosystems before constructing them.
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2. Rocks on either side of a ________
fault slip past each other with little up and
down motion.
With little movement up and down, rocks on either side of a strike-slip fault slide past one another.
When rocks on either side of a fault move, what happens?Faults with strike-slip: When the blocks of rock on either side of a vertical (or nearly vertical) fracture move past one another, this type of fault, also known as a lateral fault, occurs. Depending on which direction the movement takes, these faults are referred to as right lateral or left lateral.
Fractures in the crust of the Earth that result from movement are called faults. When energy is released from a sudden slip of the rocks on either side, faults can sometimes move. The majority of earthquakes occur along plate boundaries, but intraplate fault zones can also occur in the middle of plates. New Madrid, Missouri was struck by a series of earthquakes in the winter of 1811–1812. In 2008, China's Sichuan region was hit by a devastating intraplate earthquake.
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which of the following must be true if we are to infer (calculate) a star's luminosity directly from the inverse square law for light?
Option D, All of these must be true if we are to infer (calculate) a star's luminosity directly from the inverse square law for light.
The inverse square law for light states that the intensity of light decreases with the square of the distance from the source.
Therefore, to calculate a star's luminosity which is the total energy emitted per unit of time, we need to know both the star's apparent brightness which is the point received per unit of time per unit area, and its distance.
Additionally, the calculation assumes that there is no absorption or scattering of light by interstellar gas or dust between us and the star, as this would affect the amount of energy we receive and therefore the apparent brightness.
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Which of the following must be true if we are to infer (calculate) a star's luminosity directly from the inverse square law for light?
a. We have measured the star's apparent brightness.
b. We have measured the star's distance.
c. No interstellar gas or dust absorbs or scatters light between us and the star.
d. All of these.
Please choose the correct answer.a) For a given mass of water vapor in an air parcel, the specific humidity changes as the parcel volume changes.b) For a given mass of water vapor in an air parcel, the absolute humidity changes as the parcel volume changes.
Option a) is the correct answer. For a given mass of water vapor in an air parcel, the specific humidity changes as the parcel volume changes.
Specific humidity is defined as the mass of water vapor present in a given mass of moist air, while absolute humidity is defined as the mass of water vapor present in a unit volume of moist air. When the volume of an air parcel changes, the mass of water vapor remains constant, but the specific humidity changes because the total mass of moist air has changed. Absolute humidity, on the other hand, is dependent on the volume of the air parcel and will change as the volume changes. Therefore, option a) correctly describes the relationship between specific humidity and parcel volume for a given mass of water vapor in an air parcel.
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In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, outline the negative impact of these forms of precipitation (radiation fog or frost) on humans.
Answer:
Radiation fog and frost can cause negative impacts on human health and safety by reducing visibility, creating hazardous driving conditions, and increasing the risk of accidents. The low temperatures associated with these phenomena can also lead to cold-related illnesses, while air quality can be affected, exacerbating respiratory conditions. Crop damage due to radiation fog and frost can also result in economic losses and potential food shortages.
Explanation:
Radiation fog and frost can have negative impacts on humans, particularly in terms of visibility and transportation safety. When radiation fog occurs, it can reduce visibility to less than 1 kilometer, leading to hazardous driving conditions and increased risk of accidents. Additionally, radiation frost can create slippery road conditions, increasing the likelihood of falls and injuries. The low temperatures associated with radiation fog and frost can also be dangerous for people who are not dressed appropriately, leading to hypothermia and other cold-related illnesses. The formation of radiation fog and frost can also affect air quality, leading to increased levels of pollution that can exacerbate respiratory conditions. Finally, radiation fog and frost can damage crops, resulting in economic losses for farmers and potentially leading to food shortages.
Using the Population map (176/162) and Climate map (173/159) determine which of the following statements is true: a. Most of the population lives within the Tropical and Mild climate zones. b. Most of the population lives within the Dry and Continental climate zones. C. Most of the population lives within the Dry and Highland climate zones. d. Most of the population lives within the Continental and Polar climate zones. si berria an S FE' The Dry Continent lyshabad dem can have per and the Nandy Quin the Dead Det and Ge s undherbe called the Climer Wet Me today 2005. 37 inches (940 m eters and Mohan p Theated the As and ind u ced by wd stems cated monsin winterdry winds t ed the cold of the lower the war cantando clouds In the moon changes from dry towel as the wind direction Cooler over the causes and warm landbre massive amounts of mature that roduceran There 's wing occurs with the wen n Natural Population Growth Say it in Mandarin DAN OCEAN i r Ama Beth and Death Rates ons began in Asia, ind Opercent of the world's poden ser populdestination they
The following assertion is valid based on the population map (176/162) and climate map (173/159): a. The majority of the population resides in the tropical and mild climate zones.
On the climate map, these regions are denoted by the colours green and light blue, and the population map shows that these regions have the largest population densities. Natural population increase, which is defined as the difference between the birth and death rates, started in Asia, where about 60% of the world's population resides. Asia is predicted to account for the majority of the rise in world population in the ensuing decades, with a population growth rate of 1.05%. Improvements in healthcare and nutrition, as well as rising urbanisation and levels of education, all contribute to this trend.
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Why is geography the mother of all disciplines?
*Answer:
Geography is often called "the mother of all disciplines" or "the mother of all scientists". Why is this called that? Geography is one of the earliest disciplines that dates back to the time of the Homo-sapiens. The Homo-sapiens migrated far out of Africa, to Europe and many other countries.
*Please do not copy
A world map showing the distribution of the population of Hindus. Most countries of the world contain 0 to 10 percent Hindu followers. The Suriname population consists of 20 to 30 percent Hindus, and Guyana consists of 40 to 50 percent Hindus. India shows the most concentrated population of Hindus. The population is 90 to 100 percent Hindu.
Public Domain
Based on the map, which statement BEST categorizes the Hindu religion?
Hinduism is an ethnic religion.
Hinduism is an animistic religion.
Hinduism is a minority religion.
Hinduism is a syncretic religion.
Hinduism is a monotheistic religion.
Answer: Hindu would be a minority religion
Explanation:
Based on the information provided in the map, the BEST categorization of the Hindu religion would be that Hinduism is a minority religion, as most countries in the world have a population of 0 to 10 percent Hindus. However, it should be noted that Hinduism is a complex and diverse religion that incorporates a wide range of beliefs, practices, and traditions, and it is difficult to categorize it using a single label. Additionally, Hinduism is not monotheistic, animistic, or syncretic in the traditional sense, and it cannot be categorized as an ethnic religion since it is followed by people from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.
Which of the following rocks represents the highest metamorphic grade? a. slateb. schistc. phyllited. gneiss
. The greatest metamorphic grade among the available rocks is gneiss. The minerals inside the rock recrystallize under circumstances of high pressure and temperature, forming discrete bands or strata.
Gneiss often has a gritty texture and is made up of minerals including quartz, feldspar, and mica. Because of the stacking of these minerals, gneiss frequently has a banded or striped look. Slate, phyllite, and schist are lower-grade metamorphic rocks in contrast.The greatest metamorphic grade among the available rocks is gneiss. The minerals inside the rock recrystallize under circumstances of high pressure and temperature, forming discrete bands or strata.
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A. In what ways is the economy of the UAE not typical of most countries around the world?
B. what dose it mean to diversify the economy?how would diversifying the economy
benefit the UAE? is is beneficial forall? who is being left out?
C. what evidence shows that the UAE is encouraging economic development? what
evidence shows that full economic development is still a long way off?
The economy of UAE is different from the rest of the world because of its dependance on oil, large expatriate population and has a high standard of living. They are also diversifying the economy to direct foreign investment as well as creating job opportunities
How is the UAE economy different from most countries around the world?A. The economy of the UAE is not typical of most countries around the world in several ways:
1. Dependence on oil: The UAE has a significant dependence on oil exports, which is not typical of most countries around the world. Oil exports account for a large proportion of the UAE's GDP and government revenue.
2. High standard of living: The UAE has a high standard of living, with a high per capita income and low levels of poverty. This is not typical of most countries around the world, especially those in the developing world.
3. Large expatriate population: The UAE has a large expatriate population, with many foreign workers employed in the country. This is not typical of most countries around the world, where immigration policies are often more restrictive.
B. Diversifying the economy means expanding the range of economic activities and sectors beyond a single source of revenue or sector. In the case of the UAE, diversification means reducing the country's dependence on oil exports and expanding into other sectors such as tourism, real estate, and financial services. Diversifying the economy can benefit the UAE in several ways, including:
1. Reducing dependence on oil: Diversification can help the UAE reduce its dependence on oil exports, which can be volatile and subject to price fluctuations.
2. Creating new job opportunities: Diversification can create new job opportunities in non-oil sectors, which can help reduce unemployment and improve the country's economic stability.
3. Attracting foreign investment: Diversification can attract foreign investment into the country, which can bring in new capital and expertise.
While diversification can be beneficial for the UAE, it may not be beneficial for everyone. Some segments of the population, such as those who are reliant on the oil industry for their livelihood, may be negatively impacted by a shift away from oil.
C. The UAE is encouraging economic development through several initiatives, including:
1. Free economic zones: The UAE has established several free economic zones, which offer tax incentives and other benefits to businesses operating within them.
2. Investment in infrastructure: The UAE has invested heavily in infrastructure, including airports, seaports, and highways, to support economic growth.
3. Promotion of tourism: The UAE has promoted tourism as a key sector for economic development, with initiatives such as the Dubai Expo 2020.
However, evidence also shows that full economic development is still a long way off. The UAE is still heavily reliant on oil exports, and the non-oil sector has not yet fully developed. The country also faces challenges such as high levels of debt, rising costs of living, and a reliance on foreign labor.
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What is the origin of smooth troughs cutting across the landscape in the Great Lakes area? Glaciers carved out the smooth troughs.
Answer:
Yes, glaciers are responsible for the origin of smooth troughs cutting across the landscape in the Great Lakes area.
During the last Ice Age, which ended around 10,000 years ago, the Great Lakes region was covered by a massive ice sheet. As the glacier advanced, it scoured the landscape, picking up rocks and soil and grinding them against bedrock. This process of erosion created deep troughs in the bedrock, which were then filled with water as the glaciers melted.
These troughs, known as glacial troughs or U-shaped valleys, are characterized by a wide, flat bottom and steep sides. They often contain lakes or rivers, such as the Great Lakes themselves, which were formed by the melting of the glaciers. The movement of the glacier also created other glacial features such as moraines, drumlins, and eskers, which are common in the Great Lakes area.
Explanation:
above
which of the following properties must be measured to determine the masses of stars in a typical binary system?
The parameters that must be measured to estimate the masses of stars in a typical binary system are the orbital period and the semi-major axis of the binary system.
The two stars in a normal binary system revolve around their shared mass. The time of this orbit and the distance between the stars, known as the semi-major axis, are directly connected to the masses of the stars. Astronomers may calculate the masses of the stars by tracking their motion, estimating their semi-major axis and orbital period, and using other methods such as Kepler's equations. Although it is not essential to estimate the masses of the stars in a binary system, additional characteristics like brightness and spectral type can reveal further details about the stars.
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What properties must be measured to determine the masses of stars in a typical binary system?
which of the following areas is characterized by rain throughout the year and is associated with tropical rain forests?
The equatorial region is distinguished by year-round precipitation and is linked to tropical rainforests. This area, which lies close to the equator, is home to nations like Brazil, the Congo, Indonesia, and Malaysia.
This area has a hot, humid climate with heavy rainfall and minimal seasonal temperature fluctuation. A diversity of plant and animal species may be found in the deep, lush woods that are supported by the ongoing rains.It is true that the equatorial area is known for its year-round rain and tropical rainforests. Due to its proximity to the equator and hot, humid environment, this area receives a lot of rain, which encourages the development of dense forests. The equatorial region is home to several nations, including Brazil, Congo, Indonesia, and Malaysia, that include substantial tracts of tropical rainforest.
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Which area is associated with tropical rainforests and characterized by year-round rain: A) Arctic Circle B) Sahara Desert C) Amazon Basin
true/false. Lava domes form when high-viscosity magma with low-volatile content cools quickly, forming a hardened dome a few meters to a kilometer or so in height.
False. When low-viscosity magma with a high volatile content cools slowly, it builds up into dome-shaped structures that can grow to heights of several kilometers.
Lava domes are made of viscous magma that is difficult to move and frequently contains significant volumes of gas and volatile substances like water vapour. When a volcano erupts, this magma cools and hardens on the surface, forming a dome shape while more magma continues to flow out and accumulate. The dome-shaped structure is a result of the magma's inability to travel far from the vent due to its extreme viscosity. Lava domes are frequently found in stratovolcanoes and are typically connected to violent eruptions.
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which of the following contributed to increased agricultural productivity during both the spring and autumn and the warring states periods in china?The incessant warfare of the Spring and Autumn period spurred economic growth. Agricultural productivity increased as rulers gave peasants the right to their land in exchange for taxes and military service. In addition, crop rotation and use of the iron plowshares improved productivity.
During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods in China, crop rotation, the adoption of iron plowshares.
the grant of land rights to peasants in exchange for taxes and military service all helped to boost agricultural production. A number of causes led to a rise in agricultural output in China during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. As a result of the ongoing conflict and the resulting economic expansion, peasants were given land rights in exchange for paying taxes and serving in the military. Farmers were encouraged to increase productivity as a result. In order to increase yields, crop rotation methods and iron ploughshares were also used, which made it simpler to cultivate the soil. These elements worked together to boost agricultural productivity, which in turn supported the period's expanding population and military demands.
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How does elevation affect temperature?
a.
Temperature goes up as elevation
increases.
b.
Temperature goes down as elevation
increases.
c. Temperature stays the same as elevation
increases.
d. Temperature is not affected by elevation.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
Answer: b.Temperature goes down as elevation increases.
You have observed that there are variations in your environment in relation to natural, cultural or social.
Example, all vegetations are not of the same variety. Can you argue that geography is not about differentiation or variation?
Geography does not focus on the variations or differentiations that exist in society, but on the interactions that exist between beings and the environment.
What is geography?Geography is a term that refers to a science that studies the interaction of beings with the environment through time. In general, we can analyze these interactions and how they influence other events and the development of the future.
The land is characterized by its variations in vegetation, communities and cultures, however, geography does not focus on these differentiations but on analyzing the interactions between them.
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which of the following contributed to population migration from the yellow river basin south to the yangzi river?
There were several factors that contributed to population migration from the Yellow River Basin south to the Yangtze River, including:
1- Natural disasters: The Yellow River Basin was prone to frequent flooding, which caused damage to crops and homes, and led to food shortages. These natural disasters forced people to migrate to areas with more stable climates and fewer natural disasters, such as the Yangtze River Basin.
2- Political instability: The Yellow River Basin was often the site of political turmoil and conflicts, such as wars and rebellions. These conflicts created an unstable living environment and forced people to seek refuge in more peaceful areas, such as the Yangtze River Basin.
3- Economic opportunities: The Yangtze River Basin was known for its fertile land, abundant natural resources, and favorable climate, which made it a desirable place for agriculture and other economic activities. People migrated to this region in search of better economic opportunities and a higher standard of living.
Overall, a combination of natural disasters, political instability, and economic opportunities led to population migration from the Yellow River Basin south to the Yangtze River Basin.
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scientists can determine the direction of movement of continental ice sheets or glaciers by looking at glacial
Scientists can determine the direction of movement of continental ice sheets or glaciers by peeking at glacial striations. Thus, option c is correct.
Striations are created from geologic actions and they include ridges or lines. The ridges or lines created as a result of faults extend from the glacier movement. They generally form on hard stone, such as quartzite, that is somewhat resistant to erosion and can be molded by wind pressure.
The lines created from the fault help scientists to have an idea of the direction in which the glacier advanced as areas that have these features tell them that the glacier moved in that direction.
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The complete question is-
Scientists can determine the direction of movement of continental glaciers by looking at glacial Choose one: A. horns. B. cirques. C. striations. D. firn.
ASAP ASAP!!! ASAP ASAP!!!!
Why lions and tigers are related to cats species????
Answer:
belong to the same family of animals; the Felidae family
Explanation:
These animals first began to evolve 25 million years ago and have become the most highly-developed carnivorous hunters of all the mammals.
Answer:
Explanation:
All cats, from our own pet moggies to lions and tigers, belong to the same family of animals; the Felidae family. These animals first began to evolve 25 million years ago and have become the most highly-developed carnivorous hunters of all the mammals.
determine the hydraulic gradient between the storage drum and the threatened well (in feet per mile). (conversion factor: 1 mile
The horizontal hydraulic gradient between the storage drum and the threatened well at point H-5, R-21, and G-10 are 13.33 ft/mile, 195.74 ft/mile, and 18.739 ft/mile, respectively.
To calculate the horizontal hydraulic gradient between two points, we need to know the vertical difference in elevation and the horizontal distance between the two points. There are three well located in given map of military base:
1. At point H-5 (elevation of water = 601 ft)
2. At point R-21 (elevation of water table = 508 ft)
3. At point G-10 (elevation of water table = 589 ft)
And elevation of water table at storage drum is about 600 feet.
So,
⇒ Hydraulic Gradient = Difference in elevation of water table/distance between storage drum and well
∴
Horizontal hydraulic gradient between storage drum and well at H-5:
Gradient =
⇒ [tex]\frac{601-600 ft}{ 400 ft} \\= \frac{1 ft}{0.075 mile}[/tex]
⇒ Gradient = 13.33 feet/mile
Now,
Hydraulic gradient between storage drum and well at R-21:
⇒ [tex]Gradient = \frac{(600 - 508) ft}{0.47 mile} \\\\ = \frac{92}{0.47} ft/mile[/tex]
⇒ = 195.74 ft/mile
Now,
Hydraulic gradient between storage dam and well at G-10:
⇒ Gradient = [tex]\frac{(600-589) ft}{0.587mile}[/tex]
⇒ = [tex]\frac{11 ft}{0.587 mile\n}[/tex]
⇒ = 18.739 ft/mile
Therefore, the horizontal hydraulic gradient between both the storage drum as well as the threatened well at points H-5, R-21, and G-10 is thus 13.33 feet per mile, 195.74 feet per mile, and 18.739 feet per mile, respectively.
The complete question is
Determine the horizontal hydraulic gradient between the storage drum and the threatened well (in feet per mile). (Conversion factor: 1 mile = 5280 feet)
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Find out about soil sampling. Other methods that can be used and their advantages
What are methods used in sampling?
Answer:
Methods for collecting soil samples
Push probes, hammer probes, and bucket augers (Figure 1) are commonly used because they are capable of taking uniform samples with depth. Figure 1. Examples of soil sampling equipment: a soil push probe, hammer probe, and bucket auger. Along with a probe, a clean plastic bucket should be used.
fill in the blank. A summer berm is formed by gentle waves in spring and summer, whereas a(n) ____, or storm berm is formed higher up on the beach by strong storm waves.
A summer berm is formed by gentle waves in spring and summer, whereas a storm berm, or storm ridge, is formed higher up on the beach by strong storm waves.
Storm berms are created by high-energy events, such as tropical storms, hurricanes, or nor'easters, that generate powerful waves and surges capable of moving large amounts of sediment. These waves often reach higher up the beach, depositing sediment and creating a higher, more prominent berm. Storm berms are usually found above the summer berm and are often larger and more pronounced. Understanding the formation and characteristics of both summer and storm berms is important for predicting coastal changes and developing effective coastal management strategies.
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which of the following are you most likely to encounter growing as a perennial lawn species in the warm zone of the united states?
The following are the perennial lawn species that you are most likely to find growing in the warm zone of the United States.
In geography, a zone is an area characterized by certain environmental or climatic conditions. Zoning is a way of classifying and organizing land use, natural resources, and economic activity based on compatibility and sustainability within a particular area. Zones can be defined by physical, biological, or cultural factors, such as climate, vegetation, soil, landforms, water resources, population density, or economic activity.
There are several types of zones in geography, including climate zones, biomes, vegetation zones, economic zones, and administrative zones. Climate zones are defined by temperature and precipitation patterns, while biomes are defined by their dominant plant and animal communities. Vegetation zones are based on plant growth and distribution, while economic zones reflect different levels of development and industrialization. Administrative zones are defined by political boundaries, such as cities, states, or countries.
Understanding zones is important for natural resource management, urban planning, environmental conservation, and disaster preparedness. Zoning can help balance economic growth with environmental protection, ensure sustainable use of natural resources, and reduce the impact of natural hazards on communities.
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define the term agriculture
Answer:
agriculture is a process where farmers culture different types of seeds and grow vegetables, not only that they also raises livestock for livelihood
Imagine that you are walking from land toward the ocean. In what order would you encounter the following three beach areas? Put the first area on top.
backshore
foreshore
offshore
The order would be: backshore, foreshore, and offshore. The foreshore is the region between high and low tide lines, the backshore is the area above high tide, and the offshore region is beyond low tide.
The backshore, which is the typically dry area above the high tide line, would be the first thing you would come across as you made your way from the land to the ocean. The area between the high and low tide lines is known as the foreshore; it is submerged during high tide and exposed during low tide. Last but not least, the offshore region is permanently submerged because it lies beyond the low tide line. These places are ranked according to how close they are to the land and how far away they are from the tidal lines.
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Why Pluto left the solar system? What is the mass of Pluto?
Answer:
Pluto left the solar system because it was reclassified as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union in 2006 due to its size and mass. Pluto's mass is estimated to be around 0.00218 Earth masses, or 1.30 x 10^22 kg.Answer:
Explanation:
Answer. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) downgraded the status of Pluto to that of a dwarf planet because it did not meet the three criteria the IAU uses to define a full-sized planet. Essentially Pluto meets all the criteria except one—it “has not cleared its neighboring region of other objects.
when were ice sheets on north america most recently at their largest extent of the last ice age? answer: yr bp\
The last time the ice sheets on North America were at their greatest extent was roughly 20,000 years ago. (20,000 yr BP).
The Laurentide ice sheet covered the majority of Canada and the northern United States during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), while the Cordilleran ice sheet covered the western portion of North America 20,000 years ago. During this time, these ice sheets reached their southernmost points, with the Cordilleran ice sheet extending as far south as present-day Washington State and the Laurentide ice sheet reaching as far north as present-day Illinois. The Cordilleran ice sheet vanished around 7,000 years ago, and the Laurentide ice sheet disappeared around 10,000 years ago as a result of the warming climate.
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The climate condition of Dukem
Dukem is a town located in Ethiopia and experiences a tropical savanna climate.
How does the Dukem climate characterized by ?The climate in Dukem is characterized by hot and dry conditions during most of the year, with a short rainy season from June to September. Temperatures in Dukem typically range from around 15°C to 30°C, with the hottest months being March to May. The town is located at an altitude of around 1900 meters above sea level, which helps to moderate the temperature somewhat. However, the low rainfall levels and dry conditions during much of the year can lead to droughts and water shortages in the region, which can have significant impacts on agriculture and local communities.
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Using this earthquake hazard map for the United States, determine which area in the list below has the highest earthquake hazard.
the Washington coast
Using this earthquake hazard map for the United States, the Washington coast has the highest earthquake hazard.
When two earthen blocks abruptly move past one another, an earthquake results. The fault, also known as the fault plane, is the area where they slide. The epicentre is the point on the earth's surface that is directly above the hypocenter, which is where the earthquake begins under the surface. Foreshocks can occur during an earthquake. There are lesser earthquakes that take place in the same location as the one that follows the major one. Until the greater earthquake occurs, scientists are unable to determine whether an earthquake is a foreshock. The mainshock is the term used to describe the greatest earthquake.
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how is the exosphere formed
Answer:
The exosphere layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another.
.